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Huang H, Zheng Y, Chang M, Song J, Xia L, Wu C, Jia W, Ren H, Feng W, Chen Y. Ultrasound-Based Micro-/Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8307-8472. [PMID: 38924776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to the intrinsic non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, high safety, and real-time capabilities, besides diagnostic imaging, ultrasound as a typical mechanical wave has been extensively developed as a physical tool for versatile biomedical applications. Especially, the prosperity of nanotechnology and nanomedicine invigorates the landscape of ultrasound-based medicine. The unprecedented surge in research enthusiasm and dedicated efforts have led to a mass of multifunctional micro-/nanosystems being applied in ultrasound biomedicine, facilitating precise diagnosis, effective treatment, and personalized theranostics. The effective deployment of versatile ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems in biomedical applications is rooted in a profound understanding of the relationship among composition, structure, property, bioactivity, application, and performance. In this comprehensive review, we elaborate on the general principles regarding the design, synthesis, functionalization, and optimization of ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for abundant biomedical applications. In particular, recent advancements in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for diagnostic imaging are meticulously summarized. Furthermore, we systematically elucidate state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for therapeutic applications targeting various pathological abnormalities including cancer, bacterial infection, brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. Finally, we conclude and provide an outlook on this research field with an in-depth discussion of the challenges faced and future developments for further extensive clinical translation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chenyao Wu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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Tapia-Arellano A, Cabrera P, Cortés-Adasme E, Riveros A, Hassan N, Kogan MJ. Tau- and α-synuclein-targeted gold nanoparticles: applications, opportunities, and future outlooks in the diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:248. [PMID: 38741193 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials in medicine offers multiple opportunities to address neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These diseases are a significant burden for society and the health system, affecting millions of people worldwide without sensitive and selective diagnostic methodologies or effective treatments to stop their progression. In this sense, the use of gold nanoparticles is a promising tool due to their unique properties at the nanometric level. They can be functionalized with specific molecules to selectively target pathological proteins such as Tau and α-synuclein for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Additionally, these proteins are used as diagnostic biomarkers, wherein gold nanoparticles play a key role in enhancing their signal, even at the low concentrations present in biological samples such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid, thus enabling an early and accurate diagnosis. On the other hand, gold nanoparticles act as drug delivery platforms, bringing therapeutic agents directly into the brain, improving treatment efficiency and precision, and reducing side effects in healthy tissues. However, despite the exciting potential of gold nanoparticles, it is crucial to address the challenges and issues associated with their use in the medical field before they can be widely applied in clinical settings. It is critical to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of these nanomaterials in the context of the central nervous system. Therefore, rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are needed to assess the efficacy and feasibility of these strategies in patients. Since there is scarce and sometimes contradictory literature about their use in this context, the main aim of this review is to discuss and analyze the current state-of-the-art of gold nanoparticles in relation to delivery, diagnosis, and therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as recent research about their use in preclinical, clinical, and emerging research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tapia-Arellano
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDT), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.
- Facultad de Cs. Qcas. y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Nucleus in NanoBioPhysics, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Pablo Cabrera
- Facultad de Cs. Qcas. y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Cortés-Adasme
- Facultad de Cs. Qcas. y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Riveros
- Facultad de Cs. Qcas. y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Hassan
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDT), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Nucleus in NanoBioPhysics, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Facultad de Cs. Qcas. y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santiago, Chile.
