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Tamaru Y, Matsushita F, Matsugi A. Tests of abnormal gaze behavior increase the accuracy of mild cognitive impairment assessments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19512. [PMID: 39174695 PMCID: PMC11341758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tests to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) should have high sensitivity and accuracy. Previously, we reported on a cognitive composition test (CCT) that we developed to detect MCI. In this study, we compared gaze behavior parameters, namely, gaze fixation duration and gaze-shift frequency, during the CCT in participants with MCI and healthy controls (HC) to determine whether these parameters would accurately detect MCI in older adults. Participants performed CCT-A, -B, and -C tasks with varying difficulty levels while wearing eye-tracking devices. Performance time, gaze fixation duration, and gaze-shift frequency were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the identification accuracy. The MCI group was significantly slower in completing the CCT-C task and had a higher gaze-shift frequency into both the sample object space and workspace than the HC group. Gaze fixation duration in the sample object space increased in the MCI group as the CCT became difficult. Our findings indicated that combining the CCT with performance time and gaze pattern improved the accuracy of distinguishing between individuals with and without MCI and that patients with MCI have abnormal gaze behavior during cognitive tasks. Therefore, evaluation of gaze parameters may improve the accuracy of identifying patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tamaru
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 559-8611, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Matsushita
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 559-8611, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate-Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daito-shi, Osaka, 574-0011, Japan
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2
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Kim NI, Chen J, Wang W, Kim JY, Kwon MK, Moradnia M, Pouladi S, Ryou JH. Skin-Attached Arrayed Piezoelectric Sensors for Continuous and Safe Monitoring of Oculomotor Movements. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303581. [PMID: 38386698 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal oculomotor movements are known to be linked to various types of brain disorders, physical/mental shocks to the brain, and other neurological disorders, hence its monitoring can be developed into a simple but effective diagnostic tool. To overcome the limitations in the current eye-tracking system and electrooculography, a piezoelectric arrayed sensor system is developed using single-crystalline III-N thin-film transducers, which offers advantages of mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and high electromechanical conversion, for continuous monitoring of oculomotor movements by skin-attachable, safe, and highly sensitive sensors. The flexible piezoelectric eye movement sensor array (F-PEMSA), consisting of three transducers, is attached to the face temple area where it can be comfortably wearable and can detect the muscles' activity associated with the eye motions. Output voltages from upper, mid, and lower sensors (transducers) on different temple areas generate discernable patterns of output voltage signals with different combinations of positive/negative signs and their relative magnitudes for the various movements of eyeballs including 8 directional (lateral, vertical, and diagonal) and two rotational movements, which enable various types of saccade and pursuit tests. The F-PEMSA can be used in clinical studies on the brain-eye relationship to evaluate the functional integrity of multiple brain systems and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-In Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ja-Yeon Kim
- Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Kwon
- Department of Photonic Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Moradnia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Sara Pouladi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Ryou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-2004, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute (AMI), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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3
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Eraslan Boz H, Koçoğlu K, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Ekin M, Özçelik P, Akdal G. Uncorrected errors and correct saccades in the antisaccade task distinguish between early-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:457-478. [PMID: 37004192 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2198191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is a degenerative illness that is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is seen as a precursor to AD. The changes in antisaccade performance that can be seen in MCI may provide important clues in the early detection of AD. Therefore, the antisaccade deficits in AD and aMCI remain a research question. This study aimed to examine antisaccade responses and the relationship between antisaccade and cognitive function in AD, aMCI, and healthy controls (HC). This study included 30 patients with early-stage AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 HC. Patients with AD showed higher rates of uncorrected error, anticipatory saccades and corrected errors, as well as decreased correct saccade rates, and shortened saccade latency compared to aMCI and HC in this study. Patients with aMCI exhibited increased rates of express saccades relative to HC. The antisaccade task and cognitive domains were found to be significantly related. Our study showed that the rate of correct saccades has the capacity to distinguish AD from HC with 87% sensitivity and 86% specificity (AUC = 0.93, p < 0.001). In addition, the rate of uncorrected errors was found to be capable of distinguishing AD from HC with 84% sensitivity and 83% specificity (AUC = 0.91, p < 0.001). This study presented promising findings that these parameters can be used clinically to differentiate AD and aMCI from healthy older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Unit of Neuropsychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ekin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Özçelik
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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4
