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Gantsova E, Serova O, Vishnyakova P, Deyev I, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T. Mechanisms and physiological relevance of acid-base exchange in functional units of the kidney. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17316. [PMID: 38699185 PMCID: PMC11064853 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the importance of homeostasis with a particular emphasis on the acid-base (AB) balance, a crucial aspect of pH regulation in living systems. Two primary organ systems correct deviations from the standard pH balance: the respiratory system via gas exchange and the kidneys via proton/bicarbonate secretion and reabsorption. Focusing on kidney functions, we describe the complexity of renal architecture and its challenges for experimental research. We address specific roles of different nephron segments (the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule) in pH homeostasis, while explaining the physiological significance of ion exchange processes maintained by the kidneys, particularly the role of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) as an essential buffer system of the body. The review will be of interest to researchers in the fields of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, which builds a strong foundation and critically evaluates existing studies. Our review helps identify the gaps of knowledge by thoroughly understanding the existing literature related to kidney acid-base homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gantsova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Serova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Deyev
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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Capolongo G, Damiano S, Suzumoto Y, Zacchia M, Rizzo M, Zona E, Pollastro RM, Simeoni M, Ciarcia R, Trepiccione F, Capasso G. Cyclosporin-induced hypertension is associated with the up-regulation of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:297-304. [PMID: 37463050 PMCID: PMC10828191 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cyclosporin A (CsA) is hampered by the development of nephrotoxicity including hypertension, which is partially dependent on renal sodium retention. To address this issue, we have investigated in vivo sodium reabsorption in different nephron segments of CsA-treated rats through micropuncture study coupled to expression analyses of sodium transporters. To translate the findings in rats to human, kidney-transplanted patients having CsA treatment were enrolled in the study. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CsA (15 mg/kg/day) for 21 days, followed by micropuncture study and expression analyses of sodium transporters. CsA-treated kidney-transplanted patients with resistant hypertension were challenged with 50 mg furosemide. RESULTS CsA-treated rats developed hypertension associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate. In vivo microperfusion study demonstrated a significant decrease in rate of absolute fluid reabsorption in the proximal tubule but enhanced sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL). Expression analyses of sodium transporters at the same nephron segments further revealed a reduction in Na+-H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) in the renal cortex, while TAL-specific, furosemide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) and NHE3 were significantly upregulated in the inner stripe of outer medulla. CsA-treated patients had a larger excretion of urinary NKCC2 protein at basal condition, and higher diuretic response to furosemide, showing increased FeNa+, FeCl- and FeCa2+ compared with both healthy controls and FK506-treated transplanted patients. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings suggest that up-regulation of NKCC2 along the TAL facilitates sodium retention and contributes to the development of CsA-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Yoko Suzumoto
- Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rizzo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrica Zona
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Pollastro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariadelina Simeoni
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Ke X, Yang X, Hou C, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu T, Yang R. Preliminary study on the material basis and mechanism underlying uric acid reduction by Thlaspi arvense L. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:116814. [PMID: 37598767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the Tibetan region of China, Thlaspi arvense L. is utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia (HUA). Thlaspi arvense has been shown to lower uric acid levels in HUA rats in preliminary studies. However, the active components and mechanisms that account for its therapeutic effects remain elusive. AIM OF STUDY Network pharmacology, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), mRNA-sequencing, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were used to investigate the active ingredients of Thlaspi arvense against HUA in rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A HUA rat model was established by a combination of intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate and intragastric administration of yeast extract. In the control and model groups, gastric gavage was performed to administer a normal saline solution, 4.5 mg kg-1 benzbromarone in the positive drug group, and 3.5 g kg-1Thlaspi arvense in the Thlaspi arvense group. After which network pharmacology and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS were employed to explore the active ingredients underlying the lowering of uric acid in Thlaspi arvense. In addition, mRNA-sequencing, network pharmacology and RT-PCR were applied to uncover Thlaspi arvense's mechanism of uric acid reduction. RESULTS The results showed that a two-week administration of the effective constituents of Thlaspi arvense led to a significant improvement in HUA rats, including lower serum levels of uric acid (UA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), creatinine (CREA), carbamide (UREA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and liver tissue activities of XOD, ADA, super (MDA). A network pharmacological analysis revealed 40 active compounds, including organic acids and flavonoids, that act on HUA therapeutic targets. These targets primarily focus on pathways related to uric acid metabolism modulation, such as XOD, SLC22A12, ABCG2, SLC22A8, and others, reducing HUA. The analysis of mRNA-sequencing as well as RT-PCR data from renal tissue demonstrated that the targets modulating uric acid metabolism were SLC22A8, SLC12A1, and SLC16A7. CONCLUSION In summary, organic acids and flavonoids may be the active components in Thlaspi arvense that alleviate HUA. The principal mechanisms are as follows: inhibition of XOD activity in the serum to reduce uric acid production, regulation of renal reabsorption and secretion of uric acid to increase uric acid excretion, and alleviation of oxidative stress reaction to decrease systemic damage and, eventually, treatment of HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Ke
