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Kumar A, Kumar A, Kumar J, Bai G, Jeewnani R, Dembra M, Kanwal K, Qadeer U, Khawar MH, Yaseen Khan I, Ram R, Varrassi G. Comparative Efficacy of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) Agents and Corticosteroids in Managing Diabetic Retinopathy-Associated Diabetic Macular Edema: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e51910. [PMID: 38333510 PMCID: PMC10850611 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a significant condition linked to diabetes that can result in visual loss. In recent times, there has been a notable change in the desire for treatment, with a shift toward anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy and intravitreal steroids while moving away from conventional laser therapies. This comprehensive meta-analysis explicitly compares the efficacy of two therapies for DME: anti-VEGF therapy and corticosteroid. We conducted a thorough search using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify publications that compare the effects of anti-VEGF therapy and corticosteroid implants on DME. Using Review Manager 5.0 (RevMan), we incorporated data from nine research studies, which involved a total of 877 people. The group was split into two factions: 453 patients were administered corticosteroids, while 466 patients underwent treatment with anti-VEGF therapy. Our investigation demonstrated that both corticosteroid and anti-VEGF therapy positively improved the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduced the central macular thickness (CMT). Nevertheless, comparing the mean BCVA on the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) scale revealed no statistically significant changes between the two treatments. This indicates considerable inconsistency, as evidenced by the weighted mean difference (WMD) of -0.13 (-0.41, 0.16) with a P-value of 0.39 and an I2 value of 99%. In addition, both treatments improved BCVA compared to the initial measurement. However, there was no statistically significant benefit for corticosteroid over anti-VEGF therapy, as indicated by the WMD of 0.03 (-0.07, 0.13) with a P-value of 0.55 and an I2 value of 80%. The examination of the average CMT also yielded findings that lacked statistical significance, displaying a significant amount of variation (WMD -36.37, 95% confidence interval [-127.52, 54.78], P = 0.43, I2 = 98%). Remarkably, there were no significant alterations among the anti-VEGF therapy group despite a rise in CMT from the initial measurement. The main conclusion drawn from our research is that corticosteroid demonstrates encouraging immediate enhancements in BCVA and CMT. However, anti-VEGF therapy seems to provide more significant long-term advantages. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the corticosteroid group had a greater susceptibility to acquiring elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and the possibility of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Kumar
- Medicine, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus, Karachi, PAK
| | - Aman Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, PAK
| | - Jagdesh Kumar
- Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, PAK
| | - Guria Bai
- Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, PAK
| | - Rachna Jeewnani
- Medicine, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus, Karachi, PAK
| | - Mahek Dembra
- Medicine, Bahria University Health Sciences Campus, Karachi, PAK
| | - Kainat Kanwal
- Medicine and Surgery, Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, PAK
| | - Usama Qadeer
- Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | | | - Raja Ram
- Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang XJ, Yuan N, Wang YM, Ip P, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Pang CP, Yam JC. Secondhand smoke exposure and ocular health: A systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:1166-1207. [PMID: 37479063 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology of secondhand smoke (SHS), along with the harm of its exposure to human health, has been generally acknowledged; however, specific evidence is lacking on the association between SHS exposure and ocular health. In this systematic review (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022247992), we included 55 original articles published by 12 May 2023, which dealt with SHS exposure and ocular disorders, such as eye irritation, conjunctivitis, dry eye diseases, uveitis, myopia, astigmatism, contact lens discomfort, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and thyroid eye disease that addressed the ocular neurovascular structures of the macular, retinal nerve fiber layer, choroid, and corneal biomechanical parameters. We found compelling correlational evidence for eye irritation, conjunctivitis, and dry eye symptoms-supporting that SHS exposure was positively associated with inflammatory and allergic changes in the eyes. Yet, evidence about the associations between SHS exposure and other ocular disorders, structures, and parameters is still limited or controversial. Given the limitations of existing literature, more investigations with high quality and rigorous design are warranted to elucidate the potentially harmful effects of SHS exposure on ocular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Nan Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Kunming Bright Eye Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Meng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Shome I, Thathapudi NC, Aramati BMR, Kowtharapu BS, Jangamreddy JR. Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3891-3909. [PMID: 37347455 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization ("wet" form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells ("dry" form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Shome
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Neethi C Thathapudi
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bindu Madhav Reddy Aramati
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Ahmed S, Amin MM, Sayed S. Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 36788150 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a sophisticated organ with distinctive anatomy and physiology that hinders the passage of drugs into targeted ophthalmic sites. Effective topical administration is an interest of scientists for many decades. Their difficult mission is to prolong drug residence time and guarantee an appropriate ocular permeation. Several ocular obstacles oppose effective drug delivery such as precorneal, corneal, and blood-corneal barriers. Routes for ocular delivery include topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral, and retrobulbar. More than 95% of marketed products exists in liquid state. However, other products could be in semi-solid (ointments and gels), solid state (powder, insert and lens), or mixed (in situ gel). Nowadays, attractiveness to nanotechnology-based carries is resulted from their capabilities to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, enhance ocular permeability, sustain residence time, improve drug stability, and augment bioavailability. Different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization approaches help to predict the outcomes of the constructed nanocarriers. This review aims to clarify anatomy of the eye, various ocular diseases, and obstacles to ocular delivery. Moreover, it studies the advantages and drawbacks of different ocular routes of administration and dosage forms. This review also discusses different nanostructured platforms and their characterization approaches. Strategies to enhance ocular bioavailability are also explained. Finally, recent advances in ocular delivery are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sinar Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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High-Capacity Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers of siRNA for Applications in Retinal Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032753. [PMID: 36769075 PMCID: PMC9916966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main cause of subretinal neovascularisation in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an abnormal expression in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Current approaches for the treatment of AMD present considerable issues that could be overcome by encapsulating anti-VEGF drugs in suitable nanocarriers, thus providing better penetration, higher retention times, and sustained release. In this work, the ability of large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LP-MSNs) to transport and protect nucleic acid molecules is exploited to develop an innovative LP-MSN-based nanosystem for the topical administration of anti-VEGF siRNA molecules to RPE cells. siRNA is loaded into LP-MSN mesopores, while the external surface of the nanodevices is functionalised with polyethylenimine (PEI) chains that allow the controlled release of siRNA and promote endosomal escape to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the cargo. The successful results obtained for VEGF silencing in ARPE-19 RPE cells demonstrate that the designed nanodevice is suitable as an siRNA transporter.