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Lei T, Yang Z, Li H, Qin M, Gao H. Interactions between nanoparticles and pathological changes of vascular in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115219. [PMID: 38401847 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that vascular pathological changes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature occurs in the early course of AD, characterized by alterations in vascular morphology, diminished cerebral blood flow (CBF), impairment of the neurovascular unit (NVU), vasculature inflammation, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Vascular dysfunction not only facilitates the influx of neurotoxic substances into the brain, triggering inflammation and immune responses but also hampers the efflux of toxic proteins such as Aβ from the brain, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative changes in AD. Furthermore, these vascular changes significantly impact drug delivery and distribution within the brain. Therefore, developing targeted delivery systems or therapeutic strategies based on vascular alterations may potentially represent a novel breakthrough in AD treatment. This review comprehensively examines various aspects of vascular alterations in AD and outlines the current interactions between nanoparticles and pathological changes of vascular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zixiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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4
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Strach A, Dulski M, Wasilkowski D, Matus K, Dudek K, Podwórny J, Rawicka P, Grebnevs V, Waloszczyk N, Nowak A, Poloczek P, Golba S. Multifaceted Assessment of Porous Silica Nanocomposites: Unraveling Physical, Structural, and Biological Transformations Induced by Microwave Field Modification. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:337. [PMID: 38392710 PMCID: PMC10893391 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In response to the persistent challenge of heavy and noble metal environmental contamination, our research explores a new idea to capture silver through porous spherical silica nanostructures. The aim was realized using microwave radiation at varying power (P = 150 or 800 W) and exposure times (t = 60 or 150 s). It led to the development of a silica surface with enhanced metal-capture capacity. The microwave-assisted silica surface modification influences the notable changes within the carrier but also enforces the crystallization process of silver nanoparticles with different morphology, structure, and chemical composition. Microwave treatment can also stimulate the formation of core-shell bioactive Ag/Ag2CO3 heterojunctions. Due to the silver nanoparticles' sphericity and silver carbonate's presence, the modified nanocomposites exhibited heightened toxicity against common microorganisms, such as E. coli and S. epidermidis. Toxicological assessments, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) determinations, underscored the efficacy of the nanocomposites. This research represents a significant stride in addressing pollution challenges. It shows the potential of microwave-modified silicas in the fight against environmental contamination. Microwave engineering underscores a sophisticated approach to pollution remediation and emphasizes the pivotal role of nanotechnology in shaping sustainable solutions for environmental stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Strach
- Doctoral School, University of Silesia, Bankowa 14, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland (S.G.)
| | - Daniel Wasilkowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (D.W.); (A.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Matus
- Materials Research Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Karolina Dudek
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Cementowa 8, 31-938 Cracow, Poland; (K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Jacek Podwórny
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Cementowa 8, 31-938 Cracow, Poland; (K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Patrycja Rawicka
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Vladlens Grebnevs
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego Street 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Natalia Waloszczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego Street 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Nowak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (D.W.); (A.N.)
| | - Paulina Poloczek
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland (S.G.)
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland (S.G.)
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5
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Williams L, Larsen J. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of non-viral gene editing technology to the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 232:102547. [PMID: 38042249 PMCID: PMC10872436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders pose a significant burden on individuals and society, affecting millions worldwide. These disorders, including but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, often have limited treatment options and can lead to progressive degeneration and disability. Gene editing technologies, including Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated Protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), offer a promising avenue for potential cures by targeting and correcting the underlying genetic mutations responsible for neurologic disorders. However, efficient delivery methods are crucial for the successful application of gene editing technologies in the context of neurological disorders. The central nervous system presents unique challenges to treatment development due to the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the entry of large molecules. While viral vectors are traditionally used for gene delivery, nonviral delivery methods, such as nanoparticle-mediated delivery, offer safer alternatives that can efficiently transport gene editing components. Herein we aim to introduce the three main gene editing nucleases as nonviral treatments for neurologic disorders, the delivery barriers associated with brain targeting, and the current nonviral techniques used for brain-specific delivery. We highlight the challenges and opportunities for future research in this exciting and growing field that could lead to blood-brain barrier bypassing therapeutic gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Jessica Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA.
