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Douglas HM, Elliott KC, Settles IH, Montgomery GM, Davis T, Nadolsky L, Cheruvelil KS. Authorship climate: A new tool for studying ethical issues in authorship. Account Res 2024; 31:403-427. [PMID: 36288536 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2140587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Authorship of academic publications is central to scientists' careers, but decisions about how to include and order authors on publications are often fraught with difficult ethical issues. To better understand scholars' experiences with authorship, we developed a novel concept, authorship climate, which assesses perceptions of the procedural, informational, and distributive justice associated with authorship decisions. We conducted a representative survey of more than 3,000 doctoral students, postdoctoral researchers, and assistant professors from a stratified random sample of U.S. biology, economics, physics, and psychology departments. We found that individuals who tend to have more power on science teams perceived authorship climate to be more positive than those who tend to have less power. Alphabetical approaches for assigning authorship were associated with higher perceptions of procedural justice and informational justice but lower perceptions of distributive justice. Individuals with more marginalized identities also tended to perceive authorship climate more negatively than those with no marginalized identities. These results illustrate how the concept of authorship climate can facilitate enhanced understanding of early-career scholars' authorship experiences, and they highlight potential steps that can be taken to promote more positive authorship experiences for scholars of all identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Douglas
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin C Elliott
- Lyman Briggs College, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Department of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Isis H Settles
- Department of Psychology and Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Georgina M Montgomery
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of History, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tangier Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lexi Nadolsky
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kendra Spence Cheruvelil
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Meursinge Reynders RA, Cavagnetto D, Ter Riet G, Di Girolamo N, Malički M. Automatically listing senior members of departments as co-authors is highly prevalent in health sciences: meta-analysis of survey research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5883. [PMID: 38467762 PMCID: PMC10928221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of automatically listing (a) senior member(s) of a department as co-author(s) on all submitted articles in health sciences and the prevalence of degrees of support on a 5-point justification scale. Survey research was searched in PubMed, Lens.org, and Dimensions.ai. until January 5 2023. We assessed the methodological quality of studies and conducted quantitative syntheses. We identified 15 eligible surveys, that provided 67 results, all of which were rated as having low quality. A pooled estimate of 20% [95% CI 16-25] (10 surveys, 3619 respondents) of researchers in various health sciences reported that a senior member of their department was automatically listed as an author on all submitted articles. Furthermore, 28% [95% CI 22-34] of researchers (10 surveys, 2180 respondents) felt that this practice was 'never', 24% [95% CI 22-27] 'rarely', 25% [95% CI 23-28] 'sometimes', 13% [95% CI 9-17] 'most of the time', and 8% [95% CI 6-9] 'always justified'. The practice of automatically assigning senior members of departments as co-authors on all submitted manuscripts may be common in the health sciences; with those admitting to this practice finding it unjustified in most cases.Registration of the protocol The protocol was registered in Open Science Framework. Link: https://osf.io/4eywp/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Reint A Meursinge Reynders
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Studio di Ortodonzia, Via Matteo Bandello 15, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Cavagnetto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Studio di Ortodonzia, Via Matteo Bandello 15, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Gerben Ter Riet
- Faculty of Health, Urban Vitality Centre of Expertise, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- EBMVet, Via Sigismondo Trecchi 20, 26100, Cremona, CR, Italy
| | - Mario Malički
- Stanford Program on Research Rigor and Reproducibility (SPORR), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Meursinge Reynders RA, Ter Riet G, Di Girolamo N, Cavagnetto D, Malički M. Honorary authorship is highly prevalent in health sciences: systematic review and meta-analysis of surveys. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4385. [PMID: 38388672 PMCID: PMC10883936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey research was conducted to estimate honorary authorship prevalence in health sciences. We searched PubMed, Lens.org, and Dimensions.ai. until January 5 2023. Methodological quality was assessed and quantitative syntheses were conducted. Nineteen surveys were included and rated as having low methodological quality. We found a pooled prevalence of 26% [95% CI 21-31] (6 surveys, 2758 respondents) of researchers that perceived co-author(s) as honorary on the publication at issue (when they were not referred to any authorship criteria). That prevalence was 18% [95% CI 15-21] (11 surveys, 4272 respondents) when researchers were referred to Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, and 51% [95% CI 47-56] (15 surveys, 5111 respondents) when researchers were asked to declare their co-author(s) contributions on the publication at issue (and these were then compared to ICMJE criteria). 10% of researchers [95% CI 9-12] (11 surveys, 3,663 respondents) reported being approached by others to include honorary author(s) on the publication at issue and 16% [95% CI 13-18] (2 surveys, 823 respondents) admitted adding (an) honorary author(s). Survey research consistently indicates that honorary authorship in the health sciences is highly prevalent, however the quality of the surveys' methods and reporting needs improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reint A Meursinge Reynders
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Studio di Ortodonzia, Via Matteo Bandello 15, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gerben Ter Riet
- Urban Vitality Centre of Expertise, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- EBMVet, Via Sigismondo Trecchi 20, 26100, Cremona, CR, Italy
| | - Davide Cavagnetto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Studio di Ortodonzia, Via Matteo Bandello 15, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Malički
- Stanford Program on Research Rigor and Reproducibility (SPORR), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Helgesson G, Holm S, Bredahl L, Hofmann B, Juth N. Misuse of co-authorship in Medical PhD Theses in Scandinavia: A Questionnaire Survey. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10805-022-09465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies suggest that deviations from proper authorship practices are commonplace in medicine. The aim of this study was to explore experiences of and attitudes towards the handling of authorship in PhD theses at medical faculties in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Methods
Those who defended their PhD thesis at a medical faculty in Scandinavia during the second half of 2020 were offered, by e-mail, to participate in an online survey. Survey questions dealt with experiences of violations of the first three of the ICMJE authorship criteria and misuse of authorship order in the thesis articles, as well as respondents’ attitudes to these matters. Both questions with fixed response alternatives and questions with free-text responses were used. Quantitative data were analysed statistically using the Table functions in SPSS 25 and Chi-2 tests. Free-text responses were analysed qualitatively using manifest content analysis.
Results
287 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate: 34.1%). Almost half (46.0%) of the respondents reported that the ICMJE authorship criteria were not fully respected in at least one of the papers in their thesis, while a vast majority (96.7%) found it important that authorship is handled according to the ICMJE authorship criteria. 24.4% reported inadequate handling of authorship order in at least one paper. The qualitative results provide a wide spectrum of examples of how the ICMJE authorship criteria are circumvented.
Conclusion
Despite increasing educational efforts to reduce deviations from good research practice at Scandinavian universities, the handling of authorship in medical papers remains problematic.
