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Pardossi S, Cuomo A, Fagiolini A. Unraveling the Boundaries, Overlaps, and Connections between Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). J Clin Med 2024; 13:4739. [PMID: 39200881 PMCID: PMC11355622 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) typically have distinct diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. SCZ is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and cognitive impairments, while OCD involves persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). The co-occurrence of these disorders increases clinical complexity and poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological studies indicate a significant overlap, with prevalence rates of comorbid OCD in SCZ patients ranging from 12% to 25%, which is higher than in the general population. Etiological hypotheses suggest shared genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, with genetic studies identifying common loci and pathways, such as glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems. Neuroimaging studies reveal both overlapping and distinct neural abnormalities, indicating shared and unique neurobiological substrates. Environmental factors, like early life stressors and urbanicity, also contribute to the comorbidity. The overlapping clinical features of both disorders complicate diagnosis. Treatment approaches include combining SSRIs with antipsychotics and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The complexity of SCZ and OCD comorbidity underscores the need for a dimensional, spectrum-based perspective on psychiatric disorders, alongside traditional categorical approaches, to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.P.); (A.C.)
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2
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Grassi G, Scillitani E, Cecchelli C. New horizons for obsessive-compulsive disorder drug discovery: is targeting glutamate receptors the answer? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39105546 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2387127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, glutamate has emerged as a prominent focus in the field of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) pathophysiology. A convergence of evidence from genetic, preclinical, and clinical studies points to glutamatergic dysfunction as a key feature of this condition. In light of these findings, there has been a growing interest in exploring the potential of glutamatergic agents in the treatment of OCD. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the literature on glutamate transmission in OCD. In addition, the authors examine the results of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in the treatment of OCD patients. EXPERT OPINION Along with the recognition of neuroinflammation in the brain in OCD, the evidence of glutamate dysfunction represents one of the most promising recent discoveries for understanding the mechanisms involved in OCD. The importance of this discovery lies primarily in its pharmacological implications and has led to intense research activity in the field of glutamatergic agents. While this research has not yet had a substantial clinical impact, targeting glutamate receptors remains a promising horizon for the successful treatment of OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Grassi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Firenze, Florence, Italy
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3
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Owe-Larsson M, Kamińska K, Buchalska B, Mirowska-Guzel D, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00633-1. [PMID: 39088105 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disease that affects approximately 2% of the population. Obsessions and compulsions are troublesome for patients and may disturb their everyday activities. The pathogenesis of this disease is still not fully elucidated, but dysfunctions of serotonin-, dopamine- and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission together with early maladaptive schemas seem of importance. Pharmacological treatment includes drugs affecting the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic systems, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Providing that up to 40% of patients with OCD are resistant to the currently available medications, there is a need for novel and effective therapies. Recent discoveries suggest that psilocybin, a non-physically addictive psychoactive substance, may ameliorate disease symptoms. When used in appropriate doses and under strict clinical control, psilocybin appears as a valuable treatment for OCD. This narrative article provides a thorough overview of OCD's etiology, current treatment options, and the emerging evidence supporting psilocybin's efficacy in managing OCD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Owe-Larsson
- Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, Warszawa, 02-097, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, Warszawa, 02-097, Poland.
| | - Barbara Buchalska
- Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, Warszawa, 02-097, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, Warszawa, 02-097, Poland
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4
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Yin L, Han F, Wang Q. A biophysical model for dopamine modulating working memory through reward system in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1895-1911. [PMID: 39104680 PMCID: PMC11297891 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates working memory in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is crucial for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the mechanism is unclear. Here we establish a biophysical model of the effect of dopamine (DA) in PFC to explain the mechanism of how high dopamine concentrations induce persistent neuronal activities with the network plunging into a deep, stable attractor state. The state develops a defect in working memory and tends to obsession and compulsion. Weakening the reuptake of dopamine acts on synaptic plasticity according to Hebbian learning rules and reward learning, which in turn affects the strength of neuronal synaptic connections, resulting in the tendency of compulsion and learned obsession. In addition, we elucidate the potential mechanisms of dopamine antagonists in OCD, indicating that dopaminergic drugs might be available for treatment, even if the abnormality is a consequence of glutamate hypermetabolism rather than dopamine. The theory highlights the significance of early intervention and behavioural therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. It potentially offers new approaches to dopaminergic pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Yin
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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5
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Borba JV, Canzian J, Resmim CM, Silva RM, Duarte MCF, Mohammed KA, Schoenau W, Adedara IA, Rosemberg DB. Towards zebrafish models to unravel translational insights of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A neurobehavioral perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105715. [PMID: 38734195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating illness that has been considered a polygenic and multifactorial disorder, challenging effective therapeutic interventions. Although invaluable advances have been obtained from human and rodent studies, several molecular and mechanistic aspects of OCD etiology are still obscure. Thus, the use of non-traditional animal models may foster innovative approaches in this field, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of disease from an evolutionary perspective. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly considered a powerful organism in translational neuroscience research, especially due to the intrinsic features of the species. Here, we outline target mechanisms of OCD for translational research, and discuss how zebrafish-based models can contribute to explore neurobehavioral aspects resembling those found in OCD. We also identify possible advantages and limitations of potential zebrafish-based models, as well as highlight future directions in both etiological and therapeutic research. Lastly, we reinforce the use of zebrafish as a promising tool to unravel the biological basis of OCD, as well as novel pharmacological therapies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Borba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio M Resmim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rossano M Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C F Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Khadija A Mohammed
