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Sharma S, Shankar V, Rajender S, Mithal A, Rao SD, Chattopadhyay N. Impact of anti-fracture medications on bone material and strength properties: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1426490. [PMID: 39257899 PMCID: PMC11384599 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1426490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitectural deterioration contribute to increased fracture risk. Although the effects of anti-fracture medications (AFMs) on BMD are well-documented, their impact on bone material properties (BMPs) remains poorly characterized. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of AFMs on BMPs. Based on data availability, we further categorized AFMs into anti-resorptives, bisphosphonates alone, and strontium ranelate subgroups to perform additional analyses of BMPs in osteoporotic patients. Methods We did a comprehensive search of three databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using various permutation combinations, and used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software to analyze the extracted data. Results The 15 eligible studies (randomized and non-randomized) compared the following: (1) 301 AFM-treated patients with 225 on placebo; (2) 191 patients treated with anti-resorptives with 131 on placebo; (3) 86 bisphosphonate-treated patients with 66 on placebo; and (4) 84 strontium ranelate-treated patients with 70 on placebo. Pooled analysis showed that AFMs significantly decreased cortical bone crystallinity [standardized difference in means (SDM) -1.394] and collagen maturity [SDM -0.855], and collagen maturity in cancellous bone [SDM -0.631]. Additionally, anti-resorptives (bisphosphonates and denosumab) significantly increased crystallinity [SDM 0.387], mineral-matrix ratio [SDM 0.771], microhardness [SDM 0.858], and contact hardness [SDM 0.952] of cortical bone. Anti-resorptives increased mineral-matrix ratio [SDM 0.543] and microhardness [SDM 0.864] and decreased collagen maturity [SDM -0.539] in cancellous bone. Restricted analysis of only bisphosphonate-treated studies showed a significant decrease in collagen maturity [SDM -0.650] in cancellous bone and an increase in true hardness [SDM 1.277] in cortical bone. In strontium ranelate-treated patients, there was no difference in BMPs compared to placebo. Conclusion Collectively, our study suggests that AFMs improve bone quality, which explains their anti-fracture ability that is not fully accounted for by increased BMD in osteoporosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ambrish Mithal
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhaker D. Rao
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Bone & Mineral Disorders, and Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Health/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Deng AF, Wang FX, Wang SC, Zhang YZ, Bai L, Su JC. Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38867330 PMCID: PMC11167910 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Fu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fu-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Dinulescu A, Păsărică AS, Carp M, Dușcă A, Dijmărescu I, Pavelescu ML, Păcurar D, Ulici A. New Perspectives of Therapies in Osteogenesis Imperfecta-A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1065. [PMID: 38398378 PMCID: PMC10888533 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized as a heterogeneous disorder group with well-defined phenotypic and genetic features that share uncommon bone fragility. The current treatment options, medical and orthopedic, are limited and not efficient enough to improve the low bone density, bone fragility, growth, and mobility of the affected individuals, creating the need for alternative therapeutic agents. (2) Methods: We searched the medical database to find papers regarding treatments for OI other than conventional ones. We included 45 publications. (3) Results: In reviewing the literature, eight new potential therapies for OI were identified, proving promising results in cells and animal models or in human practice, but further research is still needed. Bone marrow transplantation is a promising therapy in mice, adults, and children, decreasing the fracture rate with a beneficial effect on structural bone proprieties. Anti-RANKL antibodies generated controversial results related to the therapy schedule, from no change in the fracture rate to improvement in the bone mineral density resorption markers and bone formation, but with adverse effects related to hypercalcemia. Sclerostin inhibitors in murine models demonstrated an increase in the bone formation rate and trabecular cortical bone mass, and a few human studies showed an increase in biomarkers and BMD and the downregulation of resorption markers. Recombinant human parathormone and TGF-β generated good results in human studies by increasing BMD, depending on the type of OI. Gene therapy, 4-phenylbutiric acid, and inhibition of eIF2α phosphatase enzymes have only been studied in cell cultures and animal models, with promising results. (4) Conclusions: This paper focuses on eight potential therapies for OI, but there is not yet enough data for a new, generally accepted treatment. Most of them showed promising results, but further research is needed, especially in the pediatric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dinulescu
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru-Sorin Păsărică
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mădălina Carp
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andrei Dușcă
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Irina Dijmărescu
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mirela Luminița Pavelescu
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Păcurar
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Ulici
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, “Carol Davila“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (I.D.); (M.L.P.); (A.U.)