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Lindgren EC, Källstrand J, Alftberg Å, Johansson P, Kristén L, Håman L, Ivarsson A, Carlsson IM. Empowerment-Based Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mixed-Methods Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:643. [PMID: 36612963 PMCID: PMC9819966 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of incurable visual impairment and impacts daily life. These impacts include loss of social activities, decreased functional independence, and reduced physical activity. This protocol aims to describe a prospective, mixed-methodology for studying a population with AMD before, during, and after an empowerment-based physical activity intervention (EPI). A study framework was also developed for EPI. The intervention will include 20 older individuals (age 65+ years) with AMD recruited in Sweden. The intervention period is six months and comprises adapted physical activity and social activities in a group twice a week and individual health coaching on three occasions. The quantitative pre-test and three follow-ups include physical functional tests, an accelerometer that monitors physical activity continuously for one week, and questionnaires. Individual and focus-group interviews and ethnographic observations will explore the experience of living with AMD and what it means to participate in the EPI for individuals with AMD. The chosen methodology offers a structured way for researchers to explore the experiences and factors that may provide insights into the potential of creative supervised, adapted physical activity in groups, health coaching, and socialising that are significant to enable well-being among older individuals with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Carin Lindgren
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Källstrand
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Åsa Alftberg
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Johansson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Lars Kristén
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Linn Håman
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Ing-Marie Carlsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden
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Ong J, Zaman N, Waisberg E, Kamran SA, Lee AG, Tavakkoli A. Head-mounted digital metamorphopsia suppression as a countermeasure for macular-related visual distortions for prolonged spaceflight missions and terrestrial health. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 3:e26. [PMID: 38486901 PMCID: PMC10936292 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
During long-duration spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to various risks including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, which serves as a risk to astronaut vision and a potential physiological barrier to future spaceflight. When considering exploration missions that may expose astronauts to longer periods of microgravity, radiation exposure, and natural aging processes during spaceflight, more severe changes to functional vision may occur. The macula plays a critical role in central vision and disruptions to this key area in the eye may compromise functional vision and mission performance. In this article, we describe the development of a countermeasure technique to digitally suppress monocular central visual distortion with head-mounted display technology. We report early validation studies with this noninvasive countermeasure in individuals with simulated metamorphopsia. When worn by these individuals, this emerging wearable countermeasure technology has demonstrated a suppression of monocular visual distortion. We describe the considerations and further directions of this head-mounted technology for both astronauts and aging individuals on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ong
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Discovering the Potential of Natural Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010101. [PMID: 35056157 PMCID: PMC8777838 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease associated with anatomical changes in the inner retina. Despite tremendous advances in clinical care, there is currently no cure for AMD. This review aims to evaluate the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021 was undertaken. A total of 82 preclinical and 18 clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We identified active compounds, carotenoids, extracts and polysaccharides, flavonoids, formulations, vitamins and whole foods with potential therapeutic roles in AMD. We evaluated the integral cellular signaling pathways including the activation of antioxidant pathways and angiogenesis pathways orchestrating their mode of action. In conclusion, we examined the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD which warrant further study for application in clinical practice. Our current understanding is that natural antioxidants have the potential to improve or halt the progression of AMD, and tailoring therapeutics to the specific disease stages may be the key to preventing irreversible vision loss.
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Sharma TS, Sharma SM. Subretinal Neovascular Membrane in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Managed With Intravitreal Ranibizumab. Cureus 2021; 13:e17642. [PMID: 34646690 PMCID: PMC8486362 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report depicts how a case of the subretinal neovascular membrane was managed with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. A 59-year-old female patient presented with complaints of diminution of vision in her right eye for one month. Various necessary examinations were carried out and the patient was diagnosed with both forms of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) disorder - wet ARMD in the right eye and dry ARMD in the left eye. Pseudophakia was also seen in both eyes. Drusen deposits, characteristic of the disorder, were seen in the macular area of the oculus sinister (OS). The patient was treated for the wet ARMD with intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg ranibizumab administered one month apart in the right eye. The patient showed improvements in her visual acuity and a complete resolution of the subretinal fluid.