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - William Schoenau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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6
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Carroll HM, McDougle CJ, Thom RP. N -acetylcysteine for Trichotemnomania in an Adult Female With Williams Syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 44:321-323. [PMID: 38497565 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
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7
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Akkuş Eİ, Bayoğlu B, Kocabaşoğlu N, Yıldız JB, Cengiz M. Association of rs11081062 polymorphism of DLGAP1 gene and levels of SLC1A1 protein with obsessive-compulsive disorder. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38593060 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2336213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter known to be effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the DLGAP1 gene encoding the scaffold protein of ionotropic glutamate receptors and the SLC1A1 gene encoding the glutamate transporter protein with OCD. Study groups consisted of 95 patients with OCD and 100 healthy controls. The severity of OCD in the patient group was determined by using the Y-BOCS. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of rs11081062 (C/T) in DLGAP1 and rs587777696 (C/T) in SLC1A1 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Levels of SLC1A1 protein were determined by ELISA. A significant difference was found between genotype distributions of rs11081062 in DLGAP1 in study groups (p < 0.001). No significant association was found rs587777696 in SLC1A1 in OCD patients and controls. SLC1A1 protein levels were found to be lower in OCD patients compared to controls (p = 0.005). According to OCD risk estimates for genotypes distributions of rs11081062 in DLGAP1, having CT + TT genotypes was associated with the occurrence of sexual and religious obsessions and counting compulsions (p = 0.038, OR = 2.98; p = 0.033, OR = 3.43; p = 0.035, OR = 2.66, respectively). CT genotype in DLGAP1 rs11081062 polymorphism was found to increase the risk of OCD in the female gender (p = 0.042, OR = 3.01). This study suggests that rs11081062 in DLGAP1 may be associated with OCD and that SLC1A1 protein levels may be involved in the occurrence of OCD. We believe that our research can contribute to the understanding of the importance of glutamate in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efruz İrem Akkuş
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Bayoğlu
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Jansed Berfin Yıldız
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Müjgan Cengiz
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
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8
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Algin S, Banik D, Rahman SA, Mahmud Tusher S, Tuj Johora F, Akter A, Ahmed T, Biswas MAM, Sinha S, Haque M. Ketamine Infusion in a Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patient in Bangladesh with Severe Suicidal Ideation: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e57877. [PMID: 38596207 PMCID: PMC11002706 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) typically results in insufficient symptom alleviation, and even long-term medication often fails to have the intended effect. Ketamine is a potent non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Studies have shown that low-dose ketamine infusion results in a considerable reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and a rapid resolution of suicidal ideation. This is a case report on the effect of intravenous ketamine infusion on a patient with resistant OCD and severe suicidal ideation. Intravenous (IV) ketamine was given once a week over consecutive three weeks with necessary precautions. Psychometric tools such as the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI-S), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideations (BSSI), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) were applied before and after infusions. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and suicidal severity started to decrease rapidly after the first infusion. However, after a transient improvement, these symptoms again began to increase after a stressful incident on the second day of the first infusion. All the symptoms measured by validated rating scales showed continued improvement after the following two infusions. The improvement was sustained until discharge (one week after the last infusion) and subsequent follow-up in the sixth and 12th weeks. The role of ketamine in reducing suicidal thoughts and behavior is already established. Very few studies emphasized its effectiveness in improving severe/resistant obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This pioneering work may offer scope for similar research in the relevant field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Algin
- Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Debasish Banik
- Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Sm Atikur Rahman
- Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Saiful Mahmud Tusher
- Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Fatema Tuj Johora
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Asha Akter
- Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Tanbir Ahmed
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Susmita Sinha
- Physiology, Khulna City Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, BGD
| | - Mainul Haque
- Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC), School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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9
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Bellia F, Girella A, Annunzi E, Benatti B, Vismara M, Priori A, Festucci F, Fanti F, Compagnone D, Adriani W, Dell'Osso B, D'Addario C. Selective alterations of endocannabinoid system genes expression in obsessive compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:118. [PMID: 38409080 PMCID: PMC10897168 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is listed as one of the top 10 most disabling neuropsychiatric conditions in the world. The neurobiology of OCD has not been completely understood and efforts are needed in order to develop new treatments. Beside the classical neurotransmitter systems and signalling pathways implicated in OCD, the possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged in pathophysiology of OCD. We report here selective downregulation of the genes coding for enzymes allowing the synthesis of the endocannabinoids. We found reduced DAGLα and NAPE-PLD in blood samples of individuals with OCD (when compared to healthy controls) as well as in the amygdala complex and prefrontal cortex of dopamine transporter (DAT) heterozygous rats, manifesting compulsive behaviours. Also mRNA levels of the genes coding for cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 resulted downregulated, respectively in the rat amygdala and in human blood. Moreover, NAPE-PLD changes in gene expression resulted to be associated with an increase in DNA methylation at gene promoter, and the modulation of this gene in OCD appears to be correlated to the progression of the disease. Finally, the alterations observed in ECS genes expression appears to be correlated with the modulation in oxytocin receptor gene expression, consistently with what recently reported. Overall, we confirm here a role for ECS in OCD at both preclinical and clinical level. Many potential biomarkers are suggested among its components, in particular NAPE-PLD, that might be of help for a prompt and clear diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bellia
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Girella
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Eugenia Annunzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beatrice Benatti
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20019, Milan, Italy
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vismara
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20019, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20019, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Festucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federico Fanti
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20019, Milan, Italy.
