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Elabd GM, Eldars W, Shamaa MS, Tawfik MA. Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles combined with acrylic laminates for functional orthodontic appliances: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38178135 PMCID: PMC10768215 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles incorporated into the acrylic baseplates of the maxillary part of twin block appliances in orthodontic patients during the treatment period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six patients were selected randomly and divided into two groups(n = 13). Test group patients used orthodontic functional appliances containing 1% titanium dioxide nanoparticles in acrylic baseplates. Control group patients used orthodontic functional appliances without titanium dioxide nanoparticles in acrylic baseplates. Swap samples were taken from the palatal gingiva facing the fitting surface of the acrylic component of the maxillary part of a twin block appliance for each patient at five-time intervals (baseline sample, after one, two, four, and six months) and then cultured in blood agar plates to calculate bacterial colony count. The Mann‒Whitney U test and the Friedman test were used to compare data. Bonferroni correction (p value ≤ 0.05) was applied to detect significant differences. THE RESULTS showed a decrease in the bacterial colony count in the test group compared to the control group. Pairwise comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference in samples after four- and six-month groups (p values = 0.002 and 0.011, respectively) vs. the one-month test group. A higher statistically significant difference was observed in the six-month group (p-value = 0.037) vs. the baseline group in the control group. CONCLUSION The addition of 1% titanium dioxide nanoparticles to acrylic baseplates of orthodontic functional appliances significantly reduced the bacterial colony count under the base plate after at least four months of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M Elabd
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Waleed Eldars
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Shamaa
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Tawfik
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Jiang Y, Yin C, Mo J, Wang X, Wang T, Li G, Zhou Q. Recent progress in carbon dots for anti-pathogen applications in oral cavity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1251309. [PMID: 37780847 PMCID: PMC10540312 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1251309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral microbial infections are one of the most common diseases. Their progress not only results in the irreversible destruction of teeth and other oral tissues but also closely links to oral cancers and systemic diseases. However, traditional treatment against oral infections by antibiotics is not effective enough due to microbial resistance and drug blocking by oral biofilms, along with the passive dilution of the drug on the infection site in the oral environment. Aim of review Besides the traditional antibiotic treatment, carbon dots (CDs) recently became an emerging antimicrobial and microbial imaging agent because of their excellent (bio)physicochemical performance. Their application in treating oral infections has received widespread attention, as witnessed by increasing publication in this field. However, to date, there is no comprehensive review available yet to analyze their effectiveness and mechanism. Herein, as a step toward addressing the present gap, this review aims to discuss the recent advances in CDs against diverse oral pathogens and thus propose novel strategies in the treatment of oral microbial infections. Key scientific concepts of review In this manuscript, the recent progress of CDs against oral pathogens is summarized for the first time. We highlighted the antimicrobial abilities of CDs in terms of oral planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, oral pathogenic biofilms, and fungi. Next, we introduced their microbial imaging and detection capabilities and proposed the prospects of CDs in early diagnosis of oral infection and pathogen microbiological examination. Lastly, we discussed the perspectives on clinical transformation and the current limitations of CDs in the treatment of oral microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuqiang Yin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianning Mo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guotai Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Chen Z, Chu Z, Jiang Y, Xu L, Qian H, Wang Y, Wang W. Recent advances on nanomaterials for antibacterial treatment of oral diseases. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100635. [PMID: 37143614 PMCID: PMC10153485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of bacteria in oral environment can lead to a variety of oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, dental caries, and peri-implant inflammation. In the long term, in view of the increasing bacterial resistance, finding suitable alternatives to traditional antibacterial methods is an important research today. With the development of nanotechnology, antibacterial agents based on nanomaterials have attracted much attention in dental field due to their low cost, stable structures, excellent antibacterial properties and broad antibacterial spectrum. Multifunctional nanomaterials can break through the limitations of single therapy and have the functions of remineralization and osteogenesis on the basis of antibacterial, which has made significant progress in the long-term prevention and treatment of oral diseases. In this review, we have summarized the applications of metal and their oxides, organic and composite nanomaterials in oral field in recent five years. These nanomaterials can not only inactivate oral bacteria, but also achieve more efficient treatment and prevention of oral diseases by improving the properties of the materials themselves, enhancing the precision of targeted delivery of drugs and imparting richer functions. Finally, future challenges and untapped potential are elaborated to demonstrate the future prospects of antibacterial nanomaterials in oral field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetong Chen
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Zhaoyou Chu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Yechun Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
