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Borrajo A, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Pereira C, Prieto-González JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Genomic Factors and Therapeutic Approaches in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14364. [PMID: 37762667 PMCID: PMC10531836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) still persist despite improved life expectancy, reduced viral loads, and decreased infection severity. The number of patients affected by HANDs ranges from (30 to 50) % of HIV-infected individuals. The pathological mechanisms contributing to HANDs and the most serious manifestation of the disease, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), are not yet well understood. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms are likely multifactorial, producing neurocognitive complications involving disorders such as neurogenesis, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Over the years, multiple pharmacological approaches with specific mechanisms of action acting upon distinct targets have been approved. Although these therapies are effective in reducing viral loading to undetectable levels, they also present some disadvantages such as common side effects, the need for administration with a very high frequency, and the possibility of drug resistance. Genetic studies on HANDs provide insights into the biological pathways and mechanisms that contribute to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV-1. Furthermore, they also help identify genetic variants that increase susceptibility to HANDs and can be used to tailor treatment approaches for HIV-1 patients. Identification of the genetic markers associated with disease progression can help clinicians predict which individuals require more aggressive management and by understanding the genetic basis of the disorder, it will be possible to develop targeted therapies to mitigate cognitive impairment. The main goal of this review is to provide details on the epidemiological data currently available and to summarise the genetic (specifically, the genetic makeup of the immune system), transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies available on HANDs to date. In addition, we address the potential pharmacological therapeutic strategies currently being investigated. This will provide valuable information that can guide clinical care, drug development, and our overall understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo (UVigo), Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Area Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - José María Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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3
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Williams ME, Stein DJ, Joska JA, Naudé PJW. Cerebrospinal fluid immune markers and HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments: A systematic review. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577649. [PMID: 34280844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 is responsible for the development of a spectrum of cognitive impairments known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HAND remains prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH), despite low or undetectable viral loads. Persistent neuroinflammation likely plays an important role in the contributing biological mechanisms. Multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune markers have been studied but it is unclear which markers most consistently correlate with neurocognitive impairment. We therefore conducted a systematic review of studies of the association of CSF immune markers with neurocognitive performance in ART-experienced PLWH. We aimed to synthesize the published data to determine consistent findings and to indicate the most noteworthy CSF markers of HAND. Twenty-nine studies were included, with 20 cross-sectional studies and 9 longitudinal studies. From the group of markers most often assayed, specific monocyte activation (higher levels of Neopterin, sCD163, sCD14) and neuroinflammatory markers (higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-7, IL-8, sTNFR-II and lower levels of IL-6) showed a consistent direction in association with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Furthermore, significant differences exist in CSF immune markers between HIV-positive people with and without neurocognitive impairment, regardless of viral load and nadir/current CD4+ count. These markers may be useful in furthering our understanding of the neuropathology, diagnosis and prognosis of HAND. Studies using prospective designs (i.e. pre- and post-interventions), "multi-modal" methods (e.g. imaging, inflammation and neurocognitive evaluations) and utilizing a combination of the markers most commonly associated with HAND may help delineate the mechanisms of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John A Joska
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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Singh R, Chakraborty M, Gautam A, Roy SK, Halder I, Barber J, Garg A. Residual immune activation in HIV-Infected individuals expands monocytic-myeloid derived suppressor cells. Cell Immunol 2021; 362:104304. [PMID: 33610024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals on combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) with virologic suppression exhibit sustained immune dysfunction. Our recent work has highlighted that monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) are elevated in these individuals and suppress immune responses. Factors responsible for M-MDSC expansion in vivo are unknown. Here we compared circulating frequency of M-MDSC in HIV-infected persons from the US and India where HIV subtype-B or -C predominate, respectively. We further investigated soluble mediators of residual immune activation in two cohorts and determined their correlation with M-MDSC expansion. Our findings show that M-MDSC are elevated and correlate with plasma levels of IL-6 in both cohorts. Chemokines CXCL10, CCL4 and CXCL8 were also elevated in HIV-infected individuals, but did not correlate with M-MDSC. These findings support that IL-6 is important in M-MDSC expansion which is independent of HIV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Mouli Chakraborty
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Departments of Chest andRespiratory Diseases JN Medical College and Hospital, Kalyani West Bengal, India
| | - Anuradha Gautam
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Departments of Chest andRespiratory Diseases JN Medical College and Hospital, Kalyani West Bengal, India
| | - Suman K Roy