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Stoian M, Kuncser A, Neatu F, Florea M, Popa M, Voicu SN, Chifiriuc MC, Hanganu A, Anghel ME, Tudose M. Green synthesis of aminated hyaluronic acid-based silver nanoparticles on modified titanium dioxide surface: Influence of size and chemical composition on their biological properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127445. [PMID: 37839599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report on an efficient, "environmentally friendly" chemical reduction method for the synthesis of aminated hyaluronic acid-based silver nanoparticles on the modified surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles aimed for biological applications. Silver nanoparticles exhibit well-known physical-chemical and optical properties appropriate for different biological applications. Modifying the nanoparticles leads to a change in their expected bioactivity. This represents an important topic for the current research. We have developed a novel aminated hyaluronic acid (HA-EDA)-based protocol to obtain silver nanoparticles, in which HA-EDA was used for the first time as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The effect of the size of silver nanoparticles on the titanium dioxide surface and the chemical composition of the obtained materials were investigated by TEM, XRD, XPS, ATR-FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, NMR and H2-TPR analyses. The antioxidant, in vitro biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity of the fabricated composites have been evaluated. The results prove that the prepared materials exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, thus providing protection against infection and supporting tissue regeneration, these two key effects being of paramount importance for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Stoian
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street No. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Florentina Neatu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street No. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Florea
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street No. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90-92 Panduri Street, RO-050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcela Popa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest R-050095, Romania
| | - Sorina N Voicu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest R-050095, Romania
| | - Mariana C Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91-95, Bucharest R-050095, Romania; Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - AnaMaria Hanganu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90-92 Panduri Street, RO-050663 Bucharest, Romania; "C. D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Elena Anghel
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Tudose
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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Shakila PB, Hirad AH, Alarfaj AA, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Mulugeta B. Precise Construction of Dual-Promising Anticancer Drugs Associated with Gold Nanomaterials on Glioma Cancer Cells. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:8892099. [PMID: 37920234 PMCID: PMC10620031 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8892099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple chemodrugs with nanotechnology have proven to be an effective cancer treatment technique. When taken combined, cabazitaxel (CTX) and cisplatin (PT) have more excellent cytotoxic effects than drugs used alone in the chemotherapy of several different cancers. However, several severe side effects are associated with using these chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients. Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs) are promising as drug carriers because of their small diameter, easy surface modifications, good biocompatibility, and strong cell penetration. This work aimed to determine the CTX and PT encapsulated with AuNMs against human glioma U87 cancer cells. The fabrication of the AuNMs achieved a negative surface charge, polydispersity index, and the mean sizes. The combined cytotoxic effect of CTX and PT bound to AuNMs was greater than that of either drug alone when tested on U87 cells. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for free PT were 54.7 μg/mL (at 24 h) and 4.8 g μg/mL (at 72 h). Results acquired from the MTT assay show cell growth decreases time- and concentration-dependent AuNMs, free CTX, free PT, and AuNMs@CTX/PT-induced cytotoxicity and, ultimately, the cell death of U87 cells via apoptosis. The biochemical apoptosis staining techniques investigated the cells' morphological changes of the cells (acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO-EB) and nuclear staining (DAPI) techniques). The AO-EB and nuclear staining results reveal that the NPs effectively killed cancer cells. Furthermore, the flow cytometry analysis examined the mode of cell death. Therefore, AuNMs@CTX/PT has excellent potential in the cancer therapy of different cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Baby Shakila
- Department of Biochemistry, Vivekananda College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Tiruchengode 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdurahman Hajinur Hirad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Beza Mulugeta
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, P.O. Box 128, Ethiopia
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Yousof S, Erfan H, Shehata S, Hosny M, El-Sayed K. Assessment of the potential cerebellar toxicity of gold nanoparticles on the structure and function of adult male albino rats. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20222255. [PMID: 37527500 PMCID: PMC10472208 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regular use of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) may increase the likelihood of human exposure to these nanoparticles (NPs) and raises concerns about toxicity. AIM This study investigated the short-term impact of exposure to Au-NPs on inducing cerebellar pathology in rats, and whether the dose or duration of exposure was more important. METHODOLOGY The study used two concentrations of Au-NPs (25 and 50 particles per million) and 18 rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Assessments of the animals were done via behavioral, gene expression, histological, and immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS Both concentrations of Au-NPs caused cerebellar pathology, as assessed through the investigation test battery. The Au-NPs50 group displayed more injury and decreased mobility compared with the control and the Au-NPs25 group. The Au-NPs25 group showed an increase in supported rearing and significant up-regulation of the Rgc32 gene compared with the control. The Trkb gene was insignificantly up-regulated in both Au-NPs groups compared with the control. CONCLUSION The study indicates that exposure to Au-NPs can cause cerebellar pathology in rats and that the toxicity is more dependent on dose than the duration of exposure. These findings have significant implications for the safe use of Au-NPs in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Mohammad Yousof