- Corresponding author. School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Corresponding author. School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Wanni Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
- Corresponding author. School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Tymoszuk A, Sławkowska N, Szałaj U, Kulus D, Antkowiak M, Wojnarowicz J. Synthesis, Characteristics, and Effect of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles on the In Vitro Regeneration and Biochemical Profile of Chrysanthemum Adventitious Shoots. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8192. [PMID: 36431675 PMCID: PMC9696543 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies on nanoparticles' effects on plants are relevant for horticulture. This study aimed to test the influence of zinc oxide submicron particles (ZnO SMPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with silver nanoparticles (ZnO+1%Ag NPs) applied at 100 and 500 mg·L-1 on the regeneration and biochemical activity of adventitious shoots in Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. 'UTP Burgundy Gold' and 'UTP Pinky Gold'. The original microwave solvothermal synthesis and characteristics of the ZnO samples were described. Internodes were cultured on the MS medium with 0.6 mg∙L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2 mg∙L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In 'UTP Burgundy Gold', the highest shoot regeneration efficiency was obtained for 100 mg·L-1 ZnO SMPs and 500 mg·L-1 ZnO NPs treatments (6.50 and 10.33 shoots per explant, respectively). These shoots had high or moderate chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. In 'UTP Pinky Gold', the highest shoot number was produced in the control (12.92), for 500 mg·L-1 ZnO SMPs (12.08) and 500 mg·L-1 ZnO NPs (10.42). These shoots had increased chlorophyll (a+b)-to-carotenoid ratios. In 'UTP Pinky Gold', the ZnO SMPs and ZnO NPs affected the anthocyanins biosynthesis, whereas ZnO + 1%Ag NPs decreased the phenolics accumulation. These results are important for the improvement of chrysanthemum micropropagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Tymoszuk
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Sławkowska
- ExPlant Student Association, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Urszula Szałaj
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kulus
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Antkowiak
- Department of Organic Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection–National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
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Synthesis and Characterization of Ag/ZnO Nanoparticles for Bacteria Disinfection in Water. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101764. [PMID: 35630986 PMCID: PMC9145672 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two green synthesis routes were used for the synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanoparticles, using cassava starch as a simple and low-cost effective fuel and Aloe vera as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were characterized and used for bacterial disinfection of lake water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Characterization indicated the formation of a face-centered cubic structure of metallic silver nanoparticles with no insertion of Ag into the ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses described in “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” were used to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment. In comparison to pure ZnO, the synthesized Ag/ZnO nanoparticles showed high efficiencies against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and general coliforms present in the lake water. These pathogens were absent after treatment using Ag/ZnO nanoparticles. The results indicate that Ag/ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via green chemistry are a promising candidate for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated by bacteria, due to their facile preparation, low-cost synthesis, and disinfection efficiency.
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Pushpalatha C, Suresh J, Gayathri VS, Sowmya SV, Augustine D, Alamoudi A, Zidane B, Mohammad Albar NH, Patil S. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review on Its Applications in Dentistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917990. [PMID: 35662838 PMCID: PMC9160914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology in modern material science is a research hot spot due to its ability to provide novel applications in the field of dentistry. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are metal oxide nanoparticles that open new opportunities for biomedical applications that range from diagnosis to treatment. The domains of these nanoparticles are wide and diverse and include the effects brought about due to the anti-microbial, regenerative, and mechanical properties. The applications include enhancing the anti-bacterial properties of existing restorative materials, as an anti-sensitivity agent in toothpastes, as an anti-microbial and anti-fungal agent against pathogenic oral microflora, as a dental implant coating, to improve the anti-fungal effect of denture bases in rehabilitative dentistry, remineralizing cervical dentinal lesions, increasing the stability of local drug delivery agents and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pushpalatha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jithya Suresh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - VS Gayathri
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - SV Sowmya
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ahmed Alamoudi
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Zidane
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Shwajra Campus, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Shankargouda Patil,