- Community Medicine and Chest andRespiratory Diseases JN Medical College and Hospital, Kalyani West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Halder
- Chest andRespiratory Diseases JN Medical College and Hospital, Kalyani West Bengal, India
| | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
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Medetalibeyoglu A, Bahat G, Senkal N, Kose M, Avci K, Sayin GY, Isoglu-Alkac U, Tukek T, Pehlivan S. Mannose binding lectin gene 2 (rs1800450) missense variant may contribute to development and severity of COVID-19 infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104717. [PMID: 33515713 PMCID: PMC7838598 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives COVID-19 followed a mortal course in some young patients without any underlying factors, however, it followed a very benign course in some very older individuals with multiple comorbidities. These observations question if some genetic factors may be related to the vulnerability and poor prognosis of the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether MBL2 gene B variant at codon 54 (rs1800450) were related to the variabilities in clinical course of this infection. Methods 284 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. COVID-19 patients were subdivided according to the clinical features and clinical characteristics were analyzed. DNAs of all patients and controls were examined for the codon 54 A/B (gly54asp: rs1800450) variation in exon 1 of the MBL2 gene. Results In univariate analysis, BB genotype of MBL2 gene was more common among COVID-19 cases compared with controls (10.9% vs 1.0%, respectively; OR = 12.1, 95%CI = 1.6–90.1, p = 0.001). Multivariate analyses, adjusted for age, sex and MBL genetic variants, revealed that when compared with the COVID-19 patients that had AA genotype (reference), the patients that had BB or AB genotypes suffered from a higher risk for severe disease (for BB genotype, odds ratio (OR) = 5.3, p < 0.001; for AB genotype, OR = 2.9, p = 0.001) and for ICU need (for BB genotype, OR = 19.6, p < 0.001; for AB genotype, OR = 6.9, p = 0.001). On the other hand, there was not any significant difference between the genotype variants in terms of mortality at 28 days or development of secondary bacterial infection. Conclusion The B variants of MBL2 gene at codon 54, which were associated with lower MBL2 levels, were related to a higher risk for a more severe clinical course of COVID-19 infection in some respects. Our findings may have potential future implications, e.g. for use of MBL protein as potential therapeutics or prioritize the individuals with B variants during vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpay Medetalibeyoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Bahat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Naci Senkal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kader Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Yesil Sayin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ummuhan Isoglu-Alkac
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tufan Tukek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Bi J, Ning M, Li J, Zhang P, Wang L, Xu S, Zhong Y, Wang Z, Song Q, Li B. A C-type lectin with dual-CRD from Tribolium castaneum is induced in response to bacterial challenge. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3965-3974. [PMID: 32519818 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type lectins (CTLs), a group of pattern recognition receptors, are involved in regulating the immune response of insects and could be used as potential targets for pest control. However, information about roles of CTLs in the innate immunity of Tribolium castaneum, a serious, worldwide pest that damages stored grain products, is relatively scarce. RESULTS Here, a CTL with dual carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) containing a highly conserved WHD (Trp53 -His54 -Asp55 ) motif was identified in T. castaneum and named as TcCTL3. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that TcCTL3 was highly expressed in all developmental stages except early eggs, and mainly distributed in central nervous system and hemolymph. The transcript levels of TcCTL3 were significantly increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation. Recombinant TcCTL3 was able to bind directly to LPS, PGN and all tested bacteria and induce a broad spectrum of microbial agglutination in the presence of Ca2+ . The binding was shown mainly through CRD1 domain of TcCTL3. When TcCTL3 was knocked down by RNA interference, expression of nine antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (attacin1, attacin2, attacin3, defensins1, defensins2, coleoptericin1, coleoptericin2, cecropins2 and cecropins3) and four transcription factors (TFs) (dif1, dif2, relish and jnk) were significantly decreased under LPS and PGN stimulation, leading to increased mortality of T. castaneum when infected with Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative Escherichia coli infection. CONCLUSION TcCTL3 could mediate the immune response in T. castaneum via the pattern recognition, agglutination and AMP expression. These findings indicate a potential mechanism of TcCTL3 in resisting bacteria and provide an alternative molecular target for pest control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lumen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113594. [PMID: 30441796 PMCID: PMC6274730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still incompletely understood. This is partly due to the complexity of HAND diagnostics, as phenotypes present with high variability and change over time. Our current understanding is that HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during infection, persisting and replicating in resident immune and supporting cells, with the subsequent host immune response and inflammation likely adding to the development of HAND. Differences in host (human) genetics determine, in part, the effectiveness of the immune response and other factors that increase the vulnerability to HAND. This review describes findings from studies investigating the role of human host genetics in the pathogenesis of HAND, including potential risk factors for developing HAND. The similarities and differences between HAND and Alzheimer's disease are also discussed. While some specific variations in host genes regulating immune responses and neurotransmission have been associated with protection or risk of HAND development, the effects are generally small and findings poorly replicated. Nevertheless, a few specific gene variants appear to affect the risk for developing HAND and aid our understanding of HAND pathogenesis.