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 10316, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sultania A, Venkatesan S, Batra DR, Rajesh K, Vashishth R, Ravi S, Ahmad F. Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obsessive compulsive disorder: Evidences from clinical studies. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2024; 34:010503. [PMID: 38125619 PMCID: PMC10731732 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2024.010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent behavioral disorder with a complex etiology. However, the underlying pathogenic molecular pathways and the associated risk factors are largely obscure. This has hindered both the identification of relevant prognostic biomarkers and the development of effective treatment strategies. Because of the diverse range of clinical manifestations, not all patients benefit from therapies currently practiced in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence indicate that neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, and oxidative signaling are involved in the pathophysiology of OCD. Based upon evidences from clinical (and pre-clinical studies), the present review paper sets out to decipher the utilities of three parameters (i.e. brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF, noradrenalin-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase; DBH; and oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde; MDA) as diagnostic peripheral biomarkers as well as bio-targets for therapeutic strategies. While the data indicates promising results, there is necessitation for future studies to further confirm and establish these. Further, based again on the available clinical data, we investigated the possibilities of exploiting the etiological links between disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle and insulin signaling, and OCD for the identification of potential anti-OCD ameliorative agents with the ability to elicit multimodal effects, including attenuation of the alterations in BDNF, noradrenergic and redox pathways. In this respect, agomelatine and metformin may represent particularly interesting candidates; however, further clinical studies are warranted to establish these as singular or complementary medications in OCD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sultania
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shashank Venkatesan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhruv Rishb Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Keerthna Rajesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahul Vashishth
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudesh Ravi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Carollo M, Carollo N, Montan G. The promise of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14653. [PMID: 38385640 PMCID: PMC10883097 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Carollo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public HealthUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | - Giulia Montan
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
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12
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Karunakaran KB, Amemori KI. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of anxiety disorder-associated genes. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:385. [PMID: 38092764 PMCID: PMC10719387 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most common form of mental disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although physiological studies have revealed the neural circuits related to AD symptoms, how AD-associated genes are spatiotemporally expressed in the human brain still remains unclear. In this study, we integrated genome-wide association studies of four human AD subtypes-generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder-with spatial gene expression patterns. Our investigation uncovered a novel division among AD-associated genes, marked by significant and distinct expression enrichments in the cerebral nuclei, limbic, and midbrain regions. Each gene cluster was associated with specific anxiety-related behaviors, signaling pathways, region-specific gene networks, and cell types. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation in the temporal expression patterns of these gene clusters during various developmental stages. Moreover, the specific brain regions enriched in each gene group aligned with neural circuits previously associated with negative decision-making and anxious temperament. These results suggest that the two distinct gene clusters may underlie separate neural systems involved in anxiety. As a result, our findings bridge the gap between genes and neural circuitry, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying AD-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Eissazade N, Mosavari H, Eghdami S, Boroon M, Ashrafi F, Shalbafan M. Efficacy and safety of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists in augmentation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20837. [PMID: 38012263 PMCID: PMC10682036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the fourth most common mental disorder, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the cornerstone of its pharmacological treatment. About 40-60% of the cases are treatment-refractory, and this makes searching for second-line treatment necessary. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) antagonists are among the many medications that have been used in augmentation with SSRIs. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the efficacy and safety of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in augmentation with SSRIs in treating moderate to severe OCD. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar for relevant trials published up to December 2022. The effect size was the mean difference in Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) scores before and after receiving 5-HT3 receptor antagonist drugs in augmentation with SSRIs in moderate to severe OCD patients. We included 6 randomized-controlled trails (RCTs) with 334 patients assessing the effect of the augmentation of SSRIs with ondansetron, granisetron, and tropisetron on treating moderate to severe OCD. Our results were in favor of the experimental group in total (Z = 8.37, P < 0.00001), in the compulsion subgroup (Z = 5.22, P < 0.00001), and in the obsession subgroup (Z = 8.33, P < 0.00001). They are well-tolerated, and have mild side effects and do not result in withdrawal. Augmentation of 5-HT3 antagonists with SSRIs can be beneficial in treating moderate to severe OCD. Further multi-center trials under adequate conditions in longer periods are needed to help come up with a comprehensive action plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Eissazade
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Mosavari
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Rasool-E Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Eghdami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Boroon
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Faria Ashrafi
- Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kosová E, Pajuelo D, Greguš D, Brunovský M, Stopková P, Fajnerová I, Horáček J. Glutamatergic abnormalities in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder using magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A controlled study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 335:111721. [PMID: 37832259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to understand the role of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of OCD patients in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC). In total, 54 patients with OCD and 54 healthy controls (HC) matched for age and sex were included in the study. They underwent MRS in the pgACC region to calculate the concentrations of Glu, Gln, GABA, and Glu + Gln (Glx). After quality control of the MRS data, 21 OCD and 21 HC were statistically analyzed. The severity of symptoms were evaluated using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). In the statistical analysis, we compared differences between groups for the metabolites; in the OCD we analyzed the correlations with symptom severity, medication status, age, and duration of illness. A significant decrease in Glx, in Glu, and in Gln in the pgACC were observed in the OCD compared to HC. The correlation statistics showed a significant positive correlation between Glu levels and the YBOCS compulsions subscale. The results indicate that patients with OCD present a disturbance in glutamatergic metabolism in the pgACC. The results also demonstrate that these changes correlate with the severity of compulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Kosová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Dita Pajuelo
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Greguš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Stopková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abdelnaim MA, Lang-Hambauer V, Hebel T, Schoisswohl S, Schecklmann M, Deuter D, Schlaier J, Langguth B. Deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder; an observational study with ten patients under real-life conditions. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1242566. [PMID: 37779611 PMCID: PMC10533930 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1242566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2-3% of the global population, causing distress in many functioning levels. Standard treatments only lead to a partial recovery, and about 10% of the patients remain treatment-resistant. Deep brain stimulation offers a treatment option for severe, therapy-refractory OCD, with a reported response of about 60%. We report a comprehensive clinical, demographic, and treatment data for patients who were treated with DBS in our institution. Methods We offered DBS to patients with severe chronic treatment resistant OCD. Severity was defined as marked impairment in functioning and treatment resistance was defined as non-response to adequate trials of medications and psychotherapy. Between 2020 and 2022, 11 patients were implanted bilaterally in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). Patients were evaluated with YBOCS, MADRS, GAF, CGI, and WHOQOL-BREF. We performed the ratings at baseline (before surgery), after implantation before the start of the stimulation, after reaching satisfactory stimulation parameters, and at follow-up visits 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after optimized stimulation. Results One patient has retracted his consent to publish the results of his treatment, thus we are reporting the results of 10 patients (5 males, 5 females, mean age: 37 years). Out of our 10 patients, 6 have shown a clear response indicated by a YBOCS-reduction between 42 and 100 percent at last follow-up. One further patient experienced a subjectively dramatic effect on OCD symptoms, but opted afterwards to stop the stimulation. The other 3 patients showed a slight, non-significant improvement of YBOCS between 8.8 and 21.9%. The overall mean YBOCS decreased from 28.3 at baseline to 13.3 (53% reduction) at the last follow-up. The improvement of the OCD symptoms was also accompanied by an improvement of depressive symptoms, global functioning, and quality of life. Conclusion Our results suggest that BNST-DBS can be effective for treatment-resistant OCD patients, as indicated by a reduction in symptoms and an overall improvement in functioning. Despite the need for additional research to define the patients' selection criteria, the most appropriate anatomical target, and the most effective stimulation parameters, improved patient access for this therapy should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdelnaim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Lang-Hambauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schoisswohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Deuter
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Schlaier
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Deep Brain Stimulation, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Guo X, Lin W, Zhong R, Han Y, Yu J, Yan K, Zhang X, Liang J. Factors related to the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their impact on suicide risk in epileptic patients. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 146:109362. [PMID: 37499582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore relevant factors for the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) in adult epileptic patients and investigate whether the severity of OCSs is a mediator in the relationship between depressive/anxiety symptoms and suicide risk in epileptic patients. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study from a hospital in Northeast China. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDIE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR) were used to assess the severity of OCSs, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicide risk in epileptic patients, respectively. The independent factors of the severity of OCSs and their mediating effects in the relationship between depressive/anxiety symptoms and suicide risk were evaluated by regression analyses and mediator models, respectively. RESULTS NDDIE scores (β = 0.404, p < 0.001), GAD-7 scores (β = 0.247, p = 0.009), and polytherapy (β = 0.119, p = 0.032) were the independent factors of Y-BOCS scores. The Y-BOCS scores partially mediated the relationship between GAD-7 scores and NGASR scores (standardized coefficients of indirect effect = 0.109, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.024 to 0.214). Still, they did not mediate the relationship between NDDIE scores and NGASR scores (standardized coefficients of indirect effect = 0.062, Bootstrap 95% CI = -0.024 to 0.169). CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and polytherapy are independently associated with the severity of OCSs in epileptic patients. Depressive and anxiety symptoms mediate the effect of the severity of OCSs on suicide risk in epileptic patients completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujuan Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jieyang Yu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kangle Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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17
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Wilson C, Gattuso JJ, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Mechanisms of pathogenesis and environmental moderators in preclinical models of compulsive-like behaviours. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106223. [PMID: 37423502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) is an emergent class of psychiatric illnesses that contributes substantially to the global mental health disease burden. In particular, the prototypical illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has a profoundly deleterious effect on the quality of life of those with lived experience. Both clinical and preclinical studies have investigated the genetic and environmental influences contributing to the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Significant progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the genetics of OCD, along with the critical role of common environmental triggers (e.g., stress). Some of this progress can be attributed to the sophistication of rodent models used in the field, particularly genetic mutant models, which demonstrate promising construct, face, and predictive validity. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating how these genetic and environmental influences interact to precipitate the behavioural, cellular, and molecular changes that occur in OCD. In this review, we assert that preclinical studies offer a unique opportunity to carefully manipulate environmental and genetic factors, and in turn to interrogate gene-environment interactions and relevant downstream sequelae. Such studies may serve to provide a mechanistic framework to build our understanding of the pathogenesis of complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD. Furthermore, understanding gene-environment interactions and pathogenic mechanisms will facilitate precision medicine and other future approaches to enhance treatment, reduce side-effects of therapeutic interventions, and improve the lives of those suffering from these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Wilson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James J Gattuso