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Electrospun Membrane Surface Modification by Sonocoating with HA and ZnO:Ag Nanoparticles—Characterization and Evaluation of Osteoblasts and Bacterial Cell Behavior In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091582. [PMID: 35563888 PMCID: PMC9103553 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration membranes are some of the most common products used for bone regeneration in periodontal dentistry. The main disadvantage of commercially available membranes is their lack of bone cell stimulation and easy bacterial colonization. The aim of this work was to design and fabricate a new membrane construct composed of electrospun poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibers sonocoated with layers of nanoparticles with specific properties, i.e., hydroxyapatite and bimetallic nanocomposite of zinc oxide–silver. Thus, within this study, four different variants of biomaterials were evaluated, namely: poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) biomaterial, poly(D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano hydroxyapatite biomaterial, poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano zinc oxide–silver biomaterial, and poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano hydroxyapatite/nano zinc oxide–silver biomaterial. First, it was demonstrated that the wettability of biomaterials—a prerequisite property important for ensuring desired biological response—was highly increased after the sonocoating process. Moreover, it was indicated that biomaterials composed of poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) with or without a nano hydroxyapatite layer allowed proper osteoblast growth and proliferation, but did not have antibacterial properties. Addition of a nano zinc oxide–silver layer to the biomaterial inhibited growth of bacterial cells around the membrane, but at the same time induced very high cytotoxicity towards osteoblasts. Most importantly, enrichment of this biomaterial with a supplementary underlayer of nano hydroxyapatite allowed for the preservation of antibacterial properties and also a decrease in the cytotoxicity towards bone cells, associated with the presence of a nano zinc oxide–silver layer. Thus, the final structure of the composite poly (D,L-lactic acid)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano hydroxyapatite/nano zinc oxide–silver seems to be a promising construct for tissue engineering products, especially guided tissue regeneration/guided bone regeneration membranes. Nevertheless, additional research is needed in order to improve the developed construct, which will simultaneously protect the biomaterial from bacterial colonization and enhance the bone regeneration properties.
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Ehsan M, Waheed A, Ullah A, Kazmi A, Ali A, Raja NI, Mashwani ZUR, Sultana T, Mustafa N, Ikram M, Li H. Plant-Based Bimetallic Silver-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Perspective of Synthesis, Biomedical Applications, and Future Trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1215183. [PMID: 35535038 PMCID: PMC9078794 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1215183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The universal emphasis on the study of green nanotechnology has led to biologically harmless uses of wide-ranged nanomaterials. Nanotechnology deals with the production of nanosized particles with regular morphology and properties. Various researches have been directed on nanomaterial synthesis by physical, chemical, and biological means. Understanding the safety of both environment and in vivo, a biogenic approach particularly plant-derived synthesis is the best strategy. Silver-zinc oxide nanoparticles are most effective. Moreover, these engineered nanomaterials via morphological modifications attain improved performance in antimicrobial, biomedical, environmental, and therapeutic applications. This article evaluates manufacturing strategies for silver-zinc oxide nanoparticles via plant-derived means along with highlighting their broad range of uses in bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ehsan
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Abd Ullah
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele 848300, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Abeer Kazmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Amir Ali
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal Raja
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Tahira Sultana
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nilofar Mustafa
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Huanyong Li
- Binzhou Vocational College, Binzhou 256603, China
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Pokrowiecki R, Szałaj U, Fudala D, Zaręba T, Wojnarowicz J, Łojkowski W, Tyski S, Dowgierd K, Mielczarek A. Dental Implant Healing Screws as Temporary Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Decrease of Infections in the Area of the Head and Neck. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1679-1693. [PMID: 35440868 PMCID: PMC9013419 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s333720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periimplantitis is continuously one of major threats for the uneventful functioning of dental implants. Current approaches of drug delivery systems are being more commonly implemented into oral- and maxillofacial biomaterials in order to decrease the risk of implant failure due to bacterial infection. Silver nanoparticles and their compounds have been proven in eradicating oral bacteria responsible for peri-implant infections. Nevertheless, their evaluation as coating for implant abutments has not been extensively evaluated so far. This article describes a novel coating consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). This coating was used to modify healing abutments that could be used as drug delivery systems in oral implantology. Materials and Method Nanoparticles with a ZnO + 0.1% Ag composition were produced by microwave solvothermal synthesis and then incorporated into the surface of titanium healing abutments by high-power ultrasonic deposition. Surface morphology, roughness, wettability were evaluated. Ability of biofilm formation inhibition was tested against S. mutans, S. oralis, S. aureus and E. coli. Results ZnO+0.1%Ag NPs were sufficiently deposed on the surface of the abutments creating nanostructured coating which increased surface roughness and decreased wettability. Modified abutments significantly decreased bacterial biofilm formation. Bacteria present in SEM studies were unlikely to settle and replicate on the experimental abutments as their cells were rounded, insufficiently spread on the surface and covered with released NPs. Conclusion Experimental nanostructured abutments were easily manufactured by high-power ultrasonic deposition and provided significant antibacterial properties. Such biomaterials could be used as temporary drug delivery abutments for prevention and treatment of intra- and extraoral peri-implant infections in the area of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Pokrowiecki