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Horeya Erfan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Hosny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Oncology Diagnostic Unit Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Karima El-Sayed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Jiang H, Wang Y, Tan Z, Hu L, Shi J, Liu G, Yin Y, Cai Y, Jiang G. Dissolved metal ion removal by online hollow fiber ultrafiltration for enhanced size characterization of metal-containing nanoparticles with single-particle ICP-MS. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:494-505. [PMID: 36503776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) is a powerful tool for size-characterization of metal-containing nanoparticles (MCNs) at environmentally relevant concentrations, however, coexisting dissolved metal ions greatly interfere with the accuracy of particle size analysis. The purpose of this study is to develop an online technique that couples hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) with SP-ICP-MS to improve the accuracy and size detection limit of MCNs by removing metal ions from suspensions of MCNs. Through systematic optimization of conditions including the type and concentration of surfactant and complexing agent, carrier pH, and ion cleaning time, HFUF completely removes metal ions but retains the MCNs in suspension. The optimal conditions include using a mixture of 0.05 vol.% FL-70 and 0.5 mmol/L Na2S2O3 (pH = 8.0) as the carrier and 4 min as the ion cleaning time. At these conditions, HFUF-SP-ICP-MS accurately determines the sizes of MCNs, and the results agree with the size distribution determined by transmission electron microscopy, even when metal ions also are present in the sample. In addition, reducing the ionic background through HFUF also lowers the particle size detection limit with SP-ICP-MS (e.g., from 28.3 to 14.2 nm for gold nanoparticles). This size-based ion-removal principle provided by HFUF is suitable for both cations (e.g., Ag+) and anions (e.g., AuCl4-) and thus has good versatility compared to ion exchange purification and promising prospects for the removal of salts and macromolecules before single particle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Yong Cai
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Guo J, Zhao Z, Shang Z, Tang Z, Zhu H, Zhang K. Nanodrugs with intrinsic radioprotective exertion: Turning the double-edged sword into a single-edged knife. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220119. [PMID: 37324033 PMCID: PMC10190950 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) poses a growing threat to human health, and thus ideal radioprotectors with high efficacy and low toxicity still receive widespread attention in radiation medicine. Despite significant progress made in conventional radioprotectants, high toxicity, and low bioavailability still discourage their application. Fortunately, the rapidly evolving nanomaterial technology furnishes reliable tools to address these bottlenecks, opening up the cutting-edge nano-radioprotective medicine, among which the intrinsic nano-radioprotectants characterized by high efficacy, low toxicity, and prolonged blood retention duration, represent the most extensively studied class in this area. Herein, we made the systematic review on this topic, and discussed more specific types of radioprotective nanomaterials and more general clusters of the extensive nano-radioprotectants. In this review, we mainly focused on the development, design innovations, applications, challenges, and prospects of the intrinsic antiradiation nanomedicines, and presented a comprehensive overview, in-depth analysis as well as an updated understanding of the latest advances in this topic. We hope that this review will promote the interdisciplinarity across radiation medicine and nanotechnology and stimulate further valuable studies in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhemeng Zhao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Zeng‐Fu Shang
- Department of Radiation OncologySimmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
- National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting TheranosticsGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxiP. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanP. R. China
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11
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Zhu G, Li Z, Zhang Y, Meng X, Guan M, Hu Z, Yang YG, Liu K, Sun T. Biosafety risk assessment of gold and aluminum nanoparticles in tumor-bearing mice. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016116. [PMID: 36968454 PMCID: PMC10038691 DOI: 10.1063/5.0144481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the biosafety of the nanodelivery system, this study developed novel monodisperse spherical aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) and evaluated their cytotoxicity in vitro and distribution and biotoxicity in vivo. Compared with gold nanoparticles of the same size, Al NPs not only had low cytotoxicity in vitro but also did not cause accumulation in major organs in vivo after intravenous injections. No significant abnormalities were observed in the serum biochemical indices of mice injected with Al NPs. Additionally, no substantial changes occurred in the histopathology of major organs, and no apparent biological toxicity was measured after consecutive injections of Al NPs. These results indicate that Al NPs have a good biological safety and provide a new method for developing low-toxicity nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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12
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Li J, Wu T, Li S, Chen X, Deng Z, Huang Y. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy: a review of influencing factors and evaluation methods for biosafety. Clin Transl Oncol 2023:10.1007/s12094-023-03117-5. [PMID: 36807057 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are widely used in the biomedical field for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes due to their small size, high carrier capacity, and ease of modification, which enable selective targeting and as contrast agents. Over the past decades, more and more nanoparticles have received regulatory approval to enter the clinic, more nanoparticles have shown potential for clinical translation, and humans have increasing access to them. However, nanoparticles have a high potential to cause unpredictable adverse effects on human organs, tissues, and cells due to their unique physicochemical properties and interactions with DNA, lipids, cells, tissues, proteins, and biological fluids. Currently, issues, such as nanoparticle side effects and toxicity, remain controversial, and these pitfalls must be fully considered prior to their application to body systems. Therefore, it is particularly urgent and important to assess the safety of nanoparticles acting in living organisms. In this paper, we review the important factors influencing the biosafety of nanoparticles in terms of their properties, and introduce common methods to summarize the biosafety evaluation of nanoparticles through in vitro and in body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tao Wu
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Shiman Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi, Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiming Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China. .,The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China.