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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18
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Rajkumar RP. SAPAP3, SPRED2, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: the search for fundamental phenotypes. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1095455. [PMID: 37324590 PMCID: PMC10264593 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1095455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
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19
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Suhas S, Malo PK, Kumar V, Issac TG, Chithra NK, Bhaskarapillai B, Reddy YCJ, Rao NP. Treatment strategies for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:162-177. [PMID: 35615998 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2082525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic debilitating illness. We conducted a network meta-analysis [NMA] to compare the efficacy of all interventions in SRI-resistant OCD from published Randomised controlled trials [RCT]. METHODS We performed an NMA of RCTs in SRI resistant OCD from all modalities of treatments; pharmacological, psychological, neuromodulation, neurosurgery including deep brain stimulation. The design-by-treatment interaction inconsistency model within the frequentist framework was adopted with a change in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale score as the primary outcome. We conducted sensitivity analyses excluding studies examining neurosurgical interventions, deep brain stimulation, studies in the paediatric population, and studies from a single geographical region. We also conducted analyses of interventions categorised into treatment groups. RESULTS 55 RCTs examining 19 treatments or placebo involving 2011 participants were included in the NMA. Ondansetron [Standardised mean difference -2.01 (95% CI: -3.19, -0.83)], deep TMS [- 1.95 (-3.25, -0.65)], therapist administered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy [CBT-TA] [-1.46 (-2.93, 0.01)] and aripiprazole [-1.36 (-2.56, -0.17)] were ranked as the best four treatments on using the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking [SUCRA] percentage values (85.4%, 83.2%, 80.3%, 67.9% respectively). While all four interventions had large effect sizes, CBT[TA] narrowly missed statistical significance in our analysis. In sensitivity analyses, deep TMS was ranked as the best treatment strategy for SRI-resistant OCD. The small number of subjects in individual studies, higher confidence interval limits, and wider prediction interval for most agents warrant a cautious interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Considering the principal analysis and sensitivity analyses together, deep TMS, ondansetron, CBT[TA], and aripiprazole may be considered a first-line intervention for SRI-resistant OCD in adults. OTHER This work was not funded. The NMA has been registered with PROSPERO, [Registration number: CRD42020173589].
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Suhas
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Palash Kumar Malo
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Gregor Issac
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Nellai K Chithra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Binukumar Bhaskarapillai
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bangalore, India
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20
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Gupta R, Mehan S, Chhabra S, Giri A, Sherawat K. Role of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Activation in the Prevention of Neurological Abnormalities Associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1718-1738. [PMID: 36272053 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The smoothened sonic hedgehog (Smo-Shh) pathway is one mechanism that influences neurogenesis, including brain cell differentiation and development during childhood. Shh signaling dysregulation leads to decreased target gene transcription, which contributes to increased neuronal excitation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration, eventually leading to neurological deficits. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD and related neurological dysfunctions are characterized by neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired neurogenesis, disturbing the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) link neuronal network. Despite the availability of several treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, some individuals may not benefit much from them. Several trials on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of OCD have also produced inadequate findings. This evidence-based review focuses on a potential pharmacological approach to alleviating OCD and associated neuronal deficits by preventing neurochemical alterations, in which sonic hedgehog activators are neuroprotective, lowering neuronal damage while increasing neuronal maintenance and survival. As a result, stimulating SMO-Shh via its potential activators may have neuroprotective effects on neurological impairment associated with OCD. This review investigates the link between SMO-Shh signaling and the neurochemical abnormalities associated with the progression of OCD and associated neurological dysfunctions. Role of Smo-Shh signaling in serotonergic neurogenesis and in maintaining their neuronal identity. The Shh ligand activates two main transcriptional factors known as Foxa2 and Nkx2.2, which again activates another transcriptional factor, GATA (GATA2 and GATA3), in post mitotic precursor cells of serotonergic neurons-following increased expression of Pet-1 and Lmx1b after GATA regulates the expression of many serotonergic enzymes such as TPH2, SERT, VMAT, slc6a4, Htr1a, Htr1b (Serotonin receptor enzymes), and MAO that regulate and control the release of serotonin and maintain their neuronal identity after their maturation. Abbreviation: Foxa2: Forkhead box; GATA: Globin transcription factor; Lmx1b: LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; TPH2: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; Htr1a: Serotonin receptor 1a; Htr1b: Serotonin receptor 1b; SERT: Serotonin transporter; VMAT: Vesicular monoamine transporter; MAO: Monoamine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Gupta
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Giri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Kajal Sherawat
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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21