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9
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Parikh NU, Jacob A, Cwiklinski K, Sandhu P, Le K, Loftus AW, Schwartz SA, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Complement Proteins in the Neuropathology Associated with Opiate Abuse and HIV-1 Co-Morbidity. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:816-832. [PMID: 29058550 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1371891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system which is a critical mediator of innate immunity plays diverse roles in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection such as clearing HIV-1 and promoting productive HIV-1 replication. In the development of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND), there may be an imbalance between complement activation and regulation, which may contribute to the neuronal damage as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. It is well recognized that opiate abuse exacerbates HIV-1 neuropathology, however, little is known about the role of complement proteins in opiate induced neuromodulation, specifically in the presence of co-morbidity such as HIV-1 infection. Complement levels are significantly increased in the HIV-1-infected brain, thus HIV-induced complement synthesis may represent an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS in the brain, but remains underexplored. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies are able to initiate complement activation in HIV-1 infected CNS cells such as microglia and astrocytes during the course of disease progression; however, this complement activation fails to clear and eradicate HIV-1 from infected cells. In addition, the antiretroviral agents used for HIV therapy cause dysregulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial, and adipocyte cell function, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We speculate that both HIV-1 and opiates trigger a cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus that modulates the complement cascade to exacerbate the virus-induced neurological damage. We examined the expression levels of C1q, SC5b-9, C5L2, C5aR, C3aR, and C9 key members of the complement cascade both in vivo in post mortem brain frontal cortex tissue from patients with HAND who used/did not use heroin, and in vitro using human microglial cultures treated with HIV tat and/or heroin. We observed significant expression of C1q and SC5b-9 by immunofluorescence staining in both the brain cortical and hippocampal region in HAND patients who abused heroin. Additionally, we observed increased gene expression of C5aR, C3aR, and C9 in the brain tissue of both HIV-1 infected patients with HAND who abused and did not abuse heroin, as compared to HIV negative controls. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of complement proteins C9, C5L2, C5aR, and C3aR in HIV transfected microglia and an additional increase in the levels of these complement proteins in heroin-treated HIV transfected microglia. This study highlights the a) potential roles of complement proteins in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related neurodegenerative disorders; b) the combined effect of an opiate, like heroin, and HIV viral protein like HIV tat on complement proteins in normal human microglial cells and HIV transfected microglial cells. In the context of HAND, targeting selective steps in the complement cascade could help ameliorating the HIV burden in the CNS, thus investigations of complement-related therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HAND are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander Jacob
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Prateet Sandhu
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kevin Le
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander W Loftus
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
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10
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Siew JJ, Chern Y. Microglial Lectins in Health and Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:158. [PMID: 29867350 PMCID: PMC5960708 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the innate sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for the homeostasis and immune defense of the CNS. Under the influence of the local environment and cell-cell interaction, microglia exhibit a multidimensional and context-dependent phenotypes that can be cytotoxic and neuroprotective. Recent studies suggest that microglia express multitudinous types of lectins, including galectins, Siglecs, mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) and other glycan binding proteins. Because most studies that examine lectins focus on the peripheral system, the functions of lectins have not been critically investigated in the CNS. In addition, the types of brain cells that contribute to the altered levels of lectins present in diseases are often unclear. In this review, we will discuss how galectins, Siglecs, selectins and MBLs contribute to the dynamic functions of microglia. The interacting ligands of these lectins are complex glycoconjugates, which consist of glycoproteins and glycolipids that are expressed on microglia or surrounding cells. The current understanding of the heterogeneity and functions of glycans in the brain is limited. Galectins are a group of pleotropic proteins that recognize both β-galactoside-containing glycans and non- β-galactoside-containing proteins. The function and regulation of galectins have been implicated in immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, phagocytosis and oxidative bursts. Most Siglecs are expressed at a low level on the plasma membrane and bind to sialic acid residues for immunosurveillance and cell-cell communication. Siglecs are classified based on their inhibitory and activatory downstream signaling properties. Inhibitory Siglecs negatively regulate microglia activation upon recognizing the intact sialic acid patterns and vice versa. MBLs are expressed upon infection in cytoplasm and can be secreted in order to recognize molecules containing terminal mannose as an innate immune defense machinery. Most importantly, multiple studies have reported dysregulation of lectins in neurological disorders. Here, we reviewed recent studies on microglial lectins and their functions in CNS health and disease, and suggest that these lectin families are novel, potent therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Human lectins and their roles in viral infections. Molecules 2015; 20:2229-71. [PMID: 25642836 PMCID: PMC6272597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate recognition of virus proteins is an important component of the immune response to viral pathogens. A component of this immune recognition is the family of lectins; pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognise viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including viral glycoproteins. In this review we discuss the contribution of soluble and membrane-associated PRRs to immunity against virus pathogens, and the potential role of these molecules in facilitating virus replication. These processes are illustrated with examples of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Ebola virus (EBOV). We focus on the structure, function and genetics of the well-characterised C-type lectin mannose-binding lectin, the ficolins, and the membrane-bound CD209 proteins expressed on dendritic cells. The potential for lectin-based antiviral therapies is also discussed.