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Peberdy L, Young J, Massey D, Kearney L. Integrated review of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of maternity health care professionals concerning umbilical cord clamping. Birth 2022; 49:595-615. [PMID: 35582849 PMCID: PMC9790596 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord clamp timing has implications for newborn health, which include increased iron stores up to 6 months of age. National and International cord clamping guidelines differ as do health professionals' practices. The rationale for differences in cord clamping practice is unclear. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE Studies on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of maternity health care professionals about cord clamp timing were synthesized. Similarities and differences between professional groups and understanding of the optimal timing of cord clamp timing for term newborns were compared. METHODS An integrative review was undertaken. PubMed, Scopus, MIDIRS, CINAHL, and Google Scholar were searched. Publication date limits were set between January 2007 and December 2020. Quality appraisal was undertaken using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tools. RESULTS Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria, as they included primary research studies that investigated maternity health care professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about umbilical cord clamping, and were written in English. Four main subject areas were identified: a) knowledge of optimal cord clamp timing; b) attitudes and perceptions of early vs deferred cord clamping; c) cord clamping practice; and d) rationale for cord clamping practice. CONCLUSIONS Different attitudes and practices were identified between midwifery and medical professionals in relation to cord clamp timing together with health professional knowledge and practice gaps pertaining to optimal cord clamp timing. Contemporary evidence should inform guidelines for clinical practice and be embedded into maternity health professional curricula and professional development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Peberdy
- University of the Sunshine CoastSunshine CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jeanine Young
- University of the Sunshine CoastSunshine CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Debbie Massey
- Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNew South WalesAustralia
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Carfagno ML, Schweers SA, Whann EA, Hodgson MB, Mittleman KD, Nastasee SA, Sorgenfrei T, Kodukulla MI. Building consensus on author selection practices for industry-sponsored research: recommendations from an expert task force of medical publication professionals. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:863-870. [PMID: 35437066 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many biomedical journals follow the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations and criteria for authorship. ICMJE criterion 1 provides the basis for selecting authors according to their substantial contributions to the work reported in the publication. Identifying substantial contributions and their application for author selection can be challenging, especially for multicenter studies with large numbers of investigators and contributors. Contributions are not frequently documented during study conduct and authorship decisions may lack transparency, objectivity, and context. METHODS The International Society for Medical Publication Professionals (ISMPP) Authorship Task Force surveyed members on authorship practices, reviewed the literature defining substantial contributions to ICMJE criterion 1, and assessed existing tools or algorithms for determining authorship in industry-sponsored research. Contributions were categorized under the four sub-categories of ICMJE criterion 1: study concept and design, acquisition of data, data analysis, and data interpretation. RESULTS Survey findings and literature review confirmed the need for clear and consistent interpretation, application, and documentation of ICMJE criterion 1 for transparent decisions about authorship. The Task Force reached consensus on definitions of substantial contributions to be considered when selecting authors of industry-sponsored research. The subsequent recommendations were grouped according to the sub-categories of ICMJE criterion 1. In addition, the Task Force developed recommendations regarding contributions that do not merit authorship designation. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force recommendations for objective and consistent interpretation of ICMJE criterion 1 will facilitate an author selection process grounded in the core principles of substantial intellectual contribution to the work's conception or design, or to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. While these recommendations are focused on author selection practices for industry-sponsored research, they may be applicable to publications in other areas of scientific and biomedical research.
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Hosseini M, Lewis J, Zwart H, Gordijn B. An Ethical Exploration of Increased Average Number of Authors Per Publication. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2022; 28:25. [PMID: 35606542 PMCID: PMC9126105 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the impact of an Increase in the average Number of Authors per Publication (INAP) on known ethical issues of authorship. For this purpose, the ten most common ethical issues associated with scholarly authorship are used to set up a taxonomy of existing issues and raise awareness among the community to take precautionary measures and adopt best practices to minimize the negative impact of INAP. We confirm that intense international, interdisciplinary and complex collaborations are necessary, and INAP is an expression of this trend. However, perverse incentives aimed to increase institutional and personal publication counts and egregious instances of guest or honorary authorship are problematic. We argue that whether INAP is due to increased complexity and scale of science, perverse incentives or undeserved authorship, it could negatively affect known ethical issues of authorship at some level. In the long run, INAP depreciates the value of authorship status and may disproportionately impact junior researchers and those who contribute to technical and routine tasks. We provide two suggestions that could reduce the long-term impact of INAP on the reward system of science. First, we suggest further refinement of the CRediT taxonomy including better integration into current systems of attribution and acknowledgement, and better harmony with major authorship guidelines such as those suggested by the ICMJE. Second, we propose adjustments to the academic recognition and promotion systems at an institutional level as well as the introduction of best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosseini
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Jonathan Lewis
- The Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hub Zwart
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Gordijn
- Institute of Ethics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Meursinge Reynders R, Ter Riet G, Di Girolamo N, Malički M. Honorary authorship in health sciences: a protocol for a systematic review of survey research. Syst Rev 2022; 11:57. [PMID: 35379330 PMCID: PMC8978359 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honorary authorship refers to the practice of naming an individual who has made little or no contribution to a publication as an author. Honorary authorship inflates the output estimates of honorary authors and deflates the value of the work by authors who truly merit authorship. This manuscript presents the protocol for a systematic review that will assess the prevalence of five honorary authorship issues in health sciences. METHODS Surveys of authors of scientific publications in health sciences that assess prevalence estimates will be eligible. No selection criteria will be set for the time point for measuring outcomes, the setting, the language of the publication, and the publication status. Eligible manuscripts are searched from inception onwards in PubMed, Lens.org , and Dimensions.ai. Two calibrated authors will independently search, determine eligibility of manuscripts, and conduct data extraction. The quality of each review outcome for each eligible manuscript will be assessed with a 14-item checklist developed and piloted for this review. Data will be qualitatively synthesized and quantitative syntheses will be performed where feasible. Criteria for precluding quantitative syntheses were defined a priori. The pooled random effects double arcsine transformed summary event rates of five outcomes on honorary authorship issues with the pertinent 95% confidence intervals will be calculated if these criteria are met. Summary estimates will be displayed after back-transformation. Stata software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) version 16 will be used for all statistical analyses. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed using Tau2 and Chi2 tests and I2 to quantify inconsistency. DISCUSSION The outcomes of the planned systematic review will give insights in the magnitude of honorary authorship in health sciences and could direct new research studies to develop and implement strategies to address this problem. However, the validity of the outcomes could be influenced by low response rates, inadequate research design, weighting issues, and recall bias in the eligible surveys. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This protocol was registered a priori in the Open Science Framework (OSF) link: https://osf.io/5nvar/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Reint Meursinge Reynders
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Studio di Ortodonzia, Via Matteo Bandello 15, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gerben Ter Riet
- Urban Vitality Centre of Expertise, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC) Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 2065 W, Farm Road, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA.,EBMVet, Via Sigismondo Trecchi 20, 26100, Cremona, CR, Italy
| | - Mario Malički
- Meta-research Innovation Center a Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Liebe H, Hunter CJ. Ethical considerations of academic surgical research. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151097. [PMID: 34635282 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethical considerations surrounding clinical research have been a topic of intense debate and discussion for many years, however, issues specific to the surgeon-scientist are rarely discussed. This article summarizes ethical issues pertinent to the surgeon-scientist including conflicts of interest, use of human biospecimens, data integrity, manuscript authorship, and mentorship for trainees. The methods include a review of the current and past literature on each of these topics with a brief overview of how it relates to the surgeon-scientist. Case examples are provided throughout to provide further discussion points related to the topic. The purpose of this review is to promote awareness of the ethical challenges that the surgeon-scientist faces when engaging in basic science research in order to spark discussion and encourage integrity and ethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Liebe
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, USA
| | - Catherine J Hunter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, USA.