- School of pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine New Drug Screening, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Chao Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine New Drug Screening, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yunhong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400000, PR China
| | - YiFei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine New Drug Screening, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Tongxuan Wu
- Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Group CO.,LTD., Chongqing, 408399, PR China
| | - Rongping Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine New Drug Screening, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Potential Novel Role of Membrane-Associated Carbonic Anhydrases in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044251. [PMID: 36835660 PMCID: PMC9961601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), because they catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and protons (H+), thereby influencing pH, are near the core of virtually all physiological processes in the body. In the kidneys, soluble and membrane-associated CAs and their synergy with acid-base transporters play important roles in urinary acid secretion, the largest component of which is the reabsorption of HCO3- in specific nephron segments. Among these transporters are the Na+-coupled HCO3- transporters (NCBTs) and the Cl--HCO3- exchangers (AEs)-members of the "solute-linked carrier" 4 (SLC4) family. All of these transporters have traditionally been regarded as "HCO3-" transporters. However, recently our group has demonstrated that two of the NCBTs carry CO32- rather than HCO3- and has hypothesized that all NCBTs follow suit. In this review, we examine current knowledge on the role of CAs and "HCO3-" transporters of the SLC4 family in renal acid-base physiology and discuss how our recent findings impact renal acid secretion, including HCO3- reabsorption. Traditionally, investigators have associated CAs with producing or consuming solutes (CO2, HCO3-, and H+) and thus ensuring their efficient transport across cell membranes. In the case of CO32- transport by NCBTs, however, we hypothesize that the role of membrane-associated CAs is not the appreciable production or consumption of substrates but the minimization of pH changes in nanodomains near the membrane.
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Bakhos-Douaihy D, Seaayfan E, Frachon N, Demaretz S, Kömhoff M, Laghmani K. Diacidic Motifs in the Carboxyl Terminus Are Required for ER Exit and Translocation to the Plasma Membrane of NKCC2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112761. [PMID: 36361553 PMCID: PMC9656672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the apical Na-K-2Cl co-transporter, NKCC2, cause type I Bartter syndrome (BS1), a life-threatening kidney disease. We have previously demonstrated that the BS1 variant Y998X, which deprives NKCC2 from its highly conserved dileucine-like motifs, compromises co-transporter surface delivery through ER retention mechanisms. However, whether these hydrophobic motifs are sufficient for anterograde trafficking of NKCC2 remains to be determined. Interestingly, sequence analysis of NKCC2 C-terminus revealed the presence of consensus di-acidic (D/E-X-D/E) motifs, 949EEE951 and 1019DAELE1023, located upstream and downstream of BS1 mutation Y998X, respectively. Di-acidic codes are involved in ER export of proteins through interaction with COPII budding machinery. Importantly, whereas mutating 949EEE951 motif to 949AEA951 had no effect on NKCC2 processing, mutating 1019DAE1021 to 1019AAA1021 heavily impaired complex-glycosylation and cell surface expression of the cotransporter in HEK293 and OKP cells. Most importantly, triple mutation of D, E and E residues of 1019DAELE1023 to 1019AAALA1023 almost completely abolished NKCC2 complex-glycosylation, suggesting that this mutant failed to exit the ER. Cycloheximide chase analysis demonstrated that the absence of the terminally glycosylated form of 1019AAALA1023 was caused by defects in NKCC2 maturation. Accordingly, co-immunolocalization experiments revealed that 1019AAALA1023 was trapped in the ER. Finally, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Sar1-GTPase abolished NKCC2 maturation and cell surface expression, clearly indicating that NKCC2 export from the ER is COPII-dependent. Hence, our data indicate that in addition to the di-leucine like motifs, NKCC2 uses di-acidic exit codes for export from the ER through the COPII-dependent pathway. We propose that any naturally occurring mutation of NKCC2 interfering with this pathway could form the molecular basis of BS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Bakhos-Douaihy
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Elie Seaayfan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Frachon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demaretz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kamel Laghmani