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Chae SY, Shin MC, Jeon S, Kang MS, Han DW, Hong SW. A Simple Route to the Complexation of Lutein with Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers and Antioxidant Protection Against Blue Light. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6843-6860. [PMID: 34675511 PMCID: PMC8505195 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s320790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excellent physicochemical properties of graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), offer significant technological potential as multifunctional nanomaterials in biomedical fields. Lutein is a type of carotenoid that forms human macular pigments in the retina, where it inhibits harmful blue light and contributes to the strengthening of the antioxidant defense of retinal pigment epithelium cells. METHODS Synthesis of the Lutein-rGO (Lu-rGO) complex was carried out for the optimized concentration. Then characterization of material was analyzed through ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis spectra), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antioxidant activity of Lu-rGO complex was measured by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), glutathione (GSH) oxidation assay. Then, oxidative stress induction by blue light and analyzed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Based on the FT-IR measurement, the reduction efficiency defined by area was found to be 87.3%, the ID/IG ratio of 0.98 demonstrated by the Lu-rGO complex in the Raman spectrum was slightly higher than that of the original GO. The exhibited significant decrease in the peak intensities of the oxygen functional groups of the XPS spectra of the Lu-rGO complex was observed compared with the GO. In the TEM image for the Lu-rGO complex, folded and wrinkled nanostructures over the lutein-covered rGO surface were evidenced by tight molecular binding. The Lu-rGO complex provided superior DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than GO and lutein alone, and the oxidation of GSH was suppressed. It was confirmed that the content of intracellular ROS and lysosomes, increased by blue light, was reduced after treatment with the Lu-rGO complex on ARPE-19 cells. In summary, graphene-based nanocarriers could function as preventative antioxidants during photochemical ROS generation based on the mechanism of antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Chae
- Research Center for Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chan Shin
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangheon Jeon
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Temel E, Örnek K, Aşıkgarip N. Choroidal structural changes determined by the binarization method after intravitreal aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1213-1217. [PMID: 34414086 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.08.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the choroidal structural alterations after intravitreal injection of aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS Fifty eyes with treatment-naïve nAMD were evaluated at baseline, 3rd, and 12th month. Fifty eyes of 50 healthy subjects were also included as controls. Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured in the subfoveal region. Total circumscribed choroidal area (CA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was calculated using Image J. RESULTS At baseline, subfoveal CT was increased in nAMD patients compared to controls (P=0.321). Eyes with nAMD had a significantly increased total circumscribed CA and SA (P=0.041, 0.005, respectively). The CVI was decreased (P=0.038). In the 3rd month, the subfoveal CT, LA, and CVI revealed a decrease (P=0.005, P=0.039, 0.043, respectively). In the 12th month, subfoveal CT, LA, and CVI were decreased in comparison to baseline measures (P<0.001, 0.006, 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSION Significant structural alterations are found after intravitreal aflibercept treatment during the 12-month follow-up, in particular at the third month, in eyes with nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Temel
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Kırşehir Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir 40100, Turkey
| | - Kemal Örnek
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Ahi Evran University Medical School, Kırşehir 40100, Turkey
| | - Nazife Aşıkgarip
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Kırşehir Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir 40100, Turkey
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12
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Chichan H, Maus M, Heindl LM. Subthreshold Nanosecond Laser, from Trials to Real-Life Clinical Practice: A Cohort Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:1887-1895. [PMID: 33986589 PMCID: PMC8110265 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s307671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disorder, is a major cause of irreversible severe visual deterioration in the older Western population. Thus, treatments that resolve drusen may prove helpful in limiting the progression of AMD. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of sub-threshold nanosecond laser therapy (SNL) using a double-frequency nanosecond-pulsed laser with discontinuous energy beam distribution in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods In a single-center cohort study, 64 eyes with early or intermediate AMD were treated using SNL and then compared to 77 untreated, control eyes. The primary outcome measures included the area and amount of drusen, and the secondary outcome measures included change in visual acuity and rate of drusen progression within 6 months of follow-up. Results A total of 64 patients’ eyes following SNL treatment showed a significant reduction in the area and amount of drusen after 6 months in comparison to the corresponding values in the control group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in visual acuity change after 6 months in both groups (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\end{document}0.59, respectively). Within the 6-month follow-up, the rate of progression in drusen size and number was significantly lower in the SNL group (26%) than in the control group (69%; p<0.001). Discussion SNL therapy is a novel, promising approach for improving the macular morphology in patients with early and intermediate AMD. Further studies are necessary to reveal the potential to reduce the risk of transformation into advanced or wet AMD and to retain vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Chichan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany.,Sehkraft Eye Center, Cologne, 50667, Germany
| | | | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, 50937, Germany
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13
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Kumar Dubey S, Pradhan R, Hejmady S, Singhvi G, Choudhury H, Gorain B, Kesharwani P. Emerging innovations in nano-enabled therapy against age-related macular degeneration: A paradigm shift. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120499. [PMID: 33753164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative eye disease, is the major cause of irreversible loss of vision among individuals aged 50 and older. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progressive damage to central vision. It is a multifactorial retinal disease with features such as drusen, hypopigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and even choroidal neovascularization in certain patients. AMD is of two major forms: exudative (wet) and atrophic (dry) with changes affecting the macula leading to impaired vision. Although the retina remains an accessible portion for delivering drugs, there are no current options to cure or treat AMD. The existing expensive therapeutics are unable to treat the underlying pathology but display several side effects. However, recent innovations in nanotherapeutics provide an optimal alternative of drug delivery to treat the neovascular condition. These new-age technologies in the nanometer scale would enhance bioactivity and improve the bioavailability of drugs at the site of action to treat AMD. The nanomedicine also provides sustained release of the drug with prolonged retention after penetrating across the ocular tissues. In this review, the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of AMD are provided. It also serves to review the current progress in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that offer feasible treatments in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India; Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India.