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13
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Semple SL, Alkie TN, Jenik K, Warner BM, Tailor N, Kobasa D, DeWitte-Orr SJ. More tools for our toolkit: The application of HEL-299 cells and dsRNA-nanoparticles to study human coronaviruses in vitro. Virus Res 2022; 321:198925. [PMID: 36115551 PMCID: PMC9474404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are important human pathogens, as exemplified by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While the ability of type I interferons (IFNs) to limit coronavirus replication has been established, the ability of double-stranded (ds)RNA, a potent IFN inducer, to inhibit coronavirus replication when conjugated to a nanoparticle is largely unexplored. Additionally, the number of IFN competent cell lines that can be used to study coronaviruses in vitro are limited. In the present study, we show that poly inosinic: poly cytidylic acid (pIC), when conjugated to a phytoglycogen nanoparticle (pIC+NDX) is able to protect IFN-competent human lung fibroblasts (HEL-299 cells) from infection with different HCoV species. HEL-299 was found to be permissive to HCoV-229E, -OC43 and MERS-CoV-GFP but not to HCoV-NL63 or SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation revealed that HEL-299 does not contain the required ACE2 receptor to enable propagation of both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. Following 24h exposure, pIC+NDX was observed to stimulate a significant, prolonged increase in antiviral gene expression (IFNβ, CXCL10 and ISG15) when compared to both NDX alone and pIC alone. This antiviral response translated into complete protection against virus production, for 4 days or 7 days post treatment with HCoV-229E or -OC43 when either pre-treated for 6h or 24h respectively. Moreover, the pIC+NDX combination also provided complete protection for 2d post infection when HEL-299 cells were infected with MERS-CoV-GFP following a 24h pretreatment with pIC+NDX. The significance of this study is two-fold. Firstly, it was revealed that HEL-299 cells can effectively be used as an IFN-competent model system for in vitro analysis of MERS-CoV. Secondly, pIC+NDX acts as a powerful inducer of type I IFNs in HEL-299, to levels that provide complete protection against coronavirus replication. This suggests an exciting and novel area of investigation for antiviral therapies that utilize innate immune stimulants. The results of this study will help to expand the range of available tools scientists have to investigate, and thus further understand, human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kristof Jenik
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Bryce M Warner
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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14
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Lorenzoni S, Cerra S, Angulo-Elizari E, Salamone TA, Battocchio C, Marsotto M, Scaramuzzo FA, Sanmartín C, Plano D, Fratoddi I. Organoselenium compounds as functionalizing agents for gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112828. [PMID: 36108370 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with four organoselenium compounds, i.e., 4-selenocyanatoaniline (compound 1), 4,4'-diselanediyldianiline (compound 2), N-(4-selenocyanatophenyl)cinnamamide (compound 3), and N-(3-selenocyanatopropyl)cinnamamide (compound 4), were synthesized following two different approaches: direct conjugation and non-covalent immobilization onto hydrophilic and non-cytotoxic AuNPs functionalized with 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (3MPS). Both free compounds and AuNPs-based systems were characterized via UV-Vis, FTIR NMR, mass spectrometry, and SR-XPS to assess their optical and structural properties. Size and colloidal stability were evaluated by DLS and ζ-potential measurements, whereas morphology at solid-state was evaluated by atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron (FESEM) microscopies. AuNPs synthesized through chemical reduction method in presence of Se-based compounds as functionalizing agents allowed the formation of aggregated NPs with little to no solubility in aqueous media. To improve their hydrophilicity and stability mixed AuNPs-3MPS-1 were synthesized. Besides, Se-loaded AuNPs-3MPS revealed to be the most suitable systems for biological studies in terms of size and colloidal stability. Selenium derivatives and AuNPs were tested in vitro via MTT assay against PC-3 (prostatic adenocarcinoma) and HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma) cell lines. Compared to free compounds, direct functionalization onto AuNPs with formation of Au-Se covalent bond led to non-cytotoxic systems in the concentration range explored (0-100 μg/mL), whereas immobilization on AuNPs-3MPS improved the cytotoxicity of compounds 1, 3, and 4. Selective anticancer response against HCT-116 cells was obtained by AuNPs-3MPS-1. These results demonstrated that AuNPs can be used as a platform to tune the in vitro biological activity of organoselenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cerra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Angulo-Elizari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Tommaso A Salamone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Battocchio
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Marsotto
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca A Scaramuzzo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain.