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Poursharif S, Hamza S, Braam B. Changes in Proximal Tubular Reabsorption Modulate Microvascular Regulation via the TGF System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911203. [PMID: 36232506 PMCID: PMC9569689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper considers the consequences of modulating tubular reabsorption proximal to the macula densa by sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, acetazolamide, and furosemide in states of glomerular hyperfiltration. SGLT2 inhibitors improve renal function in early and advanced diabetic nephropathy by decreasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), presumably by activating the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism. Central in this paper is that the renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy can only be partially explained by TGF activation, and there are alternative explanations. The sustained activation of TGF leans on two prerequisites: no or only partial adaptation should occur in reabsorption proximal to macula densa, and no or only partial adaptation should occur in the TGF response. The main proximal tubular and loop of Henle sodium transporters are sodium–hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3), SGLT2, and the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC2). SGLT2 inhibitors, acetazolamide, and furosemide are the most important compounds; inhibiting these transporters would decrease sodium reabsorption upstream of the macula densa and increase TGF activity. This could directly or indirectly affect TGF responsiveness, which could oppose sustained TGF activation. Only SGLT2 inhibitors can sustainably activate the TGF as there is only partial compensation in tubular reabsorption and TGF response. SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to preserve GFR in both early and advanced diabetic nephropathy. Other than for early diabetic nephropathy, a solid physiological basis for these effects in advanced nephropathy is lacking. In addition, TGF has hardly been studied in humans, and therefore this role of TGF remains elusive. This review also considers alternative explanations for the renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic patients such as the enhancement of microvascular network function. Furthermore, combination use of SGLT2 inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). in diabetes can decrease inflammatory pathways, improve renal oxygenation, and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Poursharif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Shereen Hamza
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Branko Braam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-1867
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7
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Quintanova C, Himmerkus N, Svendsen SL, von Schwerdtner O, Merkel C, Pinckert L, Mutig K, Breiderhoff T, Müller D, Günzel D, Bleich M. Unrecognized role of claudin-10b in basolateral membrane infoldings of the thick ascending limb. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:266-278. [PMID: 35996827 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-10b is an important component of the tight junction in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle's loop and allows paracellular sodium transport. In immunofluorescence stainings, claudin-10b-positive cells exhibited extensive extra staining of basolateral, column-like structures. The precise localization and function have so far remained elusive. In isolated cortical TAL segments from C57BL/6J mice, kidney-specific claudin-10 knockout mice (cKO), and respective litter mates (WT), we investigated the localization and protein expression and function by fluorescence microscopy and electrophysiological measurements. Ultrastructural analysis of TAL in kidney sections was performed by electron microscopy. Claudin-10b colocalized with the basolateral Na+ -K+ ATPase and the Cl- channel subunit barttin, but the lack of claudin-10b did not influence the localization or abundance of these proteins. However, the accessibility of the basolateral infolded extracellular space to ouabain or fluorescein was increased by basolateral Ca2+ removal and in the absence of claudin-10b. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy revealed a widening of basolateral membrane infoldings in cKO in comparison to WT. We hypothesize that claudin-10b shapes neighboring membrane invaginations by trans interaction to stabilize and facilitate high-flux salt transport in a water-tight epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Samuel L Svendsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Cosima Merkel
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lennart Pinckert
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology, and Metabolic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology, and Metabolic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Atlani M, Rai N, Kohat A, Ingle V, Sharma A, Aparna P. Nephrocalcinosis-A gateway to the Diagnosis. Indian J Nephrol 2021; 31:562-565. [PMID: 35068765 PMCID: PMC8722554 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_397_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrocalcinosis (NC) is the augmented calcium content within the renal parenchyma. Its pathogenesis mainly involves hypercalciuria. The presence of medullary NC provides a window to the clinician for the diagnosis of many important diseases. In this case series, we highlight three diseases that could be diagnosed with a high index of suspicion and detailed evaluation after their presentation as medullary NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Atlani
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nirendra Rai
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijeet Kohat
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Ingle
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Agrata Sharma
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Aparna
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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9