| | - Rajesh Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Siddhanth Hejmady
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; Center for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia, Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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14
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Castelli V, Paladini A, d'Angelo M, Allegretti M, Mantelli F, Brandolini L, Cocchiaro P, Cimini A, Varrassi G. Taurine and oxidative stress in retinal health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:403-412. [PMID: 33621439 PMCID: PMC7941169 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal disorders are leading causes of blindness and are due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant scavenger (in favor of pro‐oxidant species) or a disruption of redox signaling and control. Indeed, it is well known that oxidative stress is one of the leading causes of retinal degenerative diseases. Different approaches using nutraceuticals resulted in protective effects in these disorders. This review will discuss the impact of oxidative stress in retinal neurodegenerative diseases and the potential strategies for avoiding or counteracting oxidative damage in retinal tissues, with a specific focus on taurine. Increasing data indicate that taurine may be effective in slowing down the progression of degenerative retinal diseases, thus suggesting that taurine can be a promising candidate for the prevention or as adjuvant treatment of these diseases. The mechanism by which taurine supplementation acts is mainly related to the reduction of oxidative stress. In particular, it has been demonstrated to improve retinal reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. Antiapoptotic effects are also involved; however, the protective mechanisms exerted by taurine against retinal damage remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Paladini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 329:1262-1282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Biasella F, Plössl K, Karl C, Weber BHF, Friedrich U. Altered Protein Function Caused by AMD-associated Variant rs704 Links Vitronectin to Disease Pathology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:2. [PMID: 33259607 PMCID: PMC7718807 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vitronectin, a cell adhesion and spreading factor, is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as it is a major component of AMD-specific extracellular deposits (e.g., soft drusen, subretinal drusenoid deposits). The present study addressed the impact of AMD-associated non-synonymous variant rs704 in the vitronectin-encoding gene VTN on vitronectin functionality. Methods Effects of rs704 on vitronectin expression and processing were analyzed by semi-quantitative sequencing of VTN transcripts from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and from human neural retina, as well as by western blot analyses on heterologously expressed vitronectin isoforms. Binding of vitronectin isoforms to retinal and endothelial cells was analyzed by western blot. Immunofluorescence staining followed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in cultured RPE cells heterologously expressing the vitronectin isoforms. Adhesion of fluorescently labeled RPE or endothelial cells in dependence of recombinant vitronectin or vitronectin-containing ECM was investigated fluorometrically or microscopically. Tube formation and migration assays addressed effects of vitronectin on angiogenesis-related processes. Results Variant rs704 affected expression, secretion, and processing but not oligomerization of vitronectin. Cell binding and influence on RPE-mediated ECM deposition differed between AMD-risk-associated and non-AMD-risk-associated protein isoforms. Finally, vitronectin affected adhesion and endothelial tube formation. Conclusions The AMD-risk-associated vitronectin isoform exhibits increased expression and altered functionality in cellular processes related to the sub-RPE aspects of AMD pathology. Although further research is required to address the subretinal disease aspects, this initial study supports an involvement of vitronectin in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Biasella
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Karl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. F. Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Friedrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Feng J, Tan W, Li T, Yan Q, Zhu H, Sun X. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells are protected against hypoxia by BNIP3. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1502. [PMID: 33313247 PMCID: PMC7729317 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypoxia has been implicated in the process of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction. However, recent studies suggest that hypoxia contributes to survival rather than cell death through induction of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)-dependent autophagy. In contrast, persistent oxidative stress was found to result in autophagy dysregulation in RPE cells. These seemingly contradictory findings led us to investigate the potential role of BNIP3, a crucial mediator of hypoxia-induced autophagy, in the context of hypoxic RPE cells. Methods Human RPE D407 cells were treated with low-oxygen conditions, and cell growth, apoptosis, and autophagy was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Results Hypoxic conditions simultaneously triggered a large amount of apoptosis and inhibited autophagy. Moreover, hypoxia led to severe impairments, including the stimulation of reactive oxygen species, and reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate production. The stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin inhibited hypoxia-induced severe impairments to a great extent. Interestingly, similar results were observed for BNIP3 overexpression, which can be largely blocked by 3-MA, a well-defined inhibitor of autophagy. Moreover, BNIP3 knockdown further aggravated hypoxia-induced impairments in D407 cells, which can be reversed by rapamycin. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicated that BNIP3 can protect human retinal pigmented epithelial cells under hypoxic conditions by inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zunyi First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ridolfo R, Tavakoli S, Junnuthula V, Williams DS, Urtti A, van Hest JCM. Exploring the Impact of Morphology on the Properties of Biodegradable Nanoparticles and Their Diffusion in Complex Biological Medium. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:126-133. [PMID: 32510218 PMCID: PMC7805011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nanoparticle
morphology (size, shape, and composition) and surface
chemistry are the determining factors underpinning the efficacy of
such materials in therapeutic applications. The size, shape, and surface
chemistry of a nanoparticle can strongly influence key properties
such as interactions with diverse biological fluids and interfaces
and, in turn, impact the delivery of bioactive cargo, modulating therapeutic
performance. This is exemplified in ocular drug delivery, where potential
therapeutics must navigate complex biological media such as the gel-like
vitreal fluid and the retina. Biodegradable block copolymer amphiphiles
are a robust tool for the engineering of various types of self-assembled
nanoparticles with diverse morphologies ranging from spherical and
tubular polymersomes to spherical and worm-like micelles. Here, we
explore the effect of morphological features such as shape and surface
chemistry upon the interactions of a series of copolymer nanoparticles
with retinal (ARPE-19) cells and the release of a low solubility drug