| | - Ilaria Fratoddi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanomaterials with Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102182. [PMID: 36297620 PMCID: PMC9609291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of nanomaterials with suitable capping ligands or bioactive agents is an interesting strategy in designing nanosystems with suitable applicability and biocompatibility; the physicochemical and biological properties of these nanomaterials can be highly improved for biomedical applications. In this context, numerous explorations have been conducted in the functionalization of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanomaterials using suitable functional groups or agents to design nanosystems with unique physicochemical properties such as excellent biosensing capabilities, biocompatibility, targeting features, and multifunctionality for biomedical purposes. Future studies should be undertaken for designing novel functionalization tactics to improve the properties of Au- and Ag-based nanosystems and reduce their toxicity. The possible release of cytotoxic radicals or ions, the internalization of nanomaterials, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, the translocation of these nanomaterials across the cell membranes into mitochondria, DNA damages, and the damage of cell membranes are the main causes of their toxicity, which ought to be comprehensively explored. In this study, recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of functionalized Au and Ag nanomaterials are deliberated, focusing on important challenges and future directions.
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16
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Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
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17
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJB. GSH-AuNP anti-oxidative stress, ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyloid-beta peptide-treated human neural stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 187:185-201. [PMID: 35660451 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are thought to promote oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial deficiency, causing neuronal loss in the AD brain. The potential applications of glutathione conjugated gold nanoparticles (GSH-AuNPs) suggest they might have therapeutic value. Several studies have demonstrated that the effects of nanoparticles could provide protective roles in AD. Here, we showed that GSH-AuNPs mediate the viability of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with Aβ, which was correlated with decreased caspase 3 and caspase 9. Importantly, hNSCs co-treated with GSH-AuNPs were significantly protected from Aβ-induced oxidative stress, as detected using the DCFH-DA, DHE, and MitoSOX staining assays. Furthermore, hNSCs co-treated with GSH-AuNPs were significantly protected from the Aβ-induced reduction in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 downstream antioxidant target genes (SOD-1, SOD-2, Gpx, Catalase, and HO-1). In addition, GSH-AuNPs rescued the expression levels of ER stress-associated genes (Bip, CHOP, and ASK1) in Aβ-treated hNSCs. GSH-AuNPs normalized ER calcium and mitochondrial cytochrome c homeostasis in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Furthermore, treatment with GSH-AuNPs restored the levels of ATP, D-loop, mitochondrial mass, basal respiration, ATP-linked reparation, maximal respiration capacity, COX activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial genes (PGC1α, NRF-1 and Tfam) in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Taken together, these findings extend our understanding of the protective effects of GSH-AuNPs against oxidative stress, ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hNSCs with Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada; Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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18
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Analysis of Nanomaterials on Biological and Environmental Systems and New Analytical Methods for Improved Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116331. [PMID: 35683010 PMCID: PMC9181213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancing field of nanoscience has produced lower mass, smaller size, and expanded chemical composition nanoparticles over recent years. These new nanoparticles have challenged traditional analytical methods of qualification and quantification. Such advancements in nanoparticles and nanomaterials have captured the attention of toxicologists with concerns regarding the environment and human health impacts. Given that nanoparticles are only limited by size (1–100 nm), their chemical and physical characteristics can drastically change and thus alter their overall nanotoxicity in unpredictable ways. A significant limitation to the development of nanomaterials is that traditional regulatory and scientific methods used to assess the biological and environmental toxicity of chemicals do not generally apply to the assessment of nanomaterials. Significant research effort has been initiated, but much more is still needed to develop new and improved analytical measurement methods for detecting and quantitating nanomaterials in biological and environmental systems.