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Alvira-Iraizoz F, Gillard BT, Lin P, Paterson A, Pauža AG, Ali MA, Alabsi AH, Burger PA, Hamadi N, Adem A, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Multiomic analysis of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) kidney reveals a role for cholesterol in water conservation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:779. [PMID: 34163009 PMCID: PMC8222267 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) is the most important livestock animal in arid and semi-arid regions and provides basic necessities to millions of people. In the current context of climate change, there is renewed interest in the mechanisms that enable camelids to survive in arid conditions. Recent investigations described genomic signatures revealing evolutionary adaptations to desert environments. We now present a comprehensive catalogue of the transcriptomes and proteomes of the dromedary kidney and describe how gene expression is modulated as a consequence of chronic dehydration and acute rehydration. Our analyses suggested an enrichment of the cholesterol biosynthetic process and an overrepresentation of categories related to ion transport. Thus, we further validated differentially expressed genes with known roles in water conservation which are affected by changes in cholesterol levels. Our datasets suggest that suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis may facilitate water retention in the kidney by indirectly facilitating the AQP2-mediated water reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvira-Iraizoz
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Benjamin T Gillard
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Panjiao Lin
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex Paterson
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Audrys G Pauža
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, AL Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar H Alabsi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Naserddine Hamadi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, AL Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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10
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Zacchia M, Blanco FDV, Torella A, Raucci R, Blasio G, Onore ME, Marchese E, Trepiccione F, Vitagliano C, Iorio VD, Alessandra P, Simonelli F, Nigro V, Capasso G, Viggiano D. Urine concentrating defect as presenting sign of progressive renal failure in Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:1545-1551. [PMID: 34084454 PMCID: PMC8162863 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine concentrating defect is a common dysfunction in ciliopathies, even though its underlying mechanism and its prognostic meaning are largely unknown. This study assesses renal function in a cohort of 54 Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) individuals and analyses whether renal hyposthenuria is the result of specific tubule dysfunction and predicts renal disease progression. METHODS The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) and maximum urine osmolality (max-Uosm) were measured in all patients. Genetic analysis was conducted in 43 patients. Annual eGFR decline (ΔeGFR) was measured in patients with a median follow-up period of 6.5 years. Urine aquaporin-2 (uAQP2) excretion was measured and the furosemide test was performed in patients and controls. RESULTS At baseline, 33 (61.1%), 12 (22.2%) and 9 (16.7%) patients showed an eGFR >90, 60-90 and <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; 27.3% showed an ACR >30 mg/g and 55.8% of patients showed urine concentrating defect in the absence of renal insufficiency. Baseline eGFR, but not max-Uosm, correlated negatively with age. Conversely, truncating mutations affected max-Uosm and showed a trend towards a reduction in eGFR. Max-Uosm correlated with ΔeGFR (P < 0.005), suggesting that urine concentrating defect may predict disease progression. uAQP2 excretion and Na+ and Cl- fractional excretion after furosemide did not differ between hyposthenuric patients and controls, suggesting that specific collecting duct and thick ascending limb dysfunctions are unlikely to play a central role in the pathogenesis of hyposthenuria. CONCLUSIONS Hyposthenuria is a warning sign predicting poor renal outcome in BBS. The pathophysiology of this defect is most likely beyond defective tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Raucci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Blasio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Onore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Caterina Vitagliano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Iorio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Eye Clinic, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Perna Alessandra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Eye Clinic, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Davide Viggiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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11
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Exploring Key Challenges of Understanding the Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1403-1415. [PMID: 32954066 PMCID: PMC7486190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare pleiotropic inherited disorder known as a ciliopathy. Kidney disease is a cardinal clinical feature; however, it is one of the less investigated traits. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the literature aiming to collect available information providing mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of kidney disease by analyzing clinical and basic science studies focused on this issue. The analysis revealed that the syndrome is either clinically and genetically heterogenous, with 24 genes discovered to date, but with 3 genes (BBS1, BBS2, and BBS10) accounting for almost 50% of diagnoses; genotype–phenotype correlation studies showed that patients with BBS1 mutations have a less severe renal phenotype than the other 2 most common loci; in addition, truncating rather than missense mutations are more likely to cause kidney disease. However, significant intrafamilial clinical variability has been described, with no clear explanation to date. In mice kidneys, Bbs genes have relative low expression levels, in contrast with other common affected organs, like the retina; surprisingly, Bbs1 is the only locus with basal overexpression in the kidney. In vitro studies indicate that signalling pathways involved in embryonic kidney development and repair are affected in the context of BBS depletion; in mice, kidney disease does not have a full penetrance; when present, it resembles human phenotype and shows an age-dependent progression. Data on the exact contribution of local versus systemic consequences of Bbs dysfunction are scanty and further investigations are required to get firm conclusions.