- Department of Cranio- Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Surgery and Implantology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Head and Neck Surgery Department—Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Craniofacial Center, Regional Specialized Children’s Hospital, Olsztyn, 10-561, Poland
| | - Urszula Szałaj
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Fudala
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaręba
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Łojkowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Tyski
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dowgierd
- Head and Neck Surgery Clinic for Children and Young Adults, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mielczarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu C, Hao Z, Yang T, Wang F, Sun F, Teng W. Anti-Acid Biomimetic Dentine Remineralization Using Inorganic Silica Stabilized Nanoparticles Distributed Electronspun Nanofibrous Mats. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 16:8251-8264. [PMID: 34992364 PMCID: PMC8710523 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s331321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To manage the sharp pain of dentine hypersensitivity, various materials are utilized to conduct dentine remineralization. However, many prior materials are limited with their single function and complicated operations. In this study, silica and calcium (strontium) carbonates mineralized nano cellulose fibrous (Si/Ca(Sr)-NCF) mat with the ability to release acid resistant and biomimetic mineralizational silica/calcium (strontium) carbonate co-precipitation nanoparticles (Si/Ca(Sr) NPs) were fabricated. The dentine occluding effects, antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the Si/Ca(Sr)-NCF mats were evaluated. Methods The Si/Ca(Sr)-NCF mats were fabricated by dipping the electrospun nano cellulose fiber (NCF) into silica and calcium (strontium) carbonate liquid. Physicochemical characterizations and ion release were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ion release assays and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sixty dentine discs were randomly divided into five groups: 1, blank NCF; 2, Si/Ca(Sr 0)-NCF; 3, Si/Ca(Sr 0.01)-NCF; 4, Si/Ca(Sr 0.05)-NCF; 5, Si/Ca(Sr 0.1)-NCF. Dentine discs were mineralized by the mats and observed with SEM immediately, after acid challenge and remineralized in artificial saliva. The releasing liquid was investigated by TEM and type I collagen model. Then, antibacterial property and cytocompatibility were evaluated. Results SEM and TEM results confirmed that the experiment mats continuously released amorphous Si/Ca(Sr) NPs and consequently realized anti-acid dentine biomimetic remineralization. Homogeneous surface coverage and collagen intrafibrillar mineralization in strontium adding groups illustrated the mineralization effect was not only by in site precipitation, but also collagen heterogeneous nucleation. Additionally, acceptable antibacterial and cytocompatibility properties were illustrated in low and middle Sr2+ containing mats. Conclusion In vitro studies on human dentine discs and type I collagen demonstrated that Si/Ca(Sr)–NCF system was a multifunction system inducing anti-acid, biomimetic, antibacterial and cytocompatible dentine remineralization. This multifunction mat would be a promising DH treatment candidate for complicated exposed dentine surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzi Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fushi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei - MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Sun
- Analysis and Testing Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Teng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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The effects of combining erbium, chromium: Yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser irradiation with fluoride application in controlling the progression of enamel erosion. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:1126-1132. [PMID: 34938058 PMCID: PMC8665161 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride alone increased the microhardness of the enamel surface. Fluoride alone halted the progression of enamel erosion. Laser irradiation before fluoride-induced similar effects as fluoride alone. Laser irradiation alone did not prevent the progression of enamel erosion.
Objective Increasing enamel resistance to acid may be useful for preventing cavitation and could reduce changes in the enamel’s microhardness. Topical fluoride application and laser irradiation promote acid resistance of dental substrates. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser irradiation in combination with fluoride application to control enamel erosion. Design Sixty human premolar specimens were prepared (N = 60) and were randomly assigned to 5 groups, twelve specimens in each group (n = 12/group) according to surface treatment. The groups were as follows: group 1 (C): control with no treatment; group 2 (F): application of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel alone; group 3 (L): laser irradiation alone; group 4 (F+L): acidulated phosphate fluoride gel followed by laser irradiation; group 5 (L+F): laser irradiation followed by acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. All the specimens were eroded 10 min in citric acid. Baseline measurements were performed using a Vickers microhardness tester before surface treatment. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to a 60 min erosion-remineralization cycle for five days followed by measurements of the final surface microhardness. Statistical comparisons were performed by a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Results The control, laser, and fluoride + laser groups showed a statistically significant decrease in microhardness values between baseline and post-erosion measurements (P < 0.05), indicating that these treatments could not prevent erosion progression. However, the fluoride and laser + fluoride groups showed a significant increase in microhardness values compared to baseline. Conclusions Our results suggest that compared to that of the control group, acidulated phosphate fluoride application as well as laser irradiation prior to fluoride application increased enamel surface microhardness and prevented the progression of enamel erosion.