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Miles S, Renedo A, Marston C. Reimagining authorship guidelines to promote equity in co-produced academic collaborations. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:2547-2559. [PMID: 34520317 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1971277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Authorship of academic papers is a currency that can bring career advantages in academia and other industries. How authorship should be decided is not always clear, particularly in co-produced research with non-academic collaborators, for which existing authorship guidelines are largely silent. In this paper, we critically reflect on what constitutes written authorship in the context of co-produced health research. We present examples from our own work to illustrate the argument we make, including publishing a co-authored paper with non-academic partners. We consider questions of what constitutes authorship and how it is mutually understood. We discuss some of the opportunities and limits to participation and how these might translate into academic authorship as a collaborative research output. Finally, we explore the potential of authorship guidelines as a resource for critical reflection on what we mean by co-produced work and how we recognise contributions to global health research. We suggest that authorship guidelines should be adapted to encourage attribution of co-produced research to include non-academic as well as academic collaborators, and we provide a draft guideline for how this might be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Miles
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alicia Renedo
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cicely Marston
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Ding J, Liu C, Zheng Q, Cai W. A new method of co-author credit allocation based on contributor roles taxonomy: proof of concept and evaluation using papers published in PLOS ONE. Scientometrics 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-04075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aldughmi M, Qutaishat D, Karasneh R. Knowledge and Perceptions of Honorary Authorship among Health Care Researchers: Online Cross-sectional Survey Data from the Middle East. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2021; 27:39. [PMID: 34100137 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the core problems of scientific research authorship is honorary authorship. It violates the ethical principle of clear and appropriate assignment of scientific research contributions. The prevalence of honorary authorship worldwide is alarmingly high across various research disciplines. As a result, many academic institutions and publishers were trying to explore ways to overcome this unethical research practice. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommended criteria for authorship as guidance for researchers submitting manuscripts to biomedical Journals. However, despite the ICMJE guidelines, honorary authorship is still significantly present across various health research disciplines. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and knowledge of health care researchers towards honorary authorship according to the ICMJE guidelines across different health care fields in Jordan, which to our knowledge was never explored before. Data from an electronic survey that was distributed among researchers working in different healthcare fields across several major universities in Jordan, revealed that most of the respondents were assistant professors working mainly in the schools of Medicine and Pharmacy. The majority of the respondents (65.5%) were not aware of the ICMJE authorship guidelines. And, around 37% reported the inclusion of an honorary author, in which the most common non-authorship task reported by 73% of the respondents was reviewing the manuscript. Our findings emphasize the need for national academic and research institutions to address the issue of authorship in their educational programs and internal policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayis Aldughmi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Dania Qutaishat
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Reema Karasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Hesselmann F, Schendzielorz C, Sorgatz N. Say my name, say my name: Academic authorship conventions between editorial policies and disciplinary practices. RESEARCH EVALUATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/reseval/rvab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Academic publishing is undergoing profound changes that shape the conditions of knowledge production and the way research is communicated, prompting a lively debate on how the various activities of those involved can be adequately acknowledged in publications. This contribution aims to empirically examine the relationship between authorship regulations in journal policies, the disciplinary variance in authorship practice and larger concepts of academic authorship. Analyzing (1) editorial policies and (2) data from an interdisciplinary survey of scientists, we examine to what extent disciplinary variances are reflected in the policies as well as in researchers' individual understandings. Here we find that the regulation of authorship qua policies is primarily effected at the level of the publishers. Although considerable disciplinary variations of journal policies are sometimes suggested in the literature, we find only minor differences in authorship criteria. The survey data however show that researchers' understandings of authorship exhibit significant, discipline-specific differences, as well as differences related to the characteristics of the research practice. It hence becomes clear that discipline-specific conditions of knowledge production with the resulting differences in authorship practices are hardly reflected in authorship policies. We conclude that the regulatory ambitions of authorship policies mostly focus on the prevention and elimination of deficits in the quality and integrity of scientific publications. Thus, it seems questionable whether authorship policies in their current form are suitable instruments for mediating between diverse authorship practices and normative ideals of legitimate authorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Hesselmann
- German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Schuetzenstr. 6a, 10117 Berlin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 3b, 10117 Berlin
| | - Cornelia Schendzielorz
- German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Schuetzenstr. 6a, 10117 Berlin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 3b, 10117 Berlin
| | - Nikita Sorgatz
- German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Schuetzenstr. 6a, 10117 Berlin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 3b, 10117 Berlin
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Rotimi SO, Rotimi OA, Salhia B. Authorship Patterns in Cancer Genomics Publications Across Africa. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7:747-755. [PMID: 34033494 PMCID: PMC8457814 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Authorship is a proxy indicator of research capacity. Understanding the research capacity is imperative for developing population-specific cancer control strategies. This is particularly apropos for African nations, where mortality from cancer is projected to surpass that from infectious disease and the populations are critically under-represented in cancer and genomics studies. Here, we present an analysis and discussion of the patterns of authorship in Africa as they pertain to cancer genomics research across African countries. METHODS PubMed metadata of relevant cancer genomics peer-reviewed publications on African populations, published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2019, were retrieved and analyzed for patterns of authorship affiliation using R packages, RISmed, and Pubmed.mineR. RESULTS The data showed that only 0.016% (n = 375) of cancer publications globally were on cancer genomics of African people. More than 50% of the first and last authors of these publications originated from the North African countries of Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, and Algeria. South Africa (13.6% and 12.7%) and Nigeria (2.2% and 1.9%) were the Sub-Saharan African countries most represented by first and last authorship positions, respectively. The United States contributed 12.6% of first and last authored papers, and nearly 50% of all African countries had no contributing author for the publications we reviewed. CONCLUSION This study highlights and brings awareness to the paucity of cancer genomics research on African populations and by African authors and identifies a need for concerted efforts to encourage and enable more research in Africa, needed for achieving global equity in cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon O Rotimi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi A Rotimi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Los Angeles, CA
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Ali MJ. No room for ambiguity: The concepts of appropriate and inappropriate authorship in scientific publications. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:36-41. [PMID: 33323568 PMCID: PMC7926104 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2221_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Authorship is the currency of an academic career. Scientific publications have significant academic and financial implications. Several standard authorship guidelines exist, and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is the most popular amongst them. There are increasing concerns about the ethics of publications with the rise of inappropriate authorship. The most important reason appears to be a lack of knowledge and awareness of the authorship guidelines and what actions constitute unethical behaviors. There is a need to incorporate standard guidelines in medical curricula and conduct structured training and education programs for researchers across the board. The current perspective describes the significant concepts of appropriate and inappropriate authorship, and the possible measures being formulated to shape the future of authorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javed Ali
- Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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16
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Badreldin H, Aloqayli S, Alqarni R, Alyahya H, Alshehri A, Alzahrani M, Al Tawalbeh A, Ismail WW. Knowledge and Awareness of Authorship Practices Among Health Science Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2021; 12:383-392. [PMID: 33907488 PMCID: PMC8069121 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s298645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has published clear guidelines on the authorship of scientific papers. It is the research team's responsibility to review and ensure those guidelines are met. Authorship ethics and practices have been examined among healthcare professionals or among particular health science students such as medical students. However, there is limited evidence to assess the knowledge of authorship roles and practices among health science students. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge of authorship guidelines practices among health science students at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A survey was developed and distributed. It covered several domains, including demographic characteristics, participant's knowledge and attitude of authorship practices, knowledge and experience with ghost and guest authorships, and knowledge of institutional authorship policies. Moreover, a score was computed to reflect the respondents' knowledge about authorship practices. RESULTS Among the 321 participants who agreed to take the survey, two-thirds agreed with and supported that multi-authored articles' credit allocation should be based on the most significant contribution and contributions to the manuscript writing. Almost 47% agreed that team relationships would influence authorship allocation. The majority of the participants were not aware of their institutional research and publication policies. Also, around 50% of participants were not aware of guest or ghost authorships. Finally, the knowledge score about authorship credits, allocation, contribution, order, and guidelines was higher among students who were assigned as corresponding authors and those who were aware of their institutional authorship guidelines and policies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings suggest that health science students may have limited knowledge about authorship guidelines and unethical behaviors involved in a scientific publication. Universities and research centers should make more efforts to raise the awareness of health science students regarding authorship guidelines while ensuring that they comply with those guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Badreldin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Aloqayli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayaa Alyahya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Al Tawalbeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Wesam W Ismail
- Pharmacy Practice and Science Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Justin GA, Pelton RW, Woreta FA, Legault GL. Authorship Ethics: A Practical Approach. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 224:A3-A5. [PMID: 33256945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Poirier TI, Keys T, Ferguson M. Factors influencing pharmacy faculty behavior, perceptions, and challenges with determining authorship credit. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:220-227. [PMID: 33641731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to identify challenges in determining authorship and author order, factors and criteria that influence behavior in determining authorship and author order, and beliefs about authorship and familiarity with guidelines among pharmacy faculty. METHODS An online survey was emailed to faculty from three groups of schools categorized by degree of external research funding. Academic discipline and rank, tenure status, years in rank, and gender were queried. Questions were created to determine frequency of authorship justification and author order by specific factors. Power pressures experienced when determining authorship were queried. Three case studies were also included to determine behavior for authorship and authorship order. RESULTS A total of 295 usable responses were received (30.2% response rate). A majority of faculty experienced power pressures when determining authorship. Justifying authorship for supervision of student projects and statistical analysis was common. Quantity and quality of contributions were the most common reason for justifying order. Writing substantial sections of an article was ranked the most important component in determining author order. Differences in justifying authorship based on promotion and tenure pressures were noted by academic rank, tenure status, and academic discipline. Familiarity with International Committee for Medical Journal Editors guidelines did not appear to influence behaviors. CONCLUSIONS There is a plurality of perceptions and attitudes among faculty in relation to authorship. A model for recognition of contributions is needed. More structured guidance in concert with moral and ethical principles would help to clarify how to best establish authorship and author order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese I Poirier
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL 62025, United States.