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12
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Capolongo G, Zacchia M, Beneduci A, Costantini S, Cinque P, Spasiano A, De Luca G, Di Pietro ME, Ricchi P, Trepiccione F, Capasso G, Filosa A. Urinary Metabolic Profile of Patients with Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major Undergoing Deferasirox Therapy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:455-466. [PMID: 32434200 DOI: 10.1159/000507369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal dysfunction is a frequent complication in patients suffering from β-thalassemia major (β-TM). The aim of this study was to analyze the renal function and urine metabolomic profile of β-TM patients undergoing transfusions and deferasirox (DFX) therapy, in order to better characterize and shed light on the pathogenesis of renal disease in this setting. METHODS AND SUBJECTS 40 patients affected by β-TM treated with DFX and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Renal function was assessed. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated with CKD-EPI and Schwartz formula for adults and children, respectively. Renal tubular function and maximal urine concentration ability were tested. Urine specimens were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify the urinary metabolite profiles. RESULTS The study of renal function in β-TM patients revealed normal estimated (e)GFR mean values and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio was <30 mg/g. The analysis of tubular function showed normal basal plasma electrolyte levels; 60% of patients presented hypercalciuria and many subjects showed defective urine concentration. Several amino acids, N-methyl compounds, and organic acids were overexcreted in the urine of thalassemic patients compared with controls. DISCUSSION The major finding of this work is that β-TM patients and controls exhibit different concentrations of some metabolites in the urine. Early recognition of urinary abnormalities may be useful to detect and prevent kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy,
| | - Amerigo Beneduci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Cinque
- Rare Blood Cell Disease Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Spasiano
- Rare Blood Cell Disease Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Paolo Ricchi
- Rare Blood Cell Disease Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Aldo Filosa
- Rare Blood Cell Disease Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
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13
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Wang JL, Wang XY, Wang DK, Parker MD, Musa-Aziz R, Popple J, Guo YM, Min TX, Xia T, Tan M, Liu Y, Boron WF, Chen LM. Multiple acid-base and electrolyte disturbances upregulate NBCn1, NBCn2, IRBIT and L-IRBIT in the mTAL. J Physiol 2020; 598:3395-3415. [PMID: 32359081 DOI: 10.1113/jp279009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The roles of the Na+ /HCO3 - cotransporters NBCn1 and NBCn2 as well as their activators IRBIT and L-IRBIT in the regulation of the mTAL transport of NH4 + , HCO3 - , and NaCl are investigated. Dietary challenges of NH4 Cl, NaHCO3 or NaCl all increase the abundance of NBCn1 and NBCn2 in the outer medulla. The three challenges generally produce parallel increases in the abundance of IRBIT and L-IRBIT in the outer medulla. Both IRBIT and L-IRBIT powerfully stimulate the activities of the mTAL isoforms of NBCn1 and NBCn2 as expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Our findings support the hypothesis that NBCn1, NBCn2, IRBIT and L-IRBIT appropriately promote NH4 + shunting but oppose HCO3 - and NaCl reabsorption in the mTAL, and thus are at the nexus of the regulation pathways for multiple renal transport processes. ABSTRACT The medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) plays a key role in urinary acid and NaCl excretion. NBCn1 and NBCn2 are present in the basolateral mTAL, where NBCn1 promotes NH4 + shunting. IRBIT and L-IRBIT (the IRBITs) are two powerful activators of certain acid-base transporters. Here we use western blotting and immunofluorescence to examine the effects of multiple acid-base and electrolyte disturbances on expression of NBCn1, NBCn2 and the IRBITs in rat kidney. We also use electrophysiology to examine the functional effects of IRBITs on NBCn1 and NBCn2 in Xenopus oocytes. NH4 Cl-induced metabolic acidosis (MAc) substantially increases protein expression of NBCn1 and NBCn2 in the outer medulla (OM) of rat kidney. Surprisingly, NaHCO3 -induced metabolic alkalosis (MAlk) and high-salt diet (HSD) also increase expression of NBCn1 and NBCn2 (effect of NaHCO3 > HSD). Moreover, all three challenges generally increase OM expression of the IRBITs. In Xenopus oocytes, the IRBITs substantially increase the activities of NBCn1 and NBCn2. We propose that upregulation of basolateral NBCn1 and NBCn2 plus the IRBITs in the mTAL: (1) promotes NH4 + shunting by increasing basolateral HCO3 - uptake to neutralize apical NH4 + uptake during MAc; (2) inhibits HCO3 - reabsorption during MAlk by opposing HCO3 - efflux via the basolateral anion exchanger AE2; and (3) inhibits NaCl reabsorption by mediating (with AE2) net NaCl backflux into the mTAL cell during HSD. Thus, NBCn1, NBCn2 and the IRBITs are at the nexus of the regulatory pathways for multiple renal transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Deng-Ke Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Raif Musa-Aziz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jacob Popple