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Moradpoor H, Safaei M, Mozaffari HR, Sharifi R, Imani MM, Golshah A, Bashardoust N. An overview of recent progress in dental applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21189-21206. [PMID: 35479373 PMCID: PMC9034121 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science, engineering, and technology concerning the materials in nanoscale dimensions. Several materials are used in dentistry, which can be modified by applying nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has various applications in dentistry to achieve reliable treatment outcomes. The most common nanometals used in dental materials are gold, silver, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide (ZnO). ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with their unparalleled properties such as high selectivity, enhanced cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and easy synthesis as important materials were utilized in the field of dentistry. With this background, the present review aimed to discuss the current progress and gain an insight into applications of ZnO NPs in nanodentistry, including restorative, endodontic, implantology, periodontal, prosthodontics, and orthodontics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedaiat Moradpoor
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mohsen Safaei
- Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mozaffari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Roohollah Sharifi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Amin Golshah
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Negin Bashardoust
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Enhanced Activity and Sustained Release of Protocatechuic Acid, a Natural Antibacterial Agent, from Hybrid Nanoformulations with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105287. [PMID: 34069756 PMCID: PMC8156785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid nanostructures can be developed with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and natural antibacterials. ZnO NPs can also exert antibacterial effects, and we used them here to examine their dual action in combination with a natural antibacterial agent, protocatechuic acid (PCA). To produce hybrid nanoformulations, we functionalized ZnO NPs with four types of silane organic molecules and successfully linked them to PCA. Physicochemical assessment confirmed PCA content up to ~18% in hybrid nanoformulations, with a PCA entrapment efficiency of ~72%, indicating successful connection. We then investigated the in vitro release kinetics and antibacterial effects of the hybrid against Staphylococcus aureus. PCA release from hybrid nanoformulations varied with silane surface modification. Within 98 h, only 8% of the total encapsulated PCA was released, suggesting sustained long-term release. We used nanoformulation solutions collected at days 3, 5, and 7 by disc diffusion or log reduction to evaluate their antibacterial effect against S. aureus. The hybrid nanoformulation showed efficient antibacterial and bactericidal effects that also depended on the surface modification and at a lower minimum inhibition concentration compared with the separate components. A hybrid nanoformulation of the PCA prodrug and ZnO NPs offers effective sustained-release inhibition of S. aureus growth.
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Current status and future of delivery systems for prevention and treatment of infections in the oral cavity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1703-1734. [PMID: 33770415 PMCID: PMC7995675 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral health reflects the general health, and it is fundamental to well-being and quality of life. An infection in the oral cavity can be associated with serious complications in human health. Local therapy of these infections offers many advantages over systemic drug administration, targeting directly to the diseased area while minimizing systemic side effects. Specialized drug delivery systems into the oral cavity have to be designed in such a fashion that they resist to the aqueous environment that is constantly bathed in saliva and subject to mechanical forces. Additionally, a prolonged release of drug should also be provided, which would enhance the efficacy and also decrease the repeated dosing. This review is aimed to summarize the current most relevant findings related to local drug delivery of various drug groups for prevention and treatment of infections (viral, bacterial, fungal) and infection-related manifestations in the oral cavity. Current therapeutic challenges in regard to effective local drug delivery systems will be discussed, and the recent approaches to overcome these obstacles will be reviewed. Finally, future prospects will be overviewed to promote novel strategies that can be implemented in clinical management for prevention and treatment of oral infections.