| | - Tessa Keys
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL 62025, United States.
| | - McKenzie Ferguson
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL 62025, United States.
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Forero DA, Lopez-Leon S, Perry G. A brief guide to the science and art of writing manuscripts in biomedicine. J Transl Med 2020; 18:425. [PMID: 33167977 PMCID: PMC7653709 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Publishing articles in international scientific journals is the primary method for the communication of validated research findings and ideas. Journal articles are commonly used as a major input for evaluations of researchers and institutions. Few articles have been published previously about the different aspects needed for writing high-quality articles. In this manuscript, we provide an updated and brief guide for the multiple dimensions needed for writing manuscripts in the health and biological sciences, from current, international and interdisciplinary perspectives and from our expertise as authors, peer reviewers and editors. We provide key suggestions for writing major sections of the manuscript (e.g. title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion), for submitting the manuscript and bring an overview of the peer review process and of the post-publication impact of the articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Forero
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia.
- MSc Program in Epidemiology, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sandra Lopez-Leon
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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20
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Opinion: Authors overestimate their contribution to scientific work, demonstrating a strong bias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6282-6285. [PMID: 32209675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Penders B, Lutz P, Shaw DM, Townend DMR. Allonymous science: the politics of placing and shifting credit in public-private nutrition research. LIFE SCIENCES, SOCIETY AND POLICY 2020; 16:4. [PMID: 32567015 PMCID: PMC7309978 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-020-00099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ideally, guidelines reflect an accepted position with respect to matters of concern, ranging from clinical practices to researcher behaviour. Upon close reading, authorship guidelines reserve authorship attribution to individuals fully or almost fully embedded in particular studies, including design or execution as well as significant involvement in the writing process. These requirements prescribe an organisation of scientific work in which this embedding is specifically enabled. Drawing from interviews with nutrition scientists at universities and in the food industry, we demonstrate that the organisation of research labour can deviate significantly from such prescriptions. The organisation of labour, regardless of its content, then, has consequences for who qualifies as an author. The fact that fewer food industry employees qualify is actively used by the food industry to manage the credibility and ownership of their knowledge claims as allonymous science: the attribution of science assisted by authorship guidelines blind to all but one organisational frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Penders
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, NL-6200 MD, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter Lutz
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, NL-6200 MD, the Netherlands
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - David M Shaw
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, NL-6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David M R Townend
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht, NL-6200 MD, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific articles with two or more authors claiming "Equal Co-First Authorship" (ECFA). This study provides a critical background to ECFA designations, discusses likely causes of its increased use, and explores arguments for and against the practice. Subsequently, it presents the results of a qualitative study that sought the opinion of 19 authors listed among equal first authors of recent publications in leading scientific journals about ECFA designations. Results show that circumstances leading to ECFA designations vary significantly from each other. While the development of policies for these situations would not be easy, participants suggested that the lack of clear and consistent policies regarding the attribution and evaluation of ECFA contributes to tensions amongst ECFA authors and obscures their preferred attributions of credit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosseini
- Institute of Ethics, School of Theology, Philosophy, and Music, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samuel V Bruton
- School of Humanities, The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Satalkar P, Perneger T, Shaw D. Accommodating an Uninvited Guest: Perspectives of Researchers in Switzerland on 'Honorary' Authorship. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:947-967. [PMID: 31784940 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-019-00162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the attitudes and reactions of researchers towards an authorship claim made by a researcher in a position of authority who has not made any scientific contribution to a manuscript or helped to write it. This paper draws on semi-structured interviews conducted with 33 researchers at three seniority levels working in biomedicine and the life sciences in Switzerland. This manuscript focuses on the analysis of participants' responses when presented with a vignette describing an authorship assignment dilemma within a research group. The analysis indicates that researchers use a variety of explanations and arguments to justify inclusion of what guidelines would describe as honorary or guest authorship. Fuzzy parameters such as "substantial contribution" lead to varied interpretation and consequently convenient application of authorship guidelines in practice. Factors such as the culture of the research group, the values and practice shaped by the research leaders, the hierarchy and relative (perceived) positions of power within research institutions, and the importance given to publications as the currency for academic success and growth tend to have a strong influence on authorship practice. Unjustified authorship assignment practices can be reduced to some extent by creating empowering research cultures where each researcher irrespective of his/her career stage feels empowered to confidently raise concerns without fearing adverse impact on their professional lives. However, individual researchers and research institutions currently have limited influence on established methods for evaluating academic success, which is primarily based on the number of high impact publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Satalkar
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Perneger
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Shaw
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Manojlovic-Gacic E, Dotlic J, Gazibara T, Terzic T, Skender-Gazibara M. Bridging the Gap with Clinicians: The Issue of Underrecognition of Pathologists and Radiologists as Scientific Authors in Contemporary Medical Literature. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:783-792. [PMID: 31363964 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-019-00125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate recognition of pathologists and radiologists as coauthors in case reports in the field of surgical oncology. The MEDLINE database was searched for all full free text case reports involving human material published from April 1, 2011 until March 31, 2016, using search terms: "case report" + "tumors" + "surgery" + "malignant". The search strategy identified a total of 1427 case reports of which 907 were included in this analysis. Of 807 articles with histopathological images and/or descriptions, 352 (43.6%) did not acknowledge or include the pathologist as a coauthor. Of 662 case reports with radiographic images and/or their description, 537 (81.1%) did not list the radiologist as coauthor nor acknowledge them. In case reports containing histopathological images, significantly more pathologists were either listed as coauthors or acknowledged compared to those who were not (Z = 5.128; p = 0.001). However, among case reports containing radiographic images, there were significantly less articles either listing radiologists as coauthors or acknowledging them compared to a larger proportion of articles in which radiologists were omitted (Z = - 22.646; p = 0.001). In conclusion, pathologists and radiologists are underrecognized as coauthors in surgical oncology case reports in spite of obvious proof of their contribution to manuscript preparation. When involved in research and publishing, all physicians should be aware of fair and honest collaboration with specialists in other clinical and non-clinical disciplines to better serve the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Manojlovic-Gacic
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1A, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dotlic
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Gazibara
- Institute of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26A, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Terzic
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1A, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Skender-Gazibara
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1A, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Jamali HR, Nicholas D, Watkinson A, Abrizah A, Rodríguez‐Bravo B, Boukacem‐Zeghmouri C, Xu J, Polezhaeva T, Herman E, Świgon M. Early career researchers and their authorship and peer review beliefs and practices: An international study. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Jamali