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yi-Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Tian-Xin Min
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Min Tan
- School of Optical & Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Walter F Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Li-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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14
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Bankir L, Figueres L, Prot-Bertoye C, Bouby N, Crambert G, Pratt JH, Houillier P. Medullary and cortical thick ascending limb: similarities and differences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F422-F442. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) is the first segment of the distal nephron, extending through the whole outer medulla and cortex, two regions with different composition of the peritubular environment. The TAL plays a critical role in the control of NaCl, water, acid, and divalent cation homeostasis, as illustrated by the consequences of the various monogenic diseases that affect the TAL. It delivers tubular fluid to the distal convoluted tubule and thereby affects the function of the downstream tubular segments. The TAL is commonly considered as a whole. However, many structural and functional differences exist between its medullary and cortical parts. The present review summarizes the available data regarding the similarities and differences between the medullary and cortical parts of the TAL. Both subsegments reabsorb NaCl and have high Na+-K+-ATPase activity and negligible water permeability; however, they express distinct isoforms of the Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter at the apical membrane. Ammonia and bicarbonate are mostly reabsorbed in the medullary TAL, whereas Ca2+and Mg2+are mostly reabsorbed in the cortical TAL. The peptidic hormone receptors controlling transport in the TAL are not homogeneously expressed along the cortical and medullary TAL. Besides this axial heterogeneity, structural and functional differences are also apparent between species, which underscores the link between properties and role of the TAL under various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Figueres
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Bouby
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - J. Howard Pratt
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte, Paris, France
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15
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Capolongo G, Suzumoto Y, D'Acierno M, Simeoni M, Capasso G, Zacchia M. ERK1,2 Signalling Pathway along the Nephron and Its Role in Acid-base and Electrolytes Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4153. [PMID: 31450703 PMCID: PMC6747339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are intracellular molecules regulating a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cytoskeleton remodeling and cytokine production. MAPK activity has been shown in normal kidney, and its over-activation has been demonstrated in several renal diseases. The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK 1,2) signalling pathway is the first described MAPK signaling. Intensive investigations have demonstrated that it participates in the regulation of ureteric bud branching, a fundamental process in establishing final nephron number; in addition, it is also involved in the differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme, indicating a key role in mammalian kidney embryonic development. In the present manuscript, we show that ERK1,2 signalling mediates several cellular functions also in mature kidney, describing its role along the nephron and demonstrating whether it contributes to the regulation of ion channels and transporters implicated in acid-base and electrolytes homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariadelina Simeoni
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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16
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Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Urinary proteome in inherited nephrolithiasis. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:91-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-01104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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