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Mahony C, O'Ryan C. A molecular framework for autistic experiences: Mitochondrial allostatic load as a mediator between autism and psychopathology. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:985713. [PMID: 36506457 PMCID: PMC9732262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.985713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular autism research is evolving toward a biopsychosocial framework that is more informed by autistic experiences. In this context, research aims are moving away from correcting external autistic behaviors and toward alleviating internal distress. Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) are associated with high rates of depression, suicidality and other comorbid psychopathologies, but this relationship is poorly understood. Here, we integrate emerging characterizations of internal autistic experiences within a molecular framework to yield insight into the prevalence of psychopathology in ASC. We demonstrate that descriptions of social camouflaging and autistic burnout resonate closely with the accepted definitions for early life stress (ELS) and chronic adolescent stress (CAS). We propose that social camouflaging could be considered a distinct form of CAS that contributes to allostatic overload, culminating in a pathophysiological state that is experienced as autistic burnout. Autistic burnout is thought to contribute to psychopathology via psychological and physiological mechanisms, but these remain largely unexplored by molecular researchers. Building on converging fields in molecular neuroscience, we discuss the substantial evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction in ASC to propose a novel role for mitochondrial allostatic load in the relationship between autism and psychopathology. An interplay between mitochondrial, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine signaling is increasingly implicated in stress-related psychopathologies, and these molecular players are also associated with neurodevelopmental, neurophysiological and neurochemical aspects of ASC. Together, this suggests an increased exposure and underlying molecular susceptibility to ELS that increases the risk of psychopathology in ASC. This article describes an integrative framework shaped by autistic experiences that highlights novel avenues for molecular research into mechanisms that directly affect the quality of life and wellbeing of autistic individuals. Moreover, this framework emphasizes the need for increased access to diagnoses, accommodations, and resources to improve mental health outcomes in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen O'Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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S-ketamine exerts sex- and dose-dependent anti-compulsive-like effect as monotherapy or in augmentation to fluoxetine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 937:175382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Kuo CY, Chen KC, Lee IH, Tseng HH, Chiu NT, Chen PS, Yang YK, Chang WH. Serotonin Modulates the Correlations between Obsessive-compulsive Trait and Heart Rate Variability in Normal Healthy Subjects: A SPECT Study with [ 123I]ADAM and Heart Rate Variability Measurement. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:271-278. [PMID: 35466098 PMCID: PMC9048010 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective The impact of serotonergic system on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is well studied. However, the correlation between OC presentations and autonomic nervous system (ANS) is still unclear. Furthermore, whether the correlation might be modulated by serotonin is also uncertain. Methods We recruited eighty-nine healthy subjects. Serotonin transporter (SERT) availability by [123I]ADAM and heart rate variability (HRV) tests were measured. Symptoms checklist-90 was measured for the OC presentations. The interaction between HRV and SERT availability were calculated and the correlation between HRV and OC symptoms were analyzed after stratified SERT level into two groups, split at medium. Results The interactions were significant in the factors of low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Furthermore, the significantly negative correlations between OC symptoms and the above HRV indexes existed only in subjects with higher SERT availability. Conclusion OC symptoms might be correlated with ANS regulations in subjects with higher SERT availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Yu Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan Tsing Chiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kynurenine pathway and autism spectrum phenotypes: an investigation among adults with autism spectrum disorder and their first-degree relatives. CNS Spectr 2022; 28:374-385. [PMID: 35634735 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852922000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing literature highlighted alterations of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism and kynurenine (KYN) pathway in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, no study specifically focused on adult samples. Meanwhile, several authors stressed the relevance of investigating neurobiological correlates of adult forms of ASD and of those subthreshold ASD manifestations frequently found in relatives of ASD probands, known as broad autism phenotype (BAP). This work aimed to evaluate circulating levels of TRP and metabolites of KYN pathway in a sample of ASD adults, their first-degree relatives and controls (CTLs), investigating also the correlations between biochemical variables' levels and ASD symptoms. METHODS A sample of ASD adults, together with a group of first-degree relatives (BAP group) and unrelated CTLs were assessed by means of psychometric scales. Circulating levels of TRP, KYN, quinolinic acid (QA), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) were assessed in all subjects. RESULTS ASD patients reported significantly higher total scores than the other groups on all psychometric scales. BAP subjects scored significantly higher than CTLs. ASD patients reported significantly lower TRP levels than BAP and CTL groups. Moreover, significantly lower levels of KYNA were reported in both ASD and BAP groups than in CTLs. Specific patterns of associations were found between autism symptoms and biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm in adult samples the presence of altered TRP metabolism through KYN pathway. The intermediate alterations reported among relatives of ASD patients further stress the presence of a continuum between subthreshold and full-threshold ASD phenotypes also from a biochemical perspective.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION First-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) includes exposure and response prevention behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors, particularly in combination. New and more effective treatments are needed, give that recent studies suggest that glutamatergic neurotransmission contributes to the pathophysiology of the disorder. In these circumstances, ketamine, as a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and glutamate modulator, offers alternative possibilities for OCD treatment. METHODS This systematic review aims to investigate the effects of ketamine in OCD, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). Searches were carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases. RESULTS Nine articles were included, of which three were randomized controlled trials, three case reports, two open-label trials, and one a retrospective chart review. Reported data have shown a potential for fast onset of action and good tolerability of ketamine for OCD, even though the principal studies used only single-session racemic ketamine treatments, administered intravenously, and the results have been erratic. In addition, none of the available evidence demonstrates whether racemic ketamine, S-ketamine, or R-ketamine has the best efficacy in controlling OCD symptoms, and only sparse evidence suggests that a combination of ketamine and psychotherapy could benefit patients with OCD. CONCLUSION In order to advance clinical practice regarding the use of ketamine in treating OCD, future randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are required. These trials need to use larger samples to explore ketamine and its enantiomers, with different methods of administration, multiple sessions, and appropriate washout periods.