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19
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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20
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Zare I, Yaraki MT, Speranza G, Najafabadi AH, Haghighi AS, Nik AB, Manshian BB, Saraiva C, Soenen SJ, Kogan MJ, Lee JW, Apollo NV, Bernardino L, Araya E, Mayer D, Mao G, Hamblin MR. Gold nanostructures: synthesis, properties, and neurological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2601-2680. [PMID: 35234776 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in technology are expected to increase our current understanding of neuroscience. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials can alter and control neural functionality in both in vitro and in vivo experimental setups. The intersection between neuroscience and nanoscience may generate long-term neural interfaces adapted at the molecular level. Owing to their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, gold nanostructures (GNSs) have received much attention in neuroscience, especially for combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theragnostic) purposes. GNSs have been successfully employed to stimulate and monitor neurophysiological signals. Hence, GNSs could provide a promising solution for the regeneration and recovery of neural tissue, novel neuroprotective strategies, and integrated implantable materials. This review covers the broad range of neurological applications of GNS-based materials to improve clinical diagnosis and therapy. Sub-topics include neurotoxicity, targeted delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), neurochemical sensing, neuromodulation, neuroimaging, neurotherapy, tissue engineering, and neural regeneration. It focuses on core concepts of GNSs in neurology, to circumvent the limitations and significant obstacles of innovative approaches in neurobiology and neurochemistry, including theragnostics. We will discuss recent advances in the use of GNSs to overcome current bottlenecks and tackle technical and conceptual challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | | | - Giorgio Speranza
- CMM - FBK, v. Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy.,IFN - CNR, CSMFO Lab., via alla Cascata 56/C Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, v. Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alireza Hassani Najafabadi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alireza Shourangiz Haghighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Modarres Boulevard, 13876-71557, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Bella B Manshian
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marques d'Avila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jee Woong Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Neurophysiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Nicholas V Apollo
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marques d'Avila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Republica 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein 2028, South Africa.
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21
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Dziendzikowska K, Wilczak J, Grodzicki W, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Węsierska M, Kruszewski M. Coating-Dependent Neurotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles—An In Vivo Study on Hippocampal Oxidative Stress and Neurosteroids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031365. [PMID: 35163290 PMCID: PMC8835951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials. The level of exposure to nanosilver is constantly raising, and a growing body of research highlights that it is harmful to the health, especially the nervous system, of humans. The potential pathways through which nanosilver affects neurons include the release of silver ions and the associated induction of oxidative stress. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of nanosilver, in this study we exposed male Wistar rats to 0.5 mg/kg body weight of AgNPs coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), or citrate, or to AgNO3 as a source of silver ions for 28 days and assessed the expression of antioxidant defense markers in the hippocampus of the exposed animals after 1 week of spatial memory training. We also evaluated the influence of AgNPs coating on neurosteroidogenesis in the rat hippocampus. The results showed that AgNPs disrupted the antioxidant system in the hippocampus and induced oxidative stress in a coating-dependent manner, which could potentially be responsible for neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders. The analysis of the influence of AgNPs on neurosteroids also indicated coating-dependent modulation of steroid levels with a significant decrease in the concentrations of progesterone and 17α-progesterone in AgNPs(BSA), AgNPs(PEG), and Ag+ groups. Furthermore, exposure to AgNPs or Ag+ resulted in the downregulation of selected genes involved in antioxidant defense (Cat), neurosteroid synthesis (Star, Hsd3b3, Hsd17b1, and Hsd17b10), and steroid metabolism (Ar, Er1, and Er2). In conclusion, depending on the coating material used for their stabilization, AgNPs induced oxidative stress and modulated the concentrations of steroids as well as the expression of genes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Grodzicki
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Małgorzata Węsierska
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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22