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Zuo F, Jing P, Sun J, Duan J, Ji Y, Liu Y. Deep Learning-Based Eye-Tracking Analysis for Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using 3D Comprehensive Visual Stimuli. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:2781-2793. [PMID: 38349825 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2024.3365172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes a continuous decline in cognitive functions and eventually results in death. An early AD diagnosis is important for taking active measures to slow its deterioration. Traditional diagnoses are usually based on clinical experience, which is limited by several realistic factors. In this paper, we focus on exploiting deep learning techniques to diagnose AD based on eye-tracking behaviors. Visual attention, as a typical eye-tracking behavior, is of great clinical value in detecting cognitive abnormalities in AD patients. To better analyze the differences in visual attention between AD patients and normals, we first conducted a 3D comprehensive visual task on a noninvasive eye-tracking system to collect visual attention heatmaps. Then a multilayered comparison convolutional neural network (MC-CNN) is proposed to distinguish the visual attention differences between AD patients and normals. In MC-CNN, the multilayered feature representations of heatmaps were obtained by hierarchical residual blocks to better encode eye movement behaviors, which were further integrated into a distance vector to benefit the comprehensive visual task. From evaluation, MC-CNN can distinguish AD patients from normals with 0.84 accuracy, 0.86 recall, 0.82 precision, 0.83 F1-score and 0.90 area under the curve (AUC). The above results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MC-CNN in AD diagnosis based on the comprehensive 3D visual task.
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Liu X, Ye Y, Ge Y, Qu J, Liedberg B, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Smart Contact Lenses for Healthcare Monitoring and Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6817-6844. [PMID: 38407063 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The eye contains a wealth of physiological information and offers a suitable environment for noninvasive monitoring of diseases via smart contact lens sensors. Although extensive research efforts recently have been undertaken to develop smart contact lens sensors, they are still in an early stage of being utilized as an intelligent wearable sensing platform for monitoring various biophysical/chemical conditions. In this review, we provide a general introduction to smart contact lenses that have been developed for disease monitoring and therapy. First, different disease biomarkers available from the ocular environment are summarized, including both physical and chemical biomarkers, followed by the commonly used materials, manufacturing processes, and characteristics of contact lenses. Smart contact lenses for eye-drug delivery with advancing technologies to achieve more efficient treatments are then introduced as well as the latest developments for disease diagnosis. Finally, sensor communication technologies and smart contact lenses for antimicrobial and other emerging bioapplications are also discussed as well as the challenges and prospects of the future development of smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Ying Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuancai Ge
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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Akkoyun M, Koçoğlu K, Eraslan Boz H, Keskinoğlu P, Akdal G. Saccadic Eye Movements in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Study. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:354-372. [PMID: 37080551 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2202620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are one of the sensitive and noninvasive methods to help monitor the cognitive course of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The study aimed to evaluate both pro and anti-saccade longitudinally and the relationship between cognitive functions and eye movements in MCI subgroups and healthy controls (HCs) at a two-year follow-up. This study revealed that the anti-saccade anticipatory responses decreased in amnestic MCI (aMCI). Correct vertical pro-saccades increased in non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), while the express saccades decreased. Our study demonstrated that longer than two years of follow-up is necessary to monitor the course of MCI. Findings of the relationships between longitudinal changes of saccades and cognitive measurements demonstrated the usability of eye movements in evaluating the process of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Pembe Keskinoğlu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
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7
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Yang Y, Mo L, Lio G, Huang Y, Perret T, Sirigu A, Duhamel JR. Assessing the allocation of attention during visual search using digit-tracking, a calibration-free alternative to eye tracking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2376. [PMID: 36759694 PMCID: PMC9911646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Digit-tracking, a simple, calibration-free technique, has proven to be a good alternative to eye tracking in vision science. Participants view stimuli superimposed by Gaussian blur on a touchscreen interface and slide a finger across the display to locally sharpen an area the size of the foveal region just at the finger's position. Finger movements are recorded as an indicator of eye movements and attentional focus. Because of its simplicity and portability, this system has many potential applications in basic and applied research. Here we used digit-tracking to investigate visual search and replicated several known effects observed using different types of search arrays. Exploration patterns measured with digit-tracking during visual search of natural scenes were comparable to those previously reported for eye-tracking and constrained by similar saliency. Therefore, our results provide further evidence for the validity and relevance of digit-tracking for basic and applied research on vision and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Lei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Guillaume Lio
- IMind Center of Excellence for Autism, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Yulong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Thomas Perret
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Angela Sirigu
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France.,IMind Center of Excellence for Autism, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Jean-René Duhamel
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS, UMR 5229, 69675, Bron, France.