- School of Information StudiesCharles Sturt University Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - David Nicholas
- School of Information ManagementWuhan University Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | | | - Abdullah Abrizah
- Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information TechnologyUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | | | | | - Jie Xu
- School of Information ManagementWuhan University Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Tatiana Polezhaeva
- Laboratory for Library and Communication Studies, Tomsk, Russia Library for Foreign LiteratureTomsk State University Moscow Russia
| | - Eti Herman
- CIBER Research Ltd. Newbury, Berkshire, RG147RU UK
| | - Marzena Świgon
- Wydział HumanistycznyUniwersytet Warminsko‐Mazurski Olsztyn 10‐719 Poland
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Abstract
Introduction: The systematic review of biomedical ghostwriting has proven challenging due to problems in consistency and in study design. Moreover, authorship guidelines established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) may have inadvertently created opportunities to potentiate ghostwriting. Given continued interest in ghostwriting by the International Society of Medical Publication Professionals (ISMPP) and other organizations, we undertook an analysis of ghostwriting in the biomedical literature.Methods: We searched PubMed (search terms: ghost writ*, ghostwrit*, ghost writer, ghostwriter, ghostwriting and ghost writing). Results, including abstracts, were reviewed for relevance (relationship to ghostwriting in biomedical journals) to aid in removal of inapplicable work and duplicate publications. After review, we consolidated expert opinions for publication professionals.Results: Overlap was poor across search terms; of 181 unique papers identified, most (112/181) were opinion pieces. An increasing number of papers are using the term "ghostwriting" to describe genetics as well as diverse phenomena of misattributed authorship, including "ghost authorship". Eight primary studies and 1 systematic review of ghostwriting incidence were identified, reporting prevalence ranging from <1% to 91%, in varied settings using differing methods and definitions of ghostwriting. Suggestions for avoiding ghostwriting include early consensus building and better definitions of authorship among manuscript teams.Discussion: The prevalence and definition of ghostwriting remain unclear. Increased transparency and auditable authorship practices that align with specific guidelines may aid in the avoidance of ghostwriting. In addition, MeSH or clearer indexing terms may be helpful to separate usages of ghostwriting in scientific settings (e.g. genetic research) versus biomedical publishing.
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Discovering the Perception and Approach of Researchers and Professors of the University of Medical Sciences in Biased and Unbiased Publication of Scientific Outputs: A Qualitative Study. PUBLISHING RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12109-019-09655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Minshew LM, McLaughlin JE. Authorship Considerations for Publishing in Pharmacy Education Journals. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7463. [PMID: 31507298 PMCID: PMC6718502 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distinction of authorship and its associated credit has important implications for academia. Pharmacy education encompasses faculty members from a wide and diverse range of disciplines, including the clinical, basic, and social sciences. These disciplines embody varying traditions and perspectives concerning who qualifies for authorship. As an academy, pharmacy education must do more to equip education researchers with the tools needed to navigate authorship decisions. The following commentary provides examples and recommendations concerning the issue of authorship within pharmacy education. We define authorship, examine authorship guidelines from health professions and education disciplines, and discuss authorship order. We then provide authorship recommendations for pharmacy education with the goal of supporting authorship decisions and further promoting discourse about authorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana M Minshew
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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Bachelet VC, Uribe FA, Díaz RA, Vergara AF, Bravo-Córdova F, Carrasco VA, Lizana FJ, Meza-Ducaud N, Navarrete MS. Author misrepresentation of institutional affiliations: protocol for an exploratory case study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023983. [PMID: 30798307 PMCID: PMC6398759 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION University ranking systems and the publish-or-perish dictum, among other factors, are driving universities and researchers around the world to increase their research productivity. Authors frequently report multiple affiliations in published articles. It is not known if the reported institutional affiliations are real affiliations, which is when the universities have contributed substantially to the research conducted and to the published manuscript. This study aims to establish whether there is an empirical basis for author affiliation misrepresentation in authors with multiple institutional affiliations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This individual secondary data exploratory analysis on Scopus-indexed articles for 2016 will search all authors who report multiple institutional affiliations in which at least one of the affiliations is to a Chilean university. We will consider that misrepresentation of an affiliation is more likely when it is not possible to verify objectively a link between the author and the mentioned institution through institutional websites. If we cannot corroborate the author affiliation, we will consider this a finding of potential misrepresentation of the affiliation. We will summarise results with descriptive statistics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Resolution No. 261, and dated January 15, 2018. Results will be submitted to the World Conference on Research Integrity, among other meetings on publication ethics and research integrity, and will be published in scientific, peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne C Bachelet
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco A Uribe
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruben A Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso F Vergara
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Víctor A Carrasco
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca J Lizana
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Meza-Ducaud
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María S Navarrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Artino AR, Driessen EW, Maggio LA. Ethical Shades of Gray: International Frequency of Scientific Misconduct and Questionable Research Practices in Health Professions Education. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:76-84. [PMID: 30113363 DOI: 10.1101/256982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To maintain scientific integrity and engender public confidence, research must be conducted responsibly. Whereas deliberate scientific misconduct such as data fabrication is clearly unethical, other behaviors-often referred to as questionable research practices (QRPs)-exploit the ethical shades of gray that color acceptable practice. This study aimed to measure the frequency of self-reported misconduct and QRPs in a diverse, international sample of health professions education (HPE) researchers. METHOD In 2017, the authors conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional survey study. The web-based survey contained 43 items that asked respondents to rate how often they had engaged in a variety of irresponsible research behaviors. The items were adapted from previously published surveys. RESULTS In total, 590 HPE researchers took the survey. The mean age was 46 years (SD = 11.6), and the majority of participants were from the United States (26.4%), Europe (23.2%), and Canada (15.3%). The three most frequently reported irresponsible research behaviors were adding authors who did not qualify for authorship (60.6%), citing articles that were not read (49.5%), and selectively citing papers to please editors or reviewers (49.4%). Additionally, respondents reported misrepresenting a participant's words (6.7%), plagiarizing (5.5%), inappropriately modifying results (5.3%), deleting data without disclosure (3.4%), and fabricating data (2.4%). Overall, 533 (90.3%) respondents reported at least one irresponsible behavior. CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding the methodological limitations of survey research, these findings indicate that a substantial proportion of HPE researchers report a range of misconduct and QRPs. Consequently, reforms may be needed to improve the conduct of HPE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Artino
- A.R. Artino Jr is professor of medicine, Department of Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7853. E.W. Driessen is professor of medical education, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8115-261X. L.A. Maggio is associate professor of medicine, Department of Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2997-6133