- Departament of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Emergency Hospital for Children ‘’Grigore Alexandrescu’’, 011743 Bucharest, Romania;
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Lim SY, Bolster MB. Clinical Utility of Romosozumab in the Management of Osteoporosis: Focus on Patient Selection and Perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1733-1747. [PMID: 36544862 PMCID: PMC9762257 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s315184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most potent osteoanabolic agents with a unique mechanism of action, romosozumab has high efficacy for osteoporosis treatment. It is a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin, a natural inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, and by inhibiting sclerostin, activation of Wnt signaling occurs with a cascade of changes ultimately leading to bone mineral density (BMD) gains. Romosozumab stimulates bone modeling and has a dual effect of activating bone formation while inhibiting bone resorption. With this unique mechanism of action, treatment with romosozumab leads to a rapid and significant gain in BMD; these gains are higher than seen with bisphosphonates, denosumab, or parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogs. The FRAME and ARCH studies represent two pivotal trials demonstrating the efficacy of romosozumab in treating osteoporosis. Treatment with romosozumab should be followed by an antiresorptive agent, as this approach has demonstrated maintenance of or greater increases in BMD and reduced fracture risk even after finishing romosozumab treatment. As an osteoanabolic agent, romosozumab has shown superiority to alendronate in reducing fracture risk, increasing bone density, and potentially more rapid fracture risk reduction. Recent data have suggested that romosozumab prior to antiresorptive therapy may be the ideal treatment sequence, especially in high-risk patients and patients at imminent risk of fracture. Carrying a black box warning, romosozumab should be avoided in patients who have had myocardial infarction or stroke in the past year. Further studies are needed to clarify the increased cardiovascular risk attributed to this drug. Romosozumab has expanded our osteoporosis armamentarium and has enabled novel approaches, including "treat to target." Future studies are needed to evaluate the optimal use sequence and to assess its safety, especially in patients with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Yik Lim
- Hawaii Pacific Health Medical Group, Honolulu, HI, USA,Department of Family Medicine, John E Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA,Correspondence: Sian Yik Lim, Bone and Joint Center, Straub Clinic, 800 S. King Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA, Tel +1 808-522-4232, Fax +1 808-522-4401, Email
| | - Marcy B Bolster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Heubel B, Nohe A. The Role of BMP Signaling in Osteoclast Regulation. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 34203252 PMCID: PMC8293073 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteogenic effects of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) were delineated in 1965 when Urist et al. showed that BMPs could induce ectopic bone formation. In subsequent decades, the effects of BMPs on bone formation and maintenance were established. BMPs induce proliferation in osteoprogenitor cells and increase mineralization activity in osteoblasts. The role of BMPs in bone homeostasis and repair led to the approval of BMP2 by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) to increase the bone formation in the treated area. However, the use of BMP2 for treatment of degenerative bone diseases such as osteoporosis is still uncertain as patients treated with BMP2 results in the stimulation of not only osteoblast mineralization, but also osteoclast absorption, leading to early bone graft subsidence. The increase in absorption activity is the result of direct stimulation of osteoclasts by BMP2 working synergistically with the RANK signaling pathway. The dual effect of BMPs on bone resorption and mineralization highlights the essential role of BMP-signaling in bone homeostasis, making it a putative therapeutic target for diseases like osteoporosis. Before the BMP pathway can be utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis a better understanding of how BMP-signaling regulates osteoclasts must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Heubel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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6
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Chen H, Shang D, Wen Y, Liang C. Bone-Derived Modulators That Regulate Brain Function: Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683457. [PMID: 34179014 PMCID: PMC8222721 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone has traditionally been regarded as a structural organ that supports and protects the various organs of the body. Recent studies suggest that bone also acts as an endocrine organ to regulate whole-body metabolism. Particularly, homeostasis of the bone is shown to be necessary for brain development and function. Abnormal bone metabolism is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Recently, multiple bone-derived modulators have been shown to participate in brain function and neurological disorders, including osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and osteopontin, as have bone marrow-derived cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and microglia-like cells. This review summarizes current findings regarding the roles of these bone-derived modulators in the brain, and also follows their involvement in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. The content of this review may aide in the development of promising therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders via targeting bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuguan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Rodriguez‐Feo J, Fernandes L, Patel A, Doan T, Boden SD, Drissi H, Presciutti SM. The temporal and spatial expression of sclerostin and Wnt signaling factors during the maturation of posterolateral lumbar spine fusions. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1100. [PMID: 33778403 PMCID: PMC7984013 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone healing environment in the posterolateral spine following arthrodesis surgery is one of the most challenging in all of orthopedics and our understanding of the molecular signaling pathways mediating osteogenesis during spinal fusion is limited. In this study, the spatial and temporal expression pattern of Wnt signaling factors and inhibitors during spinal fusion was assessed for the first time. Bilateral posterolateral spine arthrodesis with autologous iliac crest bone graft was performed on 21 New Zealand White rabbits. At 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-weeks, the expression of sclerostin and a variety of canonical and noncanonical Wnts signaling factors was measured by qRT-PCR from tissue separately collected from the transverse processes, the Outer and Inner Zones of the fusion mass, and the adjancent paraspinal muscle. Immunohistochemistry for sclerostin protein was also performed. Sclerostin and many Wnt factors, especially Wnt3a and Wnt5a, were found to have distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns. For example, harvesting ICBG caused a significant increase in sclerostin expression. Furthermore, the paraspinal muscle immediately adjacent to the transplanted ICBG also had significant increases in sclerostin expression at 3 weeks, suggesting new potential mechanisms for pseudarthroses following spinal arthrodesis. The presented work is the first description of the spatial and temporal expression of sclerostin and Wnt signaling factors in the developing spine fusion, filling an important knowledge gap in the basic biology of spinal fusion and potentially aiding in the development of novel biologics to increase spinal fusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anuj Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Thanh Doan
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Scott D. Boden
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
| | - Steven M. Presciutti
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
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8
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Kelly RR, Sidles SJ, LaRue AC. Effects of Neurological Disorders on Bone Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:612366. [PMID: 33424724 PMCID: PMC7793932 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, particularly in the context of aging, have serious impacts on quality of life and can negatively affect bone health. The brain-bone axis is critically important for skeletal metabolism, sensory innervation, and endocrine cross-talk between these organs. This review discusses current evidence for the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which various neurological disease categories, including autoimmune, developmental, dementia-related, movement, neuromuscular, stroke, trauma, and psychological, impart changes in bone homeostasis and mass, as well as fracture risk. Likewise, how bone may affect neurological function is discussed. Gaining a better understanding of brain-bone interactions, particularly in patients with underlying neurological disorders, may lead to development of novel therapies and discovery of shared risk factors, as well as highlight the need for broad, whole-health clinical approaches toward treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Kelly
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sara J. Sidles
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amanda C. LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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9
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Crosstalk of Brain and Bone-Clinical Observations and Their Molecular Bases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144946. [PMID: 32668736 PMCID: PMC7404044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As brain and bone disorders represent major health issues worldwide, substantial clinical investigations demonstrated a bidirectional crosstalk on several levels, mechanistically linking both apparently unrelated organs. While multiple stress, mood and neurodegenerative brain disorders are associated with osteoporosis, rare genetic skeletal diseases display impaired brain development and function. Along with brain and bone pathologies, particularly trauma events highlight the strong interaction of both organs. This review summarizes clinical and experimental observations reported for the crosstalk of brain and bone, followed by a detailed overview of their molecular bases. While brain-derived molecules affecting bone include central regulators, transmitters of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nervous system, bone-derived mediators altering brain function are released from bone cells and the bone marrow. Although the main pathways of the brain-bone crosstalk remain ‘efferent’, signaling from brain to bone, this review emphasizes the emergence of bone as a crucial ‘afferent’ regulator of cerebral development, function and pathophysiology. Therefore, unraveling the physiological and pathological bases of brain-bone interactions revealed promising pharmacologic targets and novel treatment strategies promoting concurrent brain and bone recovery.