(dexamethasone) that is currently used in ocular therapy and study
their diffusion in vitreous using ex vivo eyes. We demonstrate that both aspect ratio and surface chemistry
of nanoparticles will influence their performance in terms of cell
uptake, drug release, and diffusion with high aspect ratio shapes
demonstrating enhanced properties in relation to their spherical counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Ridolfo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Iyer S, Radwan AE, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Malyala P, Amiji M. Long-acting intraocular Delivery strategies for biological therapy of age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2019; 296:140-149. [PMID: 30660630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of central vision loss in elderly population, worldwide cases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have seen a dramatic increase over the past several years. Treatment regimens for AMD, especially with biological agents, are complicated due to anatomical and physiological barriers, as well as administration of high doses and frequent regimens. Some clinical examples include monthly intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF antibody ranibizumab (Lucentis®) from Genentech and aflibercept (Eylea®) from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Long-acting sustained intraocular drug delivery provides promising solutions, such as Vitrasert® from Bausch & Lomb, an intravitreal biodegradable polymeric implant made from poly(D,L-lactic co glycolic acid) (PLGA), and can be used as a guiding reference to formulate sustained delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the anatomy and physiology of the eye, barriers to delivery, pathology of AMD, opportunities for biological therapeutics, and future prospects of intraocular delivery strategies that are in development for treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Novartis Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Ahmed E Radwan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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20
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Development of copolymeric nanoparticles of hypocrellin B: Enhanced phototoxic effect and ocular distribution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 116:26-36. [PMID: 29055734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we have developed a photosensitizer hypocrellin B (HB) and nano silver loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles with improved singlet oxygen production for enhanced photodynamic effect for the efficient treatment of age related macular degeneration. Random copolymer (PLGA-TPGS) synthesized by ring opening and bulk polymerization was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and TGA analysis. HBS-CP-NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation techniques were spherical shaped 89.6-753.6nm size particles with negative zeta potential. The average encapsulation efficiency was 84.06±11.43% and HB release from the HBS-CP-NPs was found to be biphasic with a slow release of 1.41% in the first 8h and 48.91% during 3days as measured by RP-HPLC. DSC thermograms indicate that HB was dispersed as amorphous form in HBS-CP-NPs. The ROS generation level of HBS-CP-NPs was significantly higher than that of HB/HB-CP-NPs. The production of 1O2 of HBS-CP-NPs has been assessed using EPR spectrometer. The 1O2 generating efficiency follows the order of nano silver>HB-CP-NPs>HBS-CP-NPs>pure HB drug solution. The superior phototoxic effect of HBS-CP-NPs (85.5% at 50μM) was attained at 2h irradiation in A549 cells. Significant anti angiogenic effect of HBS-CP-NPs was observed in treated CAM embryos. Following intravenous injection of HBS-CP-NPs to rabbits, the maximum amount of HB was found in retina (3h), iris (9h), aqueous humour (9h) and vitreous humour (9h).
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21
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Krishnaswami V, Kandasamy R, Alagarsamy S, Palanisamy R, Natesan S. Biological macromolecules for ophthalmic drug delivery to treat ocular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Baker QB, Podgorski GJ, Vargis E, Flann NS. A computational study of VEGF production by patterned retinal epithelial cell colonies as a model for neovascular macular degeneration. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28775765 PMCID: PMC5540422 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The configuration of necrotic areas within the retinal pigmented epithelium is an important element in the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the exudative (wet) and non-exudative (dry) forms of the disease, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells respond to adjacent atrophied regions by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that in turn recruits new blood vessels which lead to a further reduction in retinal function and vision. In vitro models exist for studying VEGF expression in wet AMD (Vargis et al., Biomaterials 35(13):3999–4004, 2014), but are limited in the patterns of necrotic and intact RPE epithelium they can produce and in their ability to finely resolve VEGF expression dynamics. Results In this work, an in silico hybrid agent-based model was developed and validated using the results of this cell culture model of VEGF expression in AMD. The computational model was used to extend the cell culture investigation to explore the dynamics of VEGF expression in different sized patches of RPE cells and the role of negative feedback in VEGF expression. Results of the simulation and the cell culture studies were in excellent qualitative agreement, and close quantitative agreement. Conclusions The model indicated that the configuration of necrotic and RPE cell-containing regions have a major impact on VEGF expression dynamics and made precise predictions of VEGF expression dynamics by groups of RPE cells of various sizes and configurations. Coupled with biological studies, this model may give insights into key molecular mechanisms of AMD progression and open routes to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Podgorski
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Biological Engineering Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Nicholas S Flann
- Synthetic Biomanufacturing Institute, Logan, 84322 USA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, 98109 USA.,Computer Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84335 USA
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23
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Aged macular degeneration: current therapeutics for management and promising new drug candidates. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1671-1679. [PMID: 28782687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In elderly aged related macular degeneration (AMD) is the common eye disease which impairs the vision and most of the time it creates permanent vision loss. Because elderly population constitute the larger percentage among society, visual loss due to AMD has become a growing problem. Despite the advances made in developing therapeutics, there is still no satisfactory treatment. The limitations of the available treatments are due to the absence of potent, non-invasive therapy. Furthermore, part of the available drugs targets angiogenesis and create a hypoxic environment that augment further angiogenesis. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider eye integrity and the correlation between hypoxia and angiogenesis before developing successful drugs. This review highlighted issues regarding the available therapeutic strategies and explored whether AMD can be managed by employing specific nanoformulations.