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Sharma H, Verma S. Authorship in biomedical research: A sweet fruit of inspiration or a bitter fruit of trade. Trop Parasitol 2018; 8:62-69. [PMID: 30693209 PMCID: PMC6329266 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_27_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a place in the authorship of published scientific research is a matter of pride and fame associated with creativity, recognition, better evaluation, and financial gains. This had made assigning of authorship in a scientific publication, a complex and challenging issue. Gaining a position in authorship in scientific publications not only prompts or encourages authors to carry out more research but also recourse many of them to the unethical practice of different kinds of authorship abuses. These authorship abuses are done so cleverly and skillfully that neither the journal editors nor the readers of the journals realize that bias had crept in authorship of the publication. This nonstandard act of biased authorship has a tremendous potential to compromise the credibility of scientific research and scientific publications. The present review aims in focusing on issues pertaining to authorship and its misuse in biomedical research. Thus, it can be concluded from this review that new policies, guidelines, and laws should be made by the government agencies in association with journal editors, institution, and government agencies to curb this malpractice by protecting whistleblowers and providing adequate punishment for those who are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunny Sharma
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Swati Verma
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
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Masic I, Jakovljevic M, Sinanovic O, Gajovic S, Spiroski M, Jusufovic R, Sokolovic S, Prnjavorac B, Zerem E, Djulbegovic B, Porovic S, Jankovic S, Hadzikadic M, Zunic L, Begic E, Nislic E, Begic N, Becirovic E, Cerovac A, Skrijelj V, Nuhanovic J. The Second Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing and Publishing (SWEP - 2018), Sarajevo, December 8th, 2018. Acta Inform Med 2018; 24:284-299. [PMID: 30692702 PMCID: PMC6311123 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.284-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Izet Masic
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Miro Jakovljevic
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Srecko Gajovic
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirko Spiroski
- Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Rasim Jusufovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sarajevo, School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sekib Sokolovic
- Department for Cardiology, Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessel and Rheumatic Diseases. University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Besim Prnjavorac
- Department for Internal Medicine, General Hospital Tesanj, Tesanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Enver Zerem
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Selma Porovic
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Public Health Center of the Canton Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Slobodan Jankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Lejla Zunic
- University of Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edin Begic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edin Nislic
- Department for Eye Disease, Cantonal Hospital Orasje, Orasje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nedim Begic
- Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emir Becirovic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Clinic Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anis Cerovac
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Tesanj, Tesanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Venesa Skrijelj
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Nuhanovic
- Department of Neonatology and Obstetrics, General Hospital „Prim. dr Abdulah Nakaš“, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Glezerman M, Grossman E. Scientific Misconduct—Insights From the Work of an Ethics Committee. GENDER AND THE GENOME 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2470289718807215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific misconduct does not only relate to falsifying scientific data or plagiarism but may also include improper handling of authorship. A researcher may be cited as author of a manuscript without having contributed to the scientific work involved, another who has fulfilled the requirements of authorship is omitted or his/her name does not appear in the order, which would have been appropriate. All these may reflect various degrees of dishonesty and improper scientific conduct. There are even more severe cases, in which scientific research is sponsored, conducted, and sometimes even published by employees of vested parties who prefer their involvement not being disclosed, using proxy authors instead. This form of ghost authorship may sometimes amount to felony. As chair of the Ethics Committee (M.G.) and Dean (E.G.), both at the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, we report on our insights related to authorship and present 2 representative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Glezerman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ehud Grossman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Peberdy L, Young J, Massey DL, Kearney L. Parents' knowledge, awareness and attitudes of cord blood donation and banking options: an integrative review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:395. [PMID: 30305052 PMCID: PMC6180365 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For over 25 years cord blood has been used as an alternative to bone marrow for therapeutic use in conditions of the blood, immune system and metabolic disorders. Parents can decide if they would like to privately store their infant’s cord blood for later use if needed or to publicly donate it. Parents need to be aware of the options that exist for their infant’s cord blood and have access to the relevant information to inform their choice. The aim of this paper is to identify parent’s knowledge and awareness of cord blood donation, private banking options and stem cell use, and parent sources and preferred sources of this information. Methods An integrative review was conducted using several electronic databases to identify papers on parents’ knowledge, attitudes and attitudes towards umbilical cord blood donation and banking. The CASP tool was used to determine validity and quality of the studies included in the review. Results The search of the international literature identified 25 papers which met review inclusion criteria. This integrative review identified parents’ knowledge of cord banking and/or donation as low, with awareness of cord blood banking options greater than knowledge. Parents were found to have positive attitudes towards cord blood donation including awareness of the value of cord blood and its uses, with the option considered to be an ethical and altruistic choice. Knowledge on cord blood use were mixed; many studies’ participants did not correctly identify uses. Information sources for parents on cord blood was found to be varied, fragmented and inconsistent. Health professionals were identified as the preferred source of information on cord blood banking for parents. Conclusions This integrative review has identified that further research should focus on identifying information that expectant parents require to assist them to make informed choices around cord blood banking; and identifying barriers present for health professionals providing evidence based information on cord blood use and banking options. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-018-2024-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Peberdy
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Young
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Debbie Louise Massey
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Lauren Kearney
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
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Helgesson G, Eriksson S. Responsibility for scientific misconduct in collaborative papers. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2018; 21:423-430. [PMID: 29222668 PMCID: PMC6096512 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-017-9817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper concerns the responsibility of co-authors in cases of scientific misconduct. Arguments in research integrity guidelines and in the bioethics literature concerning authorship responsibilities are discussed. It is argued that it is unreasonable to claim that for every case where a research paper is found to be fraudulent, each author is morally responsible for all aspects of that paper, or that one particular author has such a responsibility. It is further argued that it is more constructive to specify what task responsibilities come with different roles in a project and describe what kinds of situations or events call for some kind of action, and what the appropriate actions might be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Helgesson
- Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics (CHE), Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Eriksson
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics (CRB), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Helgesson G, Juth N, Schneider J, Lövtrup M, Lynøe N. Misuse of Coauthorship in Medical Theses in Sweden. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:402-411. [PMID: 29985088 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618784206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore experiences of authorship issues among persons who have recently received their doctoral degree in medicine in Sweden. A survey was mailed to all who received their PhD at a medical faculty at a Swedish university the first half of 2016. Questions concerned experiences of violations of the first three authorship criteria in the Vancouver rules and of misuse of authorship order in the articles of their thesis, and the respondents' attitudes to these matters. The questionnaire was returned by 285 respondents (68%). According to the majority (53%), the Vancouver rules were not fully respected in the articles of their thesis. A vast majority (97%) found it important that authorship issues are handled correctly, but only 19% responded that their department has a clear and consistently applied policy. We conclude that authorship guidelines are frequently disrespected at medical faculties in Sweden. The universities seem to provide limited support on authorship issues.