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Allison H, McNamara LM. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by mechanically stimulated osteoblasts is attenuated during estrogen deficiency. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C969-C982. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00168.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporotic bone loss and fracture have long been regarded to arise upon depletion of circulating estrogen, which increases osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Osteoblasts from human osteoporotic patients also display deficient osteogenic responses to mechanical loading. However, while osteoblasts play an important role in regulating osteoclast differentiation, how this relationship is affected by estrogen deficiency is unknown. This study seeks to determine how mechanically stimulated osteoblasts regulate osteoclast differentiation and matrix degradation under estrogen deficiency. Here, we report that osteoblast-induced osteoclast differentiation (indicated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1) and matrix degradation were inhibited by estrogen treatment and mechanical loading. However, estrogen-deficient osteoblasts exacerbated osteoclast formation and matrix degradation in conditioned medium and coculture experiments. This was accompanied by higher expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not osteoprotegerin, by osteoblasts under estrogen deficiency. Interestingly, this response was exacerbated under conditions that block the Rho-Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study provides an important, but previously unrecognized, insight into bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis, whereby estrogen-deficient osteoblasts fail to produce inhibitory osteoprotegerin after mechanical stimulation but upregulate macrophage colony-stimulating factor and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and, thus, leave osteoclast activity unconstrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Allison
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Centre for Biomechanics Research, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L. M. McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Centre for Biomechanics Research, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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11
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Shao Y, Wichern E, Childress PJ, Adaway M, Misra J, Klunk A, Burr DB, Wek RC, Mosley AL, Liu Y, Robling AG, Brustovetsky N, Hamilton J, Jacobs K, Vashishth D, Stayrook KR, Allen MR, Wallace JM, Bidwell JP. Loss of Nmp4 optimizes osteogenic metabolism and secretion to enhance bone quality. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E749-E772. [PMID: 30645175 PMCID: PMC6580174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A goal of osteoporosis therapy is to restore lost bone with structurally sound tissue. Mice lacking the transcription factor nuclear matrix protein 4 (Nmp4, Zfp384, Ciz, ZNF384) respond to several classes of osteoporosis drugs with enhanced bone formation compared with wild-type (WT) animals. Nmp4-/- mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) exhibit an accelerated and enhanced mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. To address the mechanisms underlying this hyperanabolic phenotype, we carried out RNA-sequencing and molecular and cellular analyses of WT and Nmp4-/- MSPCs during osteogenesis to define pathways and mechanisms associated with elevated matrix production. We determined that Nmp4 has a broad impact on the transcriptome during osteogenic differentiation, contributing to the expression of over 5,000 genes. Phenotypic anchoring of transcriptional data was performed for the hypothesis-testing arm through analysis of cell metabolism, protein synthesis and secretion, and bone material properties. Mechanistic studies confirmed that Nmp4-/- MSPCs exhibited an enhanced capacity for glycolytic conversion: a key step in bone anabolism. Nmp4-/- cells showed elevated collagen translation and secretion. The expression of matrix genes that contribute to bone material-level mechanical properties was elevated in Nmp4-/- cells, an observation that was supported by biomechanical testing of bone samples from Nmp4-/- and WT mice. We conclude that loss of Nmp4 increases the magnitude of glycolysis upon the metabolic switch, which fuels the conversion of the osteoblast into a super-secretor of matrix resulting in more bone with improvements in intrinsic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emily Wichern
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul J Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michele Adaway
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela Klunk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nickolay Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kylie Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Keith R Stayrook
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph P Bidwell
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Alzahrani MM, Makhdom AM, Rauch F, Lauzier D, Kotsiopriftis M, Ghadakzadeh S, Hamdy RC. Assessment of the effect of systemic delivery of sclerostin antibodies on Wnt signaling in distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2018. [PMID: 28647818 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin is a known inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway which is involved in osteogenesis and, when inactivated, stimulates bone formation. To our knowledge, this effect has not been studied in the context of distraction osteogenesis (DO). Tibial DO was conducted on a total of 24 wild-type mice, which were then divided into 2 groups-a saline injection group (control) and an anti-sclerostin (Scl-Ab) injection group (treatment). The mice in the treatment group received 100 mg/kg intravenous injections of the antibody weekly until killing. The 12 mice in each group were subdivided into four time points according to post-osteotomy time of killing-11 days (mid-distraction), 17 days (late distraction), 34 days (mid-consolidation) and 51 days (late consolidation), with 3 mice per subgroup. After killing, the tibia specimens were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Our results show that the group injected with anti-sclerostin had an earlier peak (day 11) in the distraction phase of the osteogenic molecules involved in the Wnt signaling pathway in comparison to the placebo group. In addition, downregulation of the inhibitors of this pathway was noted in the treatment group when compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, LRP-5 showed a significant increase in expression in the treatment group. Sclerostin inhibition has a significant effect on the DO process through its effect on the Wnt pathway. This effect was evident through the decreased effect of sclerostin on LRP-5 and earlier upregulation of the osteogenic molecules involved in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Alzahrani