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Askari S, Mokhtari S, Shariat SV, Shariati B, Yarahmadi M, Shalbafan M. Memantine augmentation of sertraline in the treatment of symptoms and executive function among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:34. [PMID: 35022014 PMCID: PMC8753835 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications currently recommended for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) usually decrease the severity of the symptoms by 20-30%; however, 40-60% of OCD patients do not achieve a satisfactory response. Our main objective was to investigate the effectiveness of memantine, a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, as an adjunct therapy to sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), to improve severity of symptoms and executive function among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHODS Seventy patients with OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, and a Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) score of more than 21 were recruited to the study. They received sertraline (100 mg daily initially followed by 200 mg daily after week 4) and either memantine (10 mg twice daily) or placebo in a placebo controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group, clinical trial of 12 weeks. The primary outcome was OCD symptoms measured by the Y-BOCS. Moreover, executive function of participants was measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). RESULTS The total score, and obsession and compulsion subscales of Y-BOCS significantly dropped in both groups with no significant difference between the two groups. However, memantine group showed a greater response in the number of completed categories subscale of the WCST (p value<0.001). We did not observe any major adverse effects in any of the groups. CONCLUSION Memantine has an acceptable safety and tolerability in patients with OCD and might have a positive effect on their executive function. Nevertheless, the current results don`t support the efficacy of memantine as an adjunctive agent to sertraline for symptoms in patients with OCD. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on 04/10/2019 ( www.irct.ir ; IRCT ID: IRCT20170123032145N4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Askari
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Mokhtari
- grid.472458.80000 0004 0612 774XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Shariat
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Shariati
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Yarahmadi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.
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Hadi F, Kashefinejad S, Kamalzadeh L, Hoobehfekr S, Shalbafan M. Glutamatergic medications as adjunctive therapy for moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:69. [PMID: 34736541 PMCID: PMC8569963 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is among the most disabling neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images (obsessions) and/or ritualized mental or physical acts (compulsions). Serotonergic medications, particularly Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), are the first-line treatments for patients with OCD. Recently, dysregulation of glutamatergic system has been proposed to be involved in the etiology of OCD. We designed this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate clinical efficacy of glutamatergic medications in patients with OCD, according to the guidelines of Cochrane collaboration. METHOD We searched Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane library without applying any language filter. Two of the authors independently reviewed search results for irrelevant and duplicate studies and extracted data and assessed methodological quality of the studies. We transformed data into a common rubric and calculated a weighted treatment effect across studies using Review Manager. RESULTS We found 476 references in 3 databases, and after exclusion of irrelevant and duplicate studies, 17 studies with total number of 759 patients with OCD were included. In the present review we found evidence for several drugs such as memantine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Minocycline, L-carnosine and riluzole. Glutamaterigic drug plus SSRIs were superior to SSRI+ Placebo with regard to Y-BOCS scale [standardized mean difference (SMD = - 3.81 95% CI = - 4.4, - 3.23). CONCLUSION Augmentation of glutamatergic medications with SSRIs are beneficial in obsessive-compulsive patients, no harmful significant differences in any safety outcome were found between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Kashefinejad
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Kamalzadeh
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Hoobehfekr
- Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.
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Martinotti G, Chiappini S, Pettorruso M, Mosca A, Miuli A, Di Carlo F, D’Andrea G, Collevecchio R, Di Muzio I, Sensi SL, Di Giannantonio M. Therapeutic Potentials of Ketamine and Esketamine in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and Eating Disorders (ED): A Review of the Current Literature. Brain Sci 2021; 11:856. [PMID: 34199023 PMCID: PMC8301752 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The obsessive-compulsive spectrum refers to disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share core features related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors and anxiety. Disorders that include these features can be grouped according to the focus of the symptoms, e.g., bodily preoccupation (i.e., eating disorders, ED) or impulse control (i.e., substance use disorders, SUD), and they exhibit intriguing similarities in phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. The non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist ketamine has been indicated to produce remarkable results in patients with treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and OCD in dozens of small studies accrued over the past decade, and it appears to be promising in the treatment of SUD and ED. However, despite many small studies, solid evidence for the benefits of its use in the treatment of OCD spectrum and addiction is still lacking. Thus, the aim of this perspective article is to examine the potential for ketamine and esketamine in treating OCD, ED and SUD, which all involve recurring and intrusive thoughts and generate associated compulsive behavior. A comprehensive and updated overview of the literature regarding the pharmacological mechanisms of action of both ketamine and esketamine, as well as their therapeutic advantages over current treatments, are provided in this paper. An electronic search was performed, including all papers published up to April 2021, using the following keywords ("ketamine" or "esketamine") AND ("obsessive" OR "compulsive" OR "OCD" OR "SUD" OR "substance use disorder" OR "addiction" OR "craving" OR "eating" OR "anorexia") NOT review NOT animal NOT "in vitro", on the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science online databases. The review was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The use and efficacy of ketamine in SUD, ED and OCD is supported by glutamatergic neurotransmission dysregulation, which plays an important role in these conditions. Ketamine's use is increasing, and preliminary data are optimistic. Further studies are needed in order to better clarify the many unknowns related to the use of both ketamine and esketamine in SUD, ED and OCD, and to understand their long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Stefania Chiappini
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Alessio Mosca
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Andrea Miuli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Francesco Di Carlo
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Giacomo D’Andrea
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Roberta Collevecchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Ilenia Di Muzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (F.D.C.); (G.D.); (R.C.); (I.D.M.); (S.L.S.); (M.D.G.)