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Bolaños K, Sánchez-Navarro M, Giralt E, Acosta G, Albericio F, Kogan MJ, Araya E. NIR and glutathione trigger the surface release of methotrexate linked by Diels-Alder adducts to anisotropic gold nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112512. [PMID: 34857291 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The administration and controlled release of drugs over time remains one of the greatest challenges of science today. In the nanomaterials field, anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with plasmon bands centered at the near-infrared region (NIR), such as gold nanorods (AuNRs) and gold nanoprisms (AuNPrs), under laser irradiation, locally increase the temperature, allowing the release of drugs. In this sense, temporally controlled drug delivery could be promoted by external stimuli using thermo-reversible chemical reactions, such as Diels-Alder cycloadditions from a diene and a dienophile fragment (compound a). In this study, an antitumor drug (methotrexate, MTX) was linked to plasmonic AuNPs by a Diels-Alder adduct (compound c), which after NIR suffers a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, producing release of the drug (compound b). We obtained two nanosystems based on AuNRs and AuNPrs. Both nanoconstructs were coated with BSA-r8 (Bovine Serum Albumin functionalized with Arg8, all-D octa arginine) in order to increase the colloidal stability and promote internalization of the nanosystems on HeLa and SK-BR-3 cells. In addition, the presence of BSA allows protecting the cargo from being released on the extracellular environment and promotes the photothermal release of the drug in the presence of glutathione (GSH). The nanosystems' drug release profile was evaluated after NIR irradiation in the presence and absence of glutathione (GSH), showing a considerable increase of drug release when NIR light and glutathione were combined. This work broadens the range of possibilities of using two complementary strategies for the controlled release of an antitumor drug from AuNRs and AuNPrs: the photothermal cleavage of a thermolabile adduct controlled by an external stimulus (laser irradiation), complemented with the use of the intracellular metabolite GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bolaños
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile; Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerardo Acosta
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Spain; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Talarska P, Boruczkowski M, Żurawski J. Current Knowledge of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles in Laboratory Research-Application, Toxicity, Cellular Uptake. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2454. [PMID: 34578770 PMCID: PMC8466515 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver and gold nanoparticles can be found in a range of household products related to almost every area of life, including patches, bandages, paints, sportswear, personal care products, food storage equipment, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. Their confirmed ability to enter the organism through respiratory and digestive systems, skin, and crossing the blood-brain barrier raises questions of their potential effect on cell function. Therefore, this manuscript aimed to summarize recent reports concerning the influence of variables such as size, shape, concentration, type of coating, or incubation time, on effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on cultured cell lines. Due to the increasingly common use of AgNP and AuNP in multiple branches of the industry, further studies on the effects of nanoparticles on different types of cells and the general natural environment are needed to enable their long-term use. However, some environmentally friendly solutions to chemically synthesized nanoparticles are also investigated, such as plant-based synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Talarska
- Department of Immunobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | | | - Jakub Żurawski
- Department of Immunobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
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24
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Kozics K, Sramkova M, Kopecka K, Begerova P, Manova A, Krivosikova Z, Sevcikova Z, Liskova A, Rollerova E, Dubaj T, Puntes V, Wsolova L, Simon P, Tulinska J, Gabelova A. Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Biosafety of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles In Vivo. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071702. [PMID: 34203551 PMCID: PMC8305691 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the obvious advantages of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications, controversial and incomplete toxicological data hamper their widespread use. Here, we present the results from an in vivo toxicity study using gold nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-AuNPs). The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PEG-AuNPs were examined in the rat’s liver, lung, spleen, and kidney after a single i.v. injection (0.7 mg/kg) at different time intervals. PEG-AuNPs had a relatively long blood circulation time and accumulated primarily in the liver and spleen, where they remained for up to 28 days after administration. Increased cytoplasmic vacuolation in hepatocytes 24 h and 7 days after PEG-AuNPs exposure and apoptotic-like cells in white splenic pulp 24 h after administration has been detected, however, 28 days post-exposure were no longer observed. In contrast, at this time point, we identified significant changes in lipid metabolism, altered levels of liver injury markers, and elevated monocyte count, but without marked biological relevance. In blood cells, no DNA damage was present in any of the studied time intervals, with the exception of DNA breakage transiently detected in primary kidney cells 4 h post-injection. Our results indicate that the tissue accumulation of PEG-AuNPs might result in late toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kozics
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (K.K.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (K.K.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Kristina Kopecka
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (K.K.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Patricia Begerova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (K.K.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alena Manova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Zora Krivosikova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacotherapy, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Sevcikova
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Aurelia Liskova
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Eva Rollerova
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Tibor Dubaj
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Victor Puntes
- Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, UAB Campus, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ladislava Wsolova
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia; (E.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Jana Tulinska
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (K.K.); (P.B.); (A.G.)
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