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asim M Makhdom
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank Rauch
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Lauzier
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Maria Kotsiopriftis
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Saber Ghadakzadeh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Reggie C Hamdy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
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13
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Huang J, Romero-Suarez S, Lara N, Mo C, Kaja S, Brotto L, Dallas SL, Johnson ML, Jähn K, Bonewald LF, Brotto M. Crosstalk between MLO-Y4 osteocytes and C2C12 muscle cells is mediated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. JBMR Plus 2017; 1:86-100. [PMID: 29104955 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of osteocyte secreted factors on myogenesis and muscle function. MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cell conditioned media (CM) (10%) increased ex vivo soleus muscle contractile force by ~25%. MLO-Y4 and primary osteocyte CM (1-10%) stimulated myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, but 10% osteoblast CMs did not enhance C2C12 cell differentiation. Since WNT3a and WNT1 are secreted by osteocytes, and the expression level of Wnt3a is increased in MLO-Y4 cells by fluid flow shear stress, both were compared, showing WNT3a more potent than WNT1 in inducing myogenesis. Treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with WNT3a at concentrations as low as 0.5ng/mL mirrored the effects of both primary osteocyte and MLO-Y4 CM by inducing nuclear translocation of β-catenin with myogenic differentiation, suggesting that Wnts might be potential factors secreted by osteocytes that signal to muscle cells. Knocking down Wnt3a in MLO-Y4 osteocytes inhibited the effect of CM on C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Sclerostin (100ng/mL) inhibited both the effects of MLO-Y4 CM and WNT3a on C2C12 cell differentiation. RT-PCR array results supported the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by MLO-Y4 CM and WNT3a. These results were confirmed by qPCR showing up-regulation of myogenic markers and two Wnt/β-catenin downstream genes, Numb and Flh1. We postulated that MLO-Y4 CM/WNT3a could modulate intracellular calcium homeostasis as the trigger mechanism for the enhanced myogenesis and contractile force. MLO-Y4 CM and WNT3a increased caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of C2C12 myotubes and the expression of genes directly associated with intracellular Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis. Together, these data show that in vitro and ex vivo, osteocytes can stimulate myogenesis and enhance muscle contractile function and suggest that Wnts could be mediators of bone to muscle signaling, likely via modulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling and the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School sof Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri- Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sandra Romero-Suarez
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School sof Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri- Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nuria Lara
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Chenglin Mo
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School sof Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri- Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School sof Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri- Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Katharina Jähn
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School sof Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri- Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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14
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Lim SY, Bolster MB. Profile of romosozumab and its potential in the management of osteoporosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:1221-1231. [PMID: 28458516 PMCID: PMC5402913 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s127568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of bone biology has led to the discovery of several unique signaling pathways that regulate bone formation and resorption. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a significant role in skeletal development, adult skeletal homeostasis, and bone remodeling. Sclerostin is an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. Romosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to sclerostin, prevents sclerostin from exerting this inhibitory effect. Therefore, in the presence of romosozumab, the Wnt signaling pathway is activated leading to bone formation and bone mineral density gain. Clinical studies of romosozumab have shown that this agent is one of the most potent bone anabolic agents in development to date. Romosozumab does not act solely as an anabolic agent, but rather, it has effects on increasing bone formation as well as reducing bone resorption. In the clinical studies, patients tolerated romosozumab well with no major safety signals reported. In a Phase III study, romosozumab as compared to placebo has been shown to reduce vertebral fractures by 73% after 1 year of treatment. Sequential therapy with romosozumab for 1 year followed by denosumab in the second year reduced vertebral fractures by 75% as compared to the group that received placebo for 1 year and denosumab in the second year. Romosozumab holds significant potential, by a novel mechanism of action, to expand our ability to treat osteoporosis. More studies are needed to determine the ideal setting in which romosozumab may be used to optimize osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Yik Lim