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8
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Parra MA, Granada J, Fernández G. Memory-driven eye movements prospectively predict dementia in people at risk of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12386. [PMID: 36579131 PMCID: PMC9780510 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Oculomotor behaviors linked to cognitive performance revealed neurocognitive features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that can enhance the accuracy of its assessment and diagnosis. Methods A sample of 107 participants (i.e., 65 mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and 42 controls) were recruited and followed up for 40 months. At baseline, they underwent assessment with the ViewMind digital biomarker, which draws cognitive-related patterns of eye movement while people perform the visual short-term memory binding task. Results Baseline data predicted that 36 patients with MCI would progress to the AD clinical syndrome (ADS Progressing). The remaining 29 MCI patients were predicted to remain as MCI or progress to other forms of dementia. After 40 months of follow-up, 94% of ADS Progressing patients had received a diagnosis of dementia, whereas none of the non-ADS Progressing had. Discussion The analysis of eye movement behavior combined with cognitive markers for AD can effectively predict progression to ADS among patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and HealthUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
- ViewMind IncDelawareUSA
| | | | - Gerardo Fernández
- ViewMind IncDelawareUSA
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Neurociencias Cognitivas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS‐CONICET)Bahía BlancaBuenos AiresArgentina
- Axis NeurocienciasBahía BlancaArgentina
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Tsentidou G, Moraitou D, Tsolaki M, Masoura E, Papaliagkas V. Trajectories of Cognitive Impairment in Adults Bearing Vascular Risk Factors, with or without Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Findings from a Longitudinal Study Assessing Executive Functions, Memory, and Social Cognition. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123017. [PMID: 36553024 PMCID: PMC9777412 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aging of the population, a key concern of both societies and health services is to keep the population cognitively healthy until the maximum age limit. It is a well-known fact that vascular aging has a negative effect on the cognitive skills of adults, putting them at greater risk of developing dementia. The present longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the main dimensions of cognition in two pathological groups with different health profiles: a group of adults with vascular risk factors (VRF) (n = 35) and a group of adults with vascular risk factors and mild cognitive impairment (VRF + MCI) (n = 35). The two groups were matched in age, education, and gender. They were assessed with extensive neuropsychological testing at three different times with a distance of about 8 months between them; the assessment regarded executive functions, memory capacity, and Theory of Mind abilities. The analyses carried out were (a) mixed-measures ANOVA, (b) repeated measures ANOVA, and (c) ANOVA. The findings showed that global cognitive status and short-term memory are the main cognitive abilities that decline in community dwelling people bearing VRF. Hence, this group of adults should be examined at least every 2 years for this decline. As regards people with both VRF and MCI, it seems that the assessment of Theory of Mind abilities can better capture their further impairment. Global cognitive status, task/rule switching function, and long-term memory (delayed verbal recall) were revealed as the abilities that clearly and steadily differentiate VRF people with and without MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glykeria Tsentidou
- Laboratoty of Psychology, Department of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), AUTh, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6983140302
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratoty of Psychology, Department of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), AUTh, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, 546 43 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Tsolaki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), AUTh, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, 546 43 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elvira Masoura
- Laboratoty of Psychology, Department of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 574 00 Sindos, Greece
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Eraslan Boz H, Koçoğlu K, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Ekin M, Özçelik P, Akdal G. The influence of stimulus eccentricity on prosaccade outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's Disease dementia at an early stage and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:713-729. [PMID: 36856708 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2183937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prosaccade task is a widely used objective method to evaluate reflexive saccade and visual attention. The study aimed to investigate prosaccade stimulus eccentricity, compare prosaccade parameters in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and neurotypical adults (NA), and examine the relationship between prosaccade and neuropsychological tests. METHODS Thirty patients with AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 NA were included in the study. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000 Plus in the prosaccade task, and this study evaluated cognitive function with comprehensive neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, executive function, visuospatial function, and language domains. RESULTS The correct saccade rates of patients with AD were significantly lower than NA in the 5° and 10° stimulus eccentricities. Patients with AD had significantly longer latencies in the 10° stimulus eccentricity than those with aMCI and NA. Patients with aMCI did not differ in prosaccade performance compared to NA. Prosaccade parameters were significantly correlated with all cognitive domains. As the amplitude of the stimuli increased, the rate of correct saccades decreased, while the express saccade rate, latency, amplitude, and peak velocity increased. CONCLUSION Our findings that correct saccade rates and latency may be distinguishing parameters of early AD are promising. This study also found that stimulus eccentricity affects prosaccade measures in AD, MCI, and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Unit of Neuropsychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Özçelik