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Akkouh O, Ng TB, Singh SS, Yin C, Dan X, Chan YS, Pan W, Cheung RCF. Lectins with anti-HIV activity: a review. Molecules 2015; 20:648-68. [PMID: 25569520 PMCID: PMC6272367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins including flowering plant lectins, algal lectins, cyanobacterial lectins, actinomycete lectin, worm lectins, and the nonpeptidic lectin mimics pradimicins and benanomicins, exhibit anti-HIV activity. The anti-HIV plant lectins include Artocarpus heterophyllus (jacalin) lectin, concanavalin A, Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) agglutinin-related lectins, Musa acuminata (banana) lectin, Myrianthus holstii lectin, Narcissus pseudonarcissus lectin, and Urtica diocia agglutinin. The anti-HIV algal lectins comprise Boodlea coacta lectin, Griffithsin, Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin. The anti-HIV cyanobacterial lectins are cyanovirin-N, scytovirin, Microcystis viridis lectin, and microvirin. Actinohivin is an anti-HIV actinomycete lectin. The anti-HIV worm lectins include Chaetopterus variopedatus polychaete marine worm lectin, Serpula vermicularis sea worm lectin, and C-type lectin Mermaid from nematode (Laxus oneistus). The anti-HIV nonpeptidic lectin mimics comprise pradimicins and benanomicins. Their anti-HIV mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafae Akkouh
- Department of Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikdreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Senjam Sunil Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal 795003, India.
| | - Cuiming Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Ballegaard V, Haugaard AK, Garred P, Nielsen SD, Munthe-Fog L. The lectin pathway of complement: advantage or disadvantage in HIV pathogenesis? Clin Immunol 2014; 154:13-25. [PMID: 24928325 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition molecules of the lectin complement pathway are important components of the innate immune system with known functions in host-virus interactions. This paper summarizes current knowledge of how these intriguing molecules, including mannose-binding lectin (MBL), Ficolin-1, -2 and -3, and collectin-11 (CL-11) may influence HIV-pathogenesis. It has been demonstrated that MBL is capable of binding and neutralizing HIV and may affect host susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression. In addition, MBL may cause variations in the host immune response against HIV. Ficolin-1, -2 and -3 and CL-11 could have similar functions in HIV infection as the ficolins have been shown to play a role in other viral infections, and CL-11 resembles MBL and the ficolins in structure and binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ballegaard
- Viro-Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Denmark
| | - A K Haugaard
- Viro-Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Denmark
| | - P Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Denmark
| | - S D Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Denmark.