- Straub Bone & Joint Center, Straub Medical Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Marcy B Bolster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Jakob F, Genest F, Baron G, Stumpf U, Rudert M, Seefried L. [Regulation of bone metabolism in osteoporosis : novel drugs for osteoporosis in development]. Unfallchirurg 2016; 118:925-32. [PMID: 26471379 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone is continuously regenerated and remodeled as an adaptation to mechanical load. Bone mass and fracture resistance are maintained by a balanced equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption. Regeneration and response to mechanical load are, however, impaired in osteoporosis and during aging. Bone resorption is enhanced by chronic inflammation while bone formation is altered by rising levels of inhibitors in the aging organism. Core molecular principles of the regulation of bone metabolism in health and disease have been characterized and developed as therapeutic targets. The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoclast-derived protease cathepsin K are important regulators and effectors of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Bone formation is stimulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and via the parathyroid hormone receptor and the Wnt signaling pathway. The principles of osteoclast inhibition using bisphosphonates have now been known for almost three decades. Based on more recent knowledge RANKL and cathepsin K have been developed as new therapeutic targets to inhibit bone resorption. While denosumab, a RANKL antibody, has already been introduced into routine treatment strategies, the cathepsin K antagonist odanacatib is currently in the licensing process. Bone formation can also be stimulated by local administration of BMPs, by systemic treatment with the parathyroid hormone fragment teriparatide and by using antibodies targeting the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin. The latter are presently being tested in phase III clinical studies. In the near future a panel of traditional and novel treatment strategies will be available that will enable us to meet the individual clinical needs during aging and for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jakob
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland.
| | - F Genest
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - G Baron
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - U Stumpf
- Osteologisches Schwerpunktzentrum, Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Nußbaumstr. 20, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - M Rudert
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - L Seefried
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
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16
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Freudenthal B, Logan J, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Rapid phenotyping of knockout mice to identify genetic determinants of bone strength. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R31-46. [PMID: 27535945 PMCID: PMC5064764 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic determinants of osteoporosis remain poorly understood, and there is a large unmet need for new treatments in our ageing society. Thus, new approaches for gene discovery in skeletal disease are required to complement the current genome-wide association studies in human populations. The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) and the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) provide such an opportunity. The IKMC generates knockout mice representing each of the known protein-coding genes in C57BL/6 mice and, as part of the IMPC initiative, the Origins of Bone and Cartilage Disease project identifies mutants with significant outlier skeletal phenotypes. This initiative will add value to data from large human cohorts and provide a new understanding of bone and cartilage pathophysiology, ultimately leading to the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Morc3 mutant mice exhibit reduced cortical area and thickness, accompanied by altered haematopoietic stem cells niche and bone cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25964. [PMID: 27188231 PMCID: PMC4870562 DOI: 10.1038/srep25964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Morc3, a member of a highly conserved nuclear matrix protein super-family plays an important part in chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, epigenetic regulation and cellular senescence. However, its role in bone homeostasis is not known. In the present study, a phenotype-driven ENU mouse mutagenesis screen revealed that Morc3mut +/− mice exhibit reduced cortical area and thickness with increased cortical porosity. Morc3mut +/− mice displayed reduced osteoclast numbers and surface per bone surface as well as osteocyte numbers, concomitant with altered gene expressions such as Rankl/Opg and Sost in ex vivo long bones. In vitro experiments revealed a significant increase in the number of Sca-1+/c-kit+ haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and a significant reduction in senescence associated β-galactosidase activity in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). In addition, we observed a decrease in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption accompanied by upregulation of STAT1 expression in osteoclast lineage cells. Strikingly, Morc3 protein localization within the nuclear membrane was shifted to the cytoplasm in Morc3mut +/− osteoclasts. Further, Morc3mut +/− mice displayed increased osteoblast differentiation and altered gene expression. Collectively, our data show that Morc3 is a previously unreported regulator of cortical bone homeostasis and haematopoietic stem cells niche, accompanied by altered bone cell differentiation.