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24
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Thakur SS, Ward MS, Popat A, Flemming NB, Parat MO, Barnett NL, Parekh HS. Stably engineered nanobubbles and ultrasound - An effective platform for enhanced macromolecular delivery to representative cells of the retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178305. [PMID: 28542473 PMCID: PMC5444814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we showcase the potential of ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles in enhancing macromolecular permeation through layers of the retina, ultimately leading to significant and direct intracellular delivery; this being effectively demonstrated across three relevant and distinct retinal cell lines. Stably engineered nanobubbles of a highly homogenous and echogenic nature were fully characterised using dynamic light scattering, B-scan ultrasound and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanobubbles appeared as spherical liposome-like structures under TEM, accompanied by an opaque luminal core and darkened corona around their periphery, with both features indicative of efficient gas entrapment and adsorption, respectively. A nanobubble +/- ultrasound sweeping study was conducted next, which determined the maximum tolerated dose for each cell line. Detection of underlying cellular stress was verified using the biomarker heat shock protein 70, measured before and after treatment with optimised ultrasound. Next, with safety to nanobubbles and optimised ultrasound demonstrated, each human or mouse-derived cell population was incubated with biotinylated rabbit-IgG in the presence and absence of ultrasound +/- nanobubbles. Intracellular delivery of antibody in each cell type was then quantified using Cy3-streptavidin. Nanobubbles and optimised ultrasound were found to be negligibly toxic across all cell lines tested. Macromolecular internalisation was achieved to significant, yet varying degrees in all three cell lines. The results of this study pave the way towards better understanding mechanisms underlying cellular responsiveness to ultrasound-triggered drug delivery in future ex vivo and in vivo models of the posterior eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S. Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Micheal S. Ward
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole B. Flemming
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie-Odile Parat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel L. Barnett
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Harendra S. Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Bisht R, Mandal A, Jaiswal JK, Rupenthal ID. Nanocarrier mediated retinal drug delivery: overcoming ocular barriers to treat posterior eye diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bisht
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit (BOTU), Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Abhirup Mandal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Missouri-Kansas City; Kansas City MO USA
| | - Jagdish K. Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ilva D. Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit (BOTU), Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Natesan S, Krishnaswami V, Ponnusamy C, Madiyalakan M, Woo T, Palanisamy R. Hypocrellin B and nano silver loaded polymeric nanoparticles: Enhanced generation of singlet oxygen for improved photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:935-946. [PMID: 28532114 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A nanoparticulate photodynamic approach was employed with an objective to achieve enhanced production of singlet oxygen (1O2), for the management of posterior segment eye diseases like age related macular degeneration. The hypocrellin B (HB) loaded poly lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticle formulations were incorporated with nano silver (HBS-NPs). The optimized HBS-NPs contained 2.60±0.06mg/mL of HB and showed (i) 135.6 to 828.2nm size range, and (ii) negative zeta potential with a narrow polydispersity index. The DSC thermograms suggested the amorphous nature of HB inside the HBS-NPs. With the average encapsulation efficiency of 92.9±1.79%, the drug release from the HBS-NPs followed a biphasic pattern with an initial burst of 3.50% during first 8h followed by a sustained release of 47.82% within 3days. The interaction between nano silver and HB as assessed by the increase in spectral intensity of Raman spectrum demonstrates that HB may be attached over the nano silver. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by HBS-NPs was significantly higher than that of HB/HB-NPs. The singlet oxygen generating efficiency assessed using EPR spectrometer follows the order of nano silver>HB-NPs>pure HB drug solution>HBS-NPs. The HBS-NPs had a concentration and time dependent phototoxicity on A549 (human adeno lung carcinoma) cells in the presence of light providing a superior phototoxic effect (82.2% at 50μM) at 2h irradiation. The CAM treated with HBS-NPs showed a significant anti-angiogenic effect compared to a blank formulation. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed that intravenous administration of HBS-NPs lead into significant exposure to the posterior segment of the eye. This proof of principle study demonstrates that HB based nanoparticles may be a valuable new tool for application in ocular photodynamic therapy for the treatment of AMD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Natesan
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Ponnusamy
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | | | - Rajaguru Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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Borgia L, Del Noce C, Iester M. Is Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Always Able to Detect the Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Action on Neovascular Membrane. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2016; 7:309-14. [PMID: 27462260 PMCID: PMC4943303 DOI: 10.1159/000446512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To show the presence of an active neovascular membrane in age-related macular degeneration even if optical coherence tomography (OCT) does not detect intra- or subretinal edema. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a retrospective case report. During the follow-up after the intravitreal injection, 3 patients showed no intraretinal or subretinal edema by OCT; however, there was a progressive reduction in their visual acuity; thus, a fluorangiography (FA) examination was performed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In these 3 cases, FA showed an active neovascular network. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> OCT could show a real reduction in the edema, but it is not always able to detect neovessel presence. Intravitreal injection could improve the vessel permeability without care and delete the neovascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Del Noce