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Sadanandan N, Saft M, Gonzales-Portillo B, Borlongan CV. Multipronged Attack of Stem Cell Therapy in Treating the Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:596287. [PMID: 33815100 PMCID: PMC8010689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.596287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy stands as a life-threatening disease that is characterized by unprovoked seizures. However, an important characteristic of epilepsy that needs to be examined is the neuropsychiatric aspect. Epileptic patients endure aggression, depression, and other psychiatric illnesses. Therapies for epilepsy can be divided into two categories: antiepileptic medications and surgical resection. Antiepileptic drugs are used to attenuate heightened neuronal firing and to lessen seizure frequency. Alternatively, surgery can also be conducted to physically cut out the area of the brain that is assumed to be the root cause for the anomalous firing that triggers seizures. While both treatments serve as viable approaches that aim to regulate seizures and ameliorate the neurological detriments spurred by epilepsy, they do not serve to directly counteract epilepsy's neuropsychiatric traits. To address this concern, a potential new treatment involves the use of stem cells. Stem cell therapy has been employed in experimental models of neurological maladies, such as Parkinson's disease, and neuropsychiatric illnesses like depression. Cell-based treatments for epilepsy utilizing stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and interneuron grafts have been explored in preclinical and clinical settings, highlighting both the acute and chronic stages of epilepsy. However, it is difficult to create an animal model to capitalize on all the components of epilepsy due to the challenges in delineating the neuropsychiatric aspect. Therefore, further preclinical investigation into the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in addressing both the neurological and the neuropsychiatric components of epilepsy is warranted in order to optimize cell dosage, delivery, and timing of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
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Abstract
Effective pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments are well established for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are first-line treatment and are of benefit to about half of patients. Augmentation of SRI treatment with low-dose neuroleptics is an evidence-based second-line strategy. Specialty psychotherapy is also used as both first-line and second-line treatment and can benefit many. However, a substantial number of patients do not respond to these treatments. New alternatives are urgently needed. This review summarizes evidence for these established pharmacotherapeutic strategies, and for others that have been investigated in refractory disease but are not supported by the same level of evidence. We focus on three neurotransmitter systems in the brain: serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. We summarize evidence from genetic, neuroimaging, animal model, and other lines of investigation that probe these three systems in patients with OCD. We also review recent work on predictors of response to current treatments. While many studies suggest abnormalities that may provide insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, most studies have been small, and non-replication of reported findings has been common. Nevertheless, the gradual accrual of evidence for neurotransmitter dysregulation may in time lead the way to new pharmacological strategies.
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Batistuzzo MC, Sottili BA, Shavitt RG, Lopes AC, Cappi C, de Mathis MA, Pastorello B, Diniz JB, Silva RMF, Miguel EC, Hoexter MQ, Otaduy MC. Lower Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Glutamate Levels in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:668304. [PMID: 34168581 PMCID: PMC8218991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) indicate that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) present abnormal levels of glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the frontal and striatal regions of the brain. These abnormalities could be related to the hyperactivation observed in cortico-striatal circuits of patients with OCD. However, most of the previous 1H-MRS studies were not capable of differentiating the signal from metabolites that overlap in the spectrum, such as Glu and glutamine (Gln), and referred to the detected signal as the composite measure-Glx (sum of Glu and Gln). In this study, we used a two-dimensional JPRESS 1H-MRS sequence that allows the discrimination of overlapping metabolites by observing the differences in J-coupling, leading to higher accuracy in the quantification of all metabolites. Our objective was to identify possible alterations in the neurometabolism of OCD, focusing on Glu and GABA, which are key neurotransmitters in the brain that could provide insights into the underlying neurochemistry of a putative excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. Secondary analysis was performed including metabolites such as Gln, creatine (Cr), N-acetylaspartate, glutathione, choline, lactate, and myo-inositol. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with OCD and 42 healthy controls (HCs) underwent 3T 1H-MRS in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, 30 × 25 × 25 mm3). Metabolites were quantified using ProFit (version 2.0) and Cr as a reference. Furthermore, Glu/GABA and Glu/Gln ratios were calculated. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were conducted using each metabolite as a dependent variable and age, sex, and gray matter fraction (fGM) as confounding factors. GLM analysis was also used to test for associations between clinical symptoms and neurometabolites. Results: The GLM analysis indicated lower levels of Glu/Cr in patients with OCD (z = 2.540; p = 0.011). No other comparisons reached significant differences between groups for all the metabolites studied. No associations between metabolites and clinical symptoms were detected. Conclusions: The decreased Glu/Cr concentrations in the vmPFC of patients with OCD indicate a neurochemical imbalance in the excitatory neurotransmission that could be associated with the neurobiology of the disease and may be relevant for the pathophysiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C Batistuzzo
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Sottili
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance (LIM44), Department and Institute of Radiology, University of São Paulo (InRad-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli G Shavitt
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Lopes
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice de Mathis
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pastorello
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance (LIM44), Department and Institute of Radiology, University of São Paulo (InRad-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana B Diniz
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M F Silva
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Euripedes C Miguel
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Q Hoexter
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Otaduy
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance (LIM44), Department and Institute of Radiology, University of São Paulo (InRad-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Pandiella-Alonso A, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Sanz E. Antitumoral Properties of the Nutritional Supplement Ocoxin Oral Solution: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092661. [PMID: 32878230 PMCID: PMC7551453 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocoxin Oral Solution (OOS) is a nutritional supplement whose formulation includes several plant extracts and natural products with demonstrated antitumoral properties. This review summarizes the antitumoral action of the different constituents of OOS. The action of this formulation on different preclinical models as well as clinical trials is reviewed, paying special attention to the mechanism of action and quality of life improvement properties of this nutritional supplement. Molecularly, its mode of action includes a double edge role on tumor biology, that involves a slowdown in cell proliferation accompanied by cell death induction. Given the safety and good tolerability of OOS, and its potentiation of the antitumoral effect of other standard of care drugs, OOS may be used in the oncology clinic in combination with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanasio Pandiella-Alonso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Díaz-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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