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18
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Schreurs AS, Shirazi-Fard Y, Shahnazari M, Alwood JS, Truong TA, Tahimic CGT, Limoli CL, Turner ND, Halloran B, Globus RK. Dried plum diet protects from bone loss caused by ionizing radiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21343. [PMID: 26867002 PMCID: PMC4750446 DOI: 10.1038/srep21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss caused by ionizing radiation is a potential health concern for radiotherapy patients, radiation workers and astronauts. In animal studies, exposure to ionizing radiation increases oxidative damage in skeletal tissues, and results in an imbalance in bone remodeling initiated by increased bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Therefore, we evaluated various candidate interventions with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities (antioxidant cocktail, dihydrolipoic acid, ibuprofen, dried plum) both for their ability to blunt the expression of resorption-related genes in marrow cells after irradiation with either gamma rays (photons, 2 Gy) or simulated space radiation (protons and heavy ions, 1 Gy) and to prevent bone loss. Dried plum was most effective in reducing the expression of genes related to bone resorption (Nfe2l2, Rankl, Mcp1, Opg, TNF-α) and also preventing later cancellous bone decrements caused by irradiation with either photons or heavy ions. Thus, dietary supplementation with DP may prevent the skeletal effects of radiation exposures either in space or on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Schreurs
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - Y Shirazi-Fard
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - M Shahnazari
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - J S Alwood
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - T A Truong
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - C G T Tahimic
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - C L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine
| | - N D Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University
| | - B Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco
| | - R K Globus
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
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19
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Niziolek PJ, Bullock W, Warman ML, Robling AG. Missense Mutations in LRP5 Associated with High Bone Mass Protect the Mouse Skeleton from Disuse- and Ovariectomy-Induced Osteopenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140775. [PMID: 26554834 PMCID: PMC4640505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 (LRP5), a co-receptor in the Wnt signaling pathway, modulates bone mass in humans and in mice. Lrp5 knock-out mice have severely impaired responsiveness to mechanical stimulation whereas Lrp5 gain-of-function knock-in and transgenic mice have enhanced responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Those observations highlight the importance of Lrp5 protein in bone cell mechanotransduction. It is unclear if and how high bone mass-causing (HBM) point mutations in Lrp5 alter the bone-wasting effects of mechanical disuse. To address this issue we explored the skeletal effects of mechanical disuse using two models, tail suspension and Botulinum toxin-induced muscle paralysis, in two different Lrp5 HBM knock-in mouse models. A separate experiment employing estrogen withdrawal-induced bone loss by ovariectomy was also conducted as a control. Both disuse stimuli induced significant bone loss in WT mice, but Lrp5 A214V and G171V were partially or fully protected from the bone loss that normally results from disuse. Trabecular bone parameters among HBM mice were significantly affected by disuse in both models, but these data are consistent with DEXA data showing a failure to continue growing in HBM mice, rather than a loss of pre-existing bone. Ovariectomy in Lrp5 HBM mice resulted in similar protection from catabolism as was observed for the disuse experiments. In conclusion, the Lrp5 HBM alleles offer significant protection from the resorptive effects of disuse and from estrogen withdrawal, and consequently, present a potential mechanism to mimic with pharmaceutical intervention to protect against various bone-wasting stimuli.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Density/genetics
- Bone Density/physiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/prevention & control
- Botulinum Toxins/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estrogens/deficiency
- Estrogens/physiology
- Female
- Femur/pathology
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Humans
- Immobilization/adverse effects
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5/physiology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/genetics
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/physiology
- Mice
- Mutation, Missense
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/pathology
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/prevention & control
- Ovariectomy/adverse effects
- Paralysis/chemically induced
- Paralysis/complications
- Paralysis/pathology
- Point Mutation
- Stress, Mechanical
- Weight-Bearing
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Niziolek
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Whitney Bullock
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
For many years, osteocytes have been the forgotten bone cells and considered as inactive spectators buried in the bone matrix. We now know that osteocytes detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli to coordinate bone resorption and bone formation. Osteocytes are currently considered a major source of molecules that regulate the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, such as RANKL and sclerostin; and genetic and pharmacological manipulations of either molecule markedly affect bone homeostasis. Besides playing a role in physiological bone homeostasis, accumulating evidence supports the notion that dysregulation of osteocyte function and alteration of osteocyte life-span underlies the pathophysiology of skeletal disorders characterized by loss bone mass and increased bone fragility, as well as the damaging effects of cancer in bone. In this review, we highlight some of these investigations and discuss novel observations that demonstrate that osteocytes, far from being passive cells entombed in the bone, are critical for bone function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana ; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana ; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Jones DR. A potential osteoporosis target in the FAS ligand/FAS pathway of osteoblast to osteoclast signaling. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:189. [PMID: 26417573 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Jones
- Division of Natural Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana 46953, USA
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