- Laboratorio clinico anatomo-funzionale per la diagnosi e il trattamento del glaucoma e della malattie neurooftalmologiche, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iester
- Laboratorio clinico anatomo-funzionale per la diagnosi e il trattamento del glaucoma e della malattie neurooftalmologiche, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Michele Iester, MD, PhD, University Eye Clinic, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, IT-16132 Genoa (Italy), E-Mail
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Grassmann F, Ach T, Brandl C, Heid IM, Weber BH. What Does Genetics Tell Us About Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Annu Rev Vis Sci 2015; 1:73-96. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
| | - Caroline Brandl
- Institute of Human Genetics and
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93042, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany;
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IKK2 inhibition using TPCA-1-loaded PLGA microparticles attenuates laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and macrophage recruitment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121185. [PMID: 25803615 PMCID: PMC4372421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of NF-κB by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of IKK2 significantly reduces laser-induced choroid neovascularization (CNV). To achieve a sustained and controlled intraocular release of a selective and potent IKK2 inhibitor, 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide (TPCA-1) (MW: 279.29), we developed a biodegradable poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymer-delivery system to further investigate the anti-neovascularization effects of IKK2 inhibition and in vivo biosafety using laser-induced CNV mouse model. The solvent-evaporation method produced spherical TPCA-1-loaded PLGA microparticles characterized with a mean diameter of 2.4 ¼m and loading efficiency of 80%. Retrobulbar administration of the TPCA-1-loaded PLGA microparticles maintained a sustained drug level in the retina during the study period. No detectable TPCA-1 level was observed in the untreated contralateral eye. The anti-CNV effect of retrobulbarly administrated TPCA-1-loaded PLGA microparticles was assessed by retinal fluorescein leakage and isolectin staining methods, showing significantly reduced CNV development on day 7 after laser injury. Macrophage infiltration into the laser lesion was attenuated as assayed by choroid/RPE flat-mount staining with anti-F4/80 antibody. Consistently, laser induced expressions of Vegfa and Ccl2 were inhibited by the TPCA-1-loaded PLGA treatment. This TPCA-1 delivery system did not cause any noticeable cellular or functional toxicity to the treated eyes as evaluated by histology and optokinetic reflex (OKR) tests; and no systemic toxicity was observed. We conclude that retrobulbar injection of the small-molecule IKK2 inhibitor TPCA-1, delivered by biodegradable PLGA microparticles, can achieve a sustained and controllable drug release into choroid/retina and attenuate laser-induced CNV development without causing apparent systemic toxicity. Our results suggest a potential clinical application of TPCA-1 delivered by microparticles in treatment of CNV in the patients with age-related macular degeneration and other retinal neovascularization diseases.
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Brandl C, Grassmann F, Riolfi J, Weber BHF. Tapping Stem Cells to Target AMD: Challenges and Prospects. J Clin Med 2015; 4:282-303. [PMID: 26239128 PMCID: PMC4470125 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are increasingly gaining attention in biomedicine as valuable resources to establish patient-derived cell culture models of the cell type known to express the primary pathology. The idea of "a patient in a dish" aims at basic, but also clinical, applications with the promise to mimic individual genetic and metabolic complexities barely reflected in current invertebrate or vertebrate animal model systems. This may particularly be true for the inherited and complex diseases of the retina, as this tissue has anatomical and physiological aspects unique to the human eye. For example, the complex age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in Western societies, can be attributed to a large number of genetic and individual factors with so far unclear modes of mutual interaction. Here, we review the current status and future prospects of utilizing hPSCs, specifically induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in basic and clinical AMD research, but also in assessing potential treatment options. We provide an outline of concepts for disease modelling and summarize ongoing and projected clinical trials for stem cell-based therapy in late-stage AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brandl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Riolfi
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Nanotherapy for posterior eye diseases. J Control Release 2014; 193:100-12. [PMID: 24862316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that more than 50% of the most enfeebling ocular diseases have their origin in the posterior segment. Furthermore, most of these diseases lead to partial or complete blindness, if left untreated. After cancer, blindness is the second most dreaded disease world over. However, treatment of posterior eye diseases is more challenging than the anterior segment ailments due to a series of anatomical barriers and physiological constraints confronted for delivery to this segment. In this regard, nanostructured drug delivery systems are proposed to defy ocular barriers, target retina, and act as permeation enhancers in addition to providing a controlled release. Since an important step towards developing effective treatment strategies is to understand the course or a route a drug molecule needs to follow to reach the target site, the first part of the present review discusses various pathways available for effective delivery to and clearance from the posterior eye. Promise held by nanocarrier systems, viz. liposomes, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsion, for effective delivery and selective targeting is also discussed with illustrative examples, tables, and flowcharts. However, the applicability of these nanocarrier systems as self-administration ocular drops is still an unrealized dream which is in itself a huge technological challenge.