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McCann TV, Polacsek M. Addressing the vexed issue of authorship and author order: A discussion paper. J Adv Nurs 2018; 74:2064-2074. [PMID: 29791017 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To review and discuss authorship and author order in the context of nursing and midwifery publications and to present a set of principles to guide and justify author order. BACKGROUND Variation in author order trends is evident across different authors, disciplines and countries. Confusion and conflict between authors give rise to important issues concerning ethics and collaboration and may delay publication. Lack of transparency in authorship practices also impedes judgements when individual contributions are used in support of employment, promotion, tenure and/or research funding applications. DESIGN Discussion paper. DATA SOURCES A literature search of BioMed Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE with Full Text and PubMed for original peer-reviewed papers published in English between 2007 - 2017, in the disciplines of nursing and midwifery. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Much is written about authorship practices across disciplines and countries. Despite existing authorship guidelines, author order remains an area of confusion and contention. Disputes about authorship and author order have the potential to cause distrust and breakdowns in research relationships, thereby disrupting nursing and midwifery scholarship and research. The main issues concern honorary and ghost authorship, authorship versus acknowledgement, confusion about collaboration, author order, research students as co-authors, equal author credit and the need for explicit guidelines. CONCLUSION Good communication and mutual respect are crucial to the authorship process. However, clear instructions are needed to guide decisions on authorship and author order. It is recommended that the "first-last-author-emphasis" be adopted uniformly internationally across nursing and midwifery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence V McCann
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meg Polacsek
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Buljan I, Barać L, Marušić A. How researchers perceive research misconduct in biomedicine and how they would prevent it: A qualitative study in a small scientific community. Account Res 2018; 25:220-238. [DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2018.1463162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Buljan
- Department of Research in Biomedicine in Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Lana Barać
- Department of Research in Biomedicine in Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Research Office, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine in Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Alshogran OY, Al-Delaimy WK. Understanding of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Authorship Criteria Among Faculty Members of Pharmacy and Other Health Sciences in Jordan. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:276-284. [PMID: 29631488 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618764575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Authorship represents a critical element of scientific research. This study evaluated the perceptions, attitudes, and practices of Jordanian researchers toward the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to health sciences faculty ( n = 986), with 272 participants completing the questionnaire. Only 27.2% reported awareness of ICMJE guidelines, yet, 76.8% agreed that all ICMJE criteria must be met for authorship, and 55.9% believed that it is easy to apply the guidelines. Unethical authorship practices were reported by 16.5% to 31.3% of participants. A majority (73%) agreed that violation of authorship criteria is scientific misconduct. Well-defined criteria for authorship need to be disseminated and emphasized in less developed countries through training to avoid authorship disputes and unethical conduct.
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Abstract
This article discusses gift authorship, the practice where co-authorship is awarded to a person who has not contributed significantly to the study. From an ethical point of view, gift authorship raises concerns about desert, fairness, honesty and transparency, and its prevalence in research is rightly considered a serious ethical concern. We argue that even though misuse of authorship is always bad, there are instances where accepting requests of gift authorship may nevertheless be the right thing to do. More specifically, we propose that researchers may find themselves in a situation much similar to the problem of dirty hands, which has been frequently discussed in political philosophy and applied ethics. The problem of dirty hands is relevant to what we call hostage authorship, where the researchers include undeserving authors unwillingly, and only because they find it unavoidable in order to accomplish a morally important research goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bülow
- Department of Philosophy and History, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gert Helgesson
- Stockholm Centre for Healthcare Ethics (CHE), LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mavrogenis AF, Panagopoulos GN, Megaloikonomos PD, Panagopoulos VN, Mauffrey C, Quaile A, Scarlat MM. Scientific Misconduct (Fraud) in Medical Writing. Orthopedics 2018; 41:e176-e183. [PMID: 29377051 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20180123-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scientific misconduct (fraud) in medical writing is an important and not infrequent problem for the scientific community. Although noteworthy examples of fraud surface occasionally in the media, detection of fraud in medical publishing is generally not as straightforward as one might think. National bodies on ethics in science, strict selection criteria, a robust peer-review process, careful statistical validation, and anti-plagiarism and image-fraud detection software contribute to the production of high-quality manuscripts. This article reviews the various types of fraud in medical writing, discusses the related literature, and describes tools journals implement to unmask fraud. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(2):e176-e183].
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Bala M, Kashuk J, Moore EE, Catena F, Leppaniemi A, Ansaloni L, Biffl W, Coccolini F, Peitzman A, Sartelli M, Sugrue M, Fraga GP, Di Saverio S, Kluger Y. Establishing position papers by the WSES. World J Emerg Surg 2018; 13:1. [PMID: 29371878 PMCID: PMC5769469 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-018-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A position paper (PP) should establish a unified voice in areas where controversy occurs based upon multiple practices and/or therapeutic choices. Typically, a position paper should elucidate the knowledge gap, followed by an evidence-based review of options, leading to an “endorsed position.” A position paper should represent more than the opinion or consensus of the authors but should present current opinions and practices supported by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES). Accordingly, position papers should require the approval of an expert group of WSES and in parallel be presented at an annual meeting prior to submission for publication. It is important that a unified approach for drafting of position papers be established and endorsed by WSES in order to establish credibility and prevent misunderstandings during a smooth transition to publication. The purpose of this article is to suggest a uniform process for the development of WSES guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklosh Bala
- 1Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Kiriat Hadassah, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeffry Kashuk
- 2Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Assia Medical Group, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, USA
| | - Fausto Catena
- 4Emergency Department, Maggiore University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Ari Leppaniemi
- Abdominal Center, University Hospital Meilahti, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- 6General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Walter Biffl
- 7Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Andrew Peitzman
- 8Department of Surgery, UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Michael Sugrue
- 10Letterkenny University Hospital and Donegal Clinical Research Academy, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Gustavo P Fraga
- 11Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinica, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Yoram Kluger
- 13Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Masic I. The Malversations of Authorship - Current Status in Academic Community and How to Prevent It. Acta Inform Med 2018; 26:4-9. [PMID: 29719305 PMCID: PMC5869232 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2018.26.4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Aim of article was to evaluate knowledge and practice of authorship issues among the academic population in the medical field. Material and methods: Article has an analytical character and includes 69 academic workers (from the medical field, with the status of a regular employee of the Faculty of Medicine or a professional associate) who responded to the survey. Results: Within the total number of respondents in the study, 34.8% of them were added as coauthors, although they did not have any input in the writing process. Even 47.8% of the respondents were under psychological pressure, that they have to add their superiors to the list of authors, though they did not have any contribution at any stage of the article preparation, while 29% of the respondents had a tacit agreement about mutual adding to the author’s list, and 36.2% added their superiors to the author’s list, in order that the first author would get a permission to publish the article in a certain journal.