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Preparation and Characterisation of Poly(methyl metacrylate)-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Denture Bases. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112655. [PMID: 33187176 PMCID: PMC7697001 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) aims to improve the mechanical, microbiological and tribological properties of dental prosthesis bases. The aim of the research was to assess the polymerisation time and the change in the colour of the new biomaterial. Samples with the 1 wt% and 2 wt% content of TiO2 additionally modified by ultrasounds were created. The effectiveness of ultrasounds was assessed by comparing the average size of conglomerates in a liquid acrylic resin monomer by means of a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The biomaterial structure was assessed by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The colour change was analysed by means of a colorimetric test and provided in the CIE (Commission internationale de l’éclairage) L*a*b* and RGB (Red Green Blue) colour palette. It was observed during the DLS test that the ultrasonic homogenisation process caused an increase in the suspension heterogeneity. The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of nanoparticles sized below 100 nm, which constitutes a ground for calling the new biomaterial a nanocomposite. The addition of TiO2 NPs as well as the ultrasounds result in the reduction of the average PMMA polymerisation time. The obtained data reveal that the addition of both 1 wt% and 2 wt% causes a considerable change in the PMMA colour: its whitening. To summarise, the reduced polymerisation time of the new biomaterial fully enables performance of standard procedures related to creation of dental prosthesis bases. Due to the considerable change in the colour, the clinical application is limited to performance of repairs or relining of the prosthesis, where the new material is located in an unaesthetic zone.
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Canta M, Cauda V. The investigation of the parameters affecting the ZnO nanoparticle cytotoxicity behaviour: a tutorial review. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6157-6174. [PMID: 33079078 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last 30 years the research about zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and their related toxicity has shown a boom. ZnO NPs show cytotoxicity for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and many studies demonstrated their selective toxicity towards cancer cells. However, with the increasing number of publications, it is observed an increase in the discrepancies obtained between the various results. Soon the scientific community understood that the ZnO NC toxicity behaviour is affected by many factors, related not only to the ZnO NPs themselves, but also to the experimental conditions used. Many recent reviews discussed these parameters by reporting experimental evidence and tried to assess the general statements about the ZnO NP cytotoxicity. This information is extremely useful for the evaluation of which type of ZnO NPs is more or less suitable for a specific study or application. However, despite that, a deep comprehension of the ZnO NP behaviour in relation to the different experimental conditions is still lacking. Actually, a full understanding of the reasons behind the NP behaviour is essential to better assess their biological activity and in particular their therapeutic application, avoiding undesired effects both in the experimental and clinical contexts. This tutorial review aims to be an experimental and practical guide for scientists that faced with the use of ZnO NPs for biomedical applications and, in particular, for their therapeutic purposes. The driving idea is to not simply summarize the results reported in the literature, but to provide instruments for a deep comprehension of the mechanisms affecting the ZnO NP cytotoxicity and behavior. This review also aims to point out the critical experimental parameters to be considered when working with these NPs, as well as the main related risks and limitations that scientists have to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canta
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
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Poier N, Hochstöger J, Hackenberg S, Scherzad A, Bregenzer M, Schopper D, Kleinsasser N. Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in HUVEC: Cyto- and Genotoxicity and Functional Impairment After Long-Term and Repetitive Exposure in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4441-4452. [PMID: 32606688 PMCID: PMC7319515 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s246797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study focuses on threshold levels for cytotoxicity after long-term and repetitive exposure for HUVEC as a model for the specific microvascular endothelial system. Furthermore, possible genotoxic effects and functional impairment caused by ZnO NPs in HUVEC are elucidated. Methods Thresholds for cytotoxic effects are determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin V assay. To demonstrate DNA damage, single-cell microgel electrophoresis (comet) assay is performed after exposure to sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ZnO NPs. The proliferation assay, dot blot assay and capillary tube formation assay are also carried out to analyze functional impairment. Results NPs showed to be spherical in shape with an average size of 45–55 nm. Long-term exposure as well as repetitive exposure with ZnO NPs exceeding 25 µg/mL lead to decreased viability in HUVEC. In addition, DNA damage was indicated by the comet assay after long-term and repetitive exposure. Twenty-four hours after long-term exposure, the proliferation assay does not show any difference between negative control and exposed cells. Forty-eight hours after exposure, HUVEC show an inverse concentration-related ability to proliferate. The dot blot assay provides evidence that ZnO NPs lead to a decreased release of VEGF, while capillary tube formation assay shows restriction in the ability of HUVEC to build tubes and meshes as a first step in angiogenesis. Conclusion Sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ZnO NPs lead to DNA damage and functional impairment in HUVEC. Based on these data, ZnO NPs may affect neo-angiogenesis. Further investigation based on tissue cultures is required to elucidate the impact of ZnO NPs on human cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Poier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz 4021, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Johannes Hochstöger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz 4021, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bregenzer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Dominik Schopper
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz 4021, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz 4021, Austria.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
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Wojnarowicz J, Chudoba T, Lojkowski W. A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphoslogies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1086. [PMID: 32486522 PMCID: PMC7353225 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (T.C.); (W.L.)
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