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Biasutto L, Chiechi A, Couch R, Liotta LA, Espina V. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) exosomes contain signaling phosphoproteins affected by oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2113-2123. [PMID: 23669273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness among the elderly population in the industrialized world. One of the typical features of this pathology is the gradual death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are essential for maintaining photoreceptor functions and survival. The etiology is multifactorial, and oxidative stress is clearly one of the key factors involved in disease pathogenesis (Plafker, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 664 (2010) 447-56; Qin, Drug Dev. Res. 68 (2007) 213-225). Recent work has revealed the presence of phosphorylated signaling proteins in the vitreous humour of patients affected by AMD or other retinal diseases. While the location of these signaling proteins is typically the cell membrane or intracellular compartments, vitreous samples were proven to be cell-free (Davuluri et al., Arch. Ophthalmol. 127 (2009) 613-21). To gain a better understanding of how these proteins can be shed into the vitreous, we used reverse phase protein arrays (RPMA) to analyze the protein and phosphoprotein content of exosomes shed by cultured ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress conditions. Seventy two proteins were shown to be released by ARPE-19 cells and compartmentalized within exosomes. Forty one of them were selectively detected in their post-translationally modified form (i.e., phosphorylated or cleaved) for the first time in exosomes. Sets of these proteins were linked together reflecting activation of pathway units within exosomes. A subset of (phospho)proteins were altered in exosomes secreted by ARPE-19 cells subjected to oxidative stress, compared to that secreted by control/non stressed cells. Stress-altered exosome proteins were found to be involved in pathways regulating apoptosis/survival (i.e, Bak, Smac/Diablo, PDK1 (S241), Akt (T308), Src (Y416), Elk1 (S383), ERK 1/2 (T202/Y204)) and cell metabolism (i.e., AMPKα1 (S485), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (S79), LDHA). Exosomes may thus represent the conduit through which membrane and intracellular signaling proteins are released into the vitreous. Changes in their (phospho)protein content upon stress conditions suggest their possible role in mediating cell-cell signaling during physio-pathological events; furthermore, exosomes may represent a potential source of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Robin Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Leuba KD, Durmus NG, Taylor EN, Webster TJ. Short communication: Carboxylate functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) for the reduction of S. aureus growth post biofilm formation. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:731-6. [PMID: 23450111 PMCID: PMC3581356 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) continue to be a problem for medical devices. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as S. aureus) often complicate the treatment and healing of the patient, yet, medical devices are needed to heal such patients. Therefore, methods to treat these Biofilms once formed on medical devices are badly needed. Due to their small size and magnetic properties, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) may be one possible material to penetrate Biofilms and kill or slow the growth of bacteria. In this study, SPION were functionalized with amine, carboxylate, and isocyanate functional groups to further improve their efficacy to disrupt the growth of S. aureus Biofilms. Without the use of antibiotics, results showed that SPION functionalized with carboxylate groups (followed by isocyanate then amine functional groups then unfunctionalized SPION) significantly disrupted Biofilms and retarded the growth of S. aureus compared to untreated Biofilms (by over 35% after 24 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohana D Leuba
- The Nanomedicine Laboratory, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Plafker SM, O'Mealey GB, Szweda LI. Mechanisms for countering oxidative stress and damage in retinal pigment epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 298:135-77. [PMID: 22878106 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence supports that chronic oxidative stress is a primary contributing factor to numerous retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Eyes obtained postmortem from AMD patients have extensive free radical damage to the proteins, lipids, DNA, and mitochondria of their retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In addition, several mouse models of chronic oxidative stress develop many of the pathological hallmarks of AMD. However, the extent to which oxidative stress is an etiologic component versus its involvement in disease progression remains a major unanswered question. Further, whether the primary target of oxidative stress and damage is photoreceptors or RPE cells, or both, is still unclear. In this review, we discuss the major functions of RPE cells with an emphasis on the oxidative challenges these cells encounter and the endogenous antioxidant mechanisms employed to neutralize the deleterious effects that such stresses can elicit if left unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Plafker
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA
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Stout JT, Francis PJ. Surgical approaches to gene and stem cell therapy for retinal disease. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:531-5. [PMID: 21480778 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Cattaneo AG, Gornati R, Sabbioni E, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Bernardini G. Nanotechnology and human health: risks and benefits. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 30:730-44. [PMID: 21117037 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is expected to be promising in many fields of medical applications, mainly in cancer treatment. While a large number of very attractive exploitations open up for the clinics, regulatory agencies are very careful in admitting new nanomaterials for human use because of their potential toxicity. The very active research on new nanomaterials that are potentially useful in medicine has not been counterbalanced by an adequate knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The different nanocarriers used to transport and release the active molecules to the target tissues should be treated as additives, with potential side effects of themselves or by virtue of their dissolution or aggregation inside the body. Only recently has a systematic classification of nanomaterials been proposed, posing the basis for dedicated modeling at the nanoscale level. The use of in silico methods, such as nano-QSAR and PSAR, while highly desirable to expedite and rationalize the following stages of toxicological research, are not an alternative, but an introduction to mandatory experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Inhibitory efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α short hairpin RNA plasmid DNA-loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles on choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced rat model. Gene Ther 2009; 17:338-51. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Thomson H, Lotery A. The promise of nanomedicine for ocular disease. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:599-604. [PMID: 19663586 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Murday JS, Siegel RW, Stein J, Wright JF. Translational nanomedicine: status assessment and opportunities. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 5:251-73. [PMID: 19540359 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nano-enabled technologies hold great promise for medicine and health. The rapid progress by the physical sciences/engineering communities in synthesizing nanostructures and characterizing their properties must be rapidly exploited in medicine and health toward reducing mortality rate, morbidity an illness imposes on a patient, disease prevalence, and general societal burden. A National Science Foundation-funded workshop, "Re-Engineering Basic and Clinical Research to Catalyze Translational Nanoscience," was held 16-19 March 2008 at the University of Southern California. Based on that workshop and literature review, this article briefly explores scientific, economic, and societal drivers for nanomedicine initiatives; examines the science, engineering, and medical research needs; succinctly reviews the US federal investment directly germane to medicine and health, with brief mention of the European Union (EU) effort; and presents recommendations to accelerate the translation of nano-enabled technologies from laboratory discovery into clinical practice. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR An excellent review paper based on the NSF funded workshop "Re-Engineering Basic and Clinical Research to Catalyze Translational Nanoscience" (16-19 March 2008) and extensive literature search, this paper briefly explores the current state and future perspectives of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Murday
- University of Southern California, Washington, DC 20004 USA.
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Slevin M, Kumar P, Wang Q, Kumar S, Gaffney J, Grau-Olivares M, Krupinski J. New VEGF antagonists as possible therapeutic agents in vascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1301-14. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.9.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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