| | - L Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Denmark
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Teodorof C, Divakar S, Soontornniyomkij B, Achim CL, Kaul M, Singh KK. Intracellular mannose binding lectin mediates subcellular trafficking of HIV-1 gp120 in neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:54-64. [PMID: 24825317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the brain early during infection and leads to severe neuronal damage and central nervous system impairment. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120), a neurotoxin, undergoes intracellular trafficking and transport across neurons; however mechanisms of gp120 trafficking in neurons are unclear. Our results show that mannose binding lectin (MBL) that binds to the N-linked mannose residues on gp120, participates in intravesicular packaging of gp120 in neuronal subcellular organelles and also in subcellular trafficking of these vesicles in neuronal cells. Perinuclear MBL:gp120 vesicular complexes were observed and MBL facilitated the subcellular trafficking of gp120 via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi vesicles. The functional carbohydrate recognition domain of MBL was required for perinuclear organization, distribution and subcellular trafficking of MBL:gp120 vesicular complexes. Nocodazole, an agent that depolymerizes the microtubule network, abolished the trafficking of MBL:gp120 vesicles, suggesting that these vesicular complexes were transported along the microtubule network. Live cell imaging confirmed the association of the MBL:gp120 complexes with dynamic subcellular vesicles that underwent trafficking in neuronal soma and along the neurites. Thus, our findings suggest that intracellular MBL mediates subcellular trafficking and transport of viral glycoproteins in a microtubule-dependent mechanism in the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Teodorof
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Divakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C L Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Kaul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:481-503. [PMID: 24583618 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project, coupled with rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies, has opened the possibility of identifying heretofore unknown biological processes underlying human disease. Because of the opaque nature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) neuropathogenesis, the utility of such methods has gained notice among NeuroAIDS researchers. Furthermore, the merging of genetics with other research areas has also allowed for application of relatively nascent fields, such as neuroimaging genomics, and pharmacogenetics, to the context of HAND. In this review, we detail the development of genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies of HAND, beginning with early candidate gene association studies and culminating in current "omics" approaches that incorporate methods from systems biology to interpret data from multiple levels of biological functioning. Challenges with this line of investigation are discussed, including the difficulty of defining a valid phenotype for HAND. We propose that leveraging known associations between biology and pathology across multiple levels will lead to a more reliable and valid phenotype. We also discuss the difficulties of interpreting the massive and multitiered mountains of data produced by current high-throughput omics assays and explore the utility of systems biology approaches in this regard.
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16
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Complement and HIV-I infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:184-98. [PMID: 24639397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The various neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection, specifically HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist as a major public health burden worldwide. Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of HAND is significantly high. HAND results from the direct effects of an HIV-1 infection as well as secondary effects of HIV-1-induced immune reaction and inflammatory response. Complement, a critical mediator of innate and acquired immunity, plays important roles in defeating many viral infections by the formation of a lytic pore or indirectly by opsonization and recruitment of phagocytes. While the role of complement in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and HAND has been previously recognized for over 15 years, it has been largely underestimated thus far. Complement can be activated through HIV-1 envelope proteins, mannose-binding lectins (MBL), and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Complement not only fights against HIV-1 infection but also enhances HIV-1 infection. In addition, HIV-1 can hijack complement regulators such as CD59 and CD55 and can utilize these regulators and factor H to escape from complement attack. Normally, complement levels in brain are much lower than plasma levels and there is no or little complement deposition in brain cells. Interestingly, local production and deposition of complement are dramatically increased in HIV-1-infected brain, indicating that complement may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of complement in HIV-1 infection and HAND, as well as potential therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system for the treatment and eradications of HIV-1 infection.
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Shastri A, Bonifati DM, Kishore U. Innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:342931. [PMID: 23843682 PMCID: PMC3697414 DOI: 10.1155/2013/342931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of central nervous system (CNS) is usually associated with trauma and infection. Neuroinflammation occurs in close relation to trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-level neuroinflammation is considered to have beneficial effects whereas chronic neuroinflammation can be harmful. Innate immune system consisting of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and complement system plays a key role in CNS homeostasis following injury and infection. Here, we discuss how innate immune components can also contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastri
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Domenico Marco Bonifati
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurological Disorders, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'oro 1, 38100 Trento, Italy
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
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19
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Abstract
HIV enters the brain during the early stages of initial infection and can result in a complicated array of diverse neurological dysfunctions. While neuronal injury and loss are at the heart of neurological decline and HIV-associated neuropathology, HIV does not productively infect neurons and the effects of HIV on neurons may be described as largely indirect. Viral proteins released from infected cells in the CNS are a well-characterized source of neuronal toxicity. Likewise, host-derived inflammatory cytokines and chemokines released from infected and/or activated glial cells can damage neurons, as well. Newly identified host-virus interactions and the current state of our knowledge regarding HIV-associated neuronal toxicity will be addressed in this review. Aspects of HIV-associated neurotoxic mechanisms, patterns of neuronal damage, viral effects on neurotrophic signaling, clade variations and comorbid substance abuse will be discussed. Recent advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV infection of the CNS on neuronal dysfunction and cell death will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Education & Research Building, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, USA
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Lettiero B, Andersen AJ, Hunter AC, Moghimi SM. Complement system and the brain: Selected pathologies and avenues toward engineering of neurological nanomedicines. J Control Release 2012; 161:283-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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