Conclusion: The relationship between the author, the mentor, the data processing person, the person providing the moral support etc. must be established, and not all of them has a place in the list of authors, they should be given special places at the end of the article, a space for acknowledgments, where these people may be mentioned. The consciousness of the academic community must change for the purpose of the concrete progress of the academic community and the scientific contributions of its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izet Masic
- Academy of Medical sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Fong EA, Wilhite AW. Authorship and citation manipulation in academic research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187394. [PMID: 29211744 PMCID: PMC5718422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars add authors to their research papers or grant proposals even when those individuals contribute nothing to the research effort. Some journal editors coerce authors to add citations that are not pertinent to their work and some authors pad their reference lists with superfluous citations. How prevalent are these types of manipulation, why do scholars stoop to such practices, and who among us is most susceptible to such ethical lapses? This study builds a framework around how intense competition for limited journal space and research funding can encourage manipulation and then uses that framework to develop hypotheses about who manipulates and why they do so. We test those hypotheses using data from over 12,000 responses to a series of surveys sent to more than 110,000 scholars from eighteen different disciplines spread across science, engineering, social science, business, and health care. We find widespread misattribution in publications and in research proposals with significant variation by academic rank, discipline, sex, publication history, co-authors, etc. Even though the majority of scholars disapprove of such tactics, many feel pressured to make such additions while others suggest that it is just the way the game is played. The findings suggest that certain changes in the review process might help to stem this ethical decline, but progress could be slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Fong
- Department of Management, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Wilhite
- Department of Economics, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
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Logan JM, Bean SB, Myers AE. Author contributions to ecological publications: What does it mean to be an author in modern ecological research? PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650967 PMCID: PMC5484501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Authorship is a central element of scientific research carrying a variety of rewards and responsibilities, and while various guidelines exist, actual author contributions are often ambiguous. Inconsistent or limited contributions threaten to devalue authorship as intellectual currency and diminish authors’ responsibility for published content. Researchers have assessed author contributions in the medical literature and other research fields, but similar data for the field of ecological research are lacking. Authorship practices in ecological research are broadly representative of a variety of fields due to the cross-disciplinary nature of collaborations in ecological studies. To better understand author contributions to current research, we distributed a survey regarding co-author contributions to a random selection of 996 lead authors of manuscripts published in ecological journals in 2010. We obtained useable responses from 45% of surveyed authors. Reported lead author contributions in ecological research studies consistently included conception of the project idea, data collection, analysis, and writing. Middle and last author contributions instead showed a high level of individual variability. Lead authorship in ecology is well defined while secondary authorship is more ambiguous. Nearly half (48%) of all studies included in our survey had some level of non-compliance with Ecological Society of America (ESA) authorship guidelines and the majority of studies (78%) contained at least one co-author that did not meet International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requirements. Incidence of non-compliance varied with lead author occupation and author position. The probability of a study including an author that was non-compliant with ESA guidelines was lowest for professor-led studies and highest for graduate student and post doctoral researcher-led studies. Among studies with > two co-authors, all lead authors met ESA guidelines and only 2% failed to meet ICMJE requirements. Middle (24% ESA, 63% ICMJE) and last (37% ESA, 60% ICMJE) authors had higher rates of non-compliance. The probability of a study containing a co-author that did not meet ESA or ICMJE requirements increased significantly with the number of co-authors per study although even studies with only two co-authors had a high probability of non-compliance of approximately 60% (ICMJE) and 15 to 40% (ESA). Given the variable and often limited contributions of authors in our survey and past studies of other research disciplines, institutions, journals, and scientific societies need to implement new approaches to instill meaning in authorship status. A byline approach may not alter author contributions but would better define individual contributions and reduce existing ambiguity regarding the meaning of authorship in modern ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Logan
- Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah B. Bean
- Buttonwood Park Zoo, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Myers
- The Derryfield School, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Nicholas D, Rodríguez-Bravo B, Watkinson A, Boukacem-Zeghmouri C, Herman E, Xu J, Abrizah A, Świgoń M. Early career researchers and their publishing and authorship practices. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eti Herman
- CIBER Research Ltd; Newbury Berkshire RG147RU UK
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Information Management; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Abdullah Abrizah
- Department of Library & Information Science, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Marzena Świgoń
- Wydział Humanistyczny; Uniwersytet Warminsko-Mazurski; 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
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Elliott KC, Settles IH, Montgomery GM, Brassel ST, Cheruvelil KS, Soranno PA. Honorary Authorship Practices in Environmental Science Teams: Structural and Cultural Factors and Solutions. Account Res 2016; 24:80-98. [PMID: 27797590 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2016.1251320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Overinclusive authorship practices such as honorary or guest authorship have been widely reported, and they appear to be exacerbated by the rise of large interdisciplinary collaborations that make authorship decisions particularly complex. Although many studies have reported on the frequency of honorary authorship and potential solutions to it, few have probed how the underlying dynamics of large interdisciplinary teams contribute to the problem. This article reports on a qualitative study of the authorship standards and practices of six National Science Foundation-funded interdisciplinary environmental science teams. Using interviews of the lead principal investigator and an early-career member on each team, our study explores the nature of honorary authorship practices as well as some of the motivating factors that may contribute to these practices. These factors include both structural elements (policies and procedures) and cultural elements (values and norms) that cross organizational boundaries. Therefore, we provide recommendations that address the intersection of these factors and that can be applied at multiple organizational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Elliott
- a Lyman Briggs College , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,b Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,c Department of Philosophy , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Isis H Settles
- d Department of Psychology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA.,e Department of Afroamerican and African Studies , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Georgina M Montgomery
- a Lyman Briggs College , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,f Department of History , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Sheila T Brassel
- g Department of Psychology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Kendra Spence Cheruvelil
- a Lyman Briggs College , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,b Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Patricia A Soranno
- b Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Dobránszki J. Multiple Authorship in Scientific Manuscripts: Ethical Challenges, Ghost and Guest/Gift Authorship, and the Cultural/Disciplinary Perspective. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2016; 22:1457-1472. [PMID: 26507204 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple authorship is the universal solution to multi-tasking in the sciences. Without a team, each with their own set of expertise, and each involved mostly in complementary ways, a research project will likely not advance quickly, or effectively. Consequently, there is a risk that research goals will not be met within a desired timeframe. Research teams that strictly scrutinize their modus operandi select and include a set of authors that have participated substantially in the physical undertaking of the research, in its planning, or who have contributed intellectually to the ideas or the development of the manuscript. Authorship is not an issue that is taken lightly, and save for dishonest authors, it is an issue that is decided collectively by the authors, usually in sync with codes of conduct established by their research institutes or national ministries of education. Science, technology and medicine (STM) publishers have, through independent, or sometimes coordinated efforts, also established their own sets of guidelines regarding what constitutes valid authorship. However, these are, for the greater part, merely guidelines. A previous and recent analysis of authorship definitions indicates that the definitions in place regarding authorship and its validity by many leading STM publishers is neither uniform, nor standard, despite several of them claiming to follow the guidelines as set forward by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors or ICMJE. This disparity extends itself to ghost and guest authorship, two key authorship-related issues that are examined in this paper to assess the extent of discrepancies among the same set of STM publishers and what possible influence they might have on publishing ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, P. O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
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Wiedermann CJ. Ethical publishing in intensive care medicine: A narrative review. World J Crit Care Med 2016; 5:171-179. [PMID: 27652208 PMCID: PMC4986546 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethical standards in the context of scientific publications are increasingly gaining attention. A narrative review of the literature concerning publication ethics was conducted as found in PubMed, Google Scholar, relevant news articles, position papers, websites and other sources. The Committee on Publication Ethics has produced guidelines and schedules for the handling of problem situations that have been adopted by professional journals and publishers worldwide as guidelines to authors. The defined requirements go beyond the disclosure of conflicts of interest or the prior registration of clinical trials. Recommendations to authors, editors and publishers of journals and research institutions were formulated with regard to issues of authorship, double publications, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest, with special attention being paid to unethical research behavior and data falsification. This narrative review focusses on ethical publishing in intensive care medicine. As scientific misconduct with data falsification damage patients and society, especially if fraudulent studies are considered important or favor certain therapies and downplay their side effects, it is important to ensure that only studies are published that have been carried out with highest integrity according to predefined criteria. For that also the peer review process has to be conducted in accordance with the highest possible scientific standards and making use of available modern information technology. The review provides the current state of recommendations that are considered to be most relevant particularly in the field of intensive care medicine.
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Zeng L, Liang W, Pan J, Cao Y, Liu J, Wang Q, Wang L, Zou Y, Wang K, Kong L, Xie H, Xu W, Li W, Zhao W, Mi S, Chen Y, Cheng S, Li X, Cao Q, Zeng X, Wang N. Do Chinese Researchers Conduct Ethical Research and Use Ethics Committee Review in Clinical Trials of Anti-Dementia Drugs? An Analysis of Biomedical Publications Originating from China. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:813-23. [PMID: 27031471 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zeng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Ethics Committee, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixiong Liang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institute, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianke Pan
- The 2nd School of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Clinical Trials Center, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University/National Drug Clinical Trial Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Ethics Committee, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Drug Clinical Trial Institute, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Ethics Review Committee, World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanping Zou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kezhu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingshuo Kong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xie
- The 2nd School of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Mi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Ethics Committee, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Ethics Committee, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Ethics Committee, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningsheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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