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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11
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Imaoka Y, Flury A, Hauri L, de Bruin ED. Effects of different virtual reality technology driven dual-tasking paradigms on posture and saccadic eye movements in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18059. [PMID: 36302813 PMCID: PMC9613688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural sway and eye movements are potential biomarkers for dementia screening. Assessing the two movements comprehensively could improve the understanding of complicated syndrome for more accurate screening. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of comprehensive assessment in healthy older adults (OA), using a novel concurrent comprehensive assessment system consisting of stabilometer and virtual reality headset. 20 healthy OA (70.4 ± 4.9 years) were recruited. Using a cross-sectional study design, this study investigated the effects of various dual-tasking paradigms with integrated tasks of visuospatial memory (VM), spatial orientation (SO), and visual challenge on posture and saccades. Dual-task paradigms with VM and SO affected the saccadic eye movements significantly. Two highly intensive tests of anti-saccade with VM task and pro-saccade with SO task also influenced postural sway significantly. Strong associations were seen between postural sway and eye movements for the conditions where the two movements theoretically shared common neural pathways in the brain, and vice versa. This study suggests that assessing posture and saccades with the integrated tasks comprehensively and simultaneously could be useful to explain different functions of the brain. The results warrant a cross-sectional study in OA with and without dementia to explore differences between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Imaoka
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Flury
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hauri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.510272.3School of Health Professions, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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12
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Camargo MVZDA, Pais MV, Bellan AFR, Tahira AC, dos Santos B, Sant’Ana LCFG, Radanovic M, Forlenza OV. Impact of Cognitive Demand on Eye Movement Pattern in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:85-95. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Eye-movement behavior has been used as a reliable tool to identify cognitive and behavioral patterns in individuals with different neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Most studies in the field have been dedicated to evaluating eye-movement behavior during cognitive tasks in different protocols using multiple parameters. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the differences of eye-movement behavior in healthy subjects, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and those with AD in a simple color task with and without cognitive demand. Methods: 91 subjects: 18 AD, 47 MCI, and 26 healthy controls had their oculomotor parameters assessed during baseline (no cognitive demand involved) and during a simple computational color memory task using an eye-tracker. Results: Baseline showed statistically different and heterogeneous results between normal cognition and MCI groups. Familiarization phase of the task could not discriminate between groups in any of the analyzed parameters. AD subjects made longer fixations and visits on distractors, and more frequent fixations and visits on the target areas than other groups during the response phase. Conclusion: Eye-tracking time-related parameters differentiate AD subjects from other groups under cognitive demand even in a simple color memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina von Zuben de Arruda Camargo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vasconcelos Pais
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariella Fornachari Ribeiro Bellan
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Livea Carla Fidalgo Garcêz Sant’Ana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Radanovic
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade deSao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Chehrehnegar N, Shati M, Esmaeili M, Foroughan M. Executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment: evidence from saccade tasks. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1001-1009. [PMID: 33928806 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1913471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is necessary to prevent irreversible brain damage caused by incipient Alzheimer's disease. It has been showing that amnestic MCI (a-MCI) subjects exhibit subtle deficits in executive function that can be tested using saccade eye movements. Eye-tracking technology is a sensitive method to measure cognitive impairments in dementia and MCI. METHODS In this study, we used eye-tracking technology to explore saccade impairments to distinguish between a-MCI and the variants of reference controls. 21 patients with AD, 40 patients with a-MCI, and 59 normal participants were recruited in current study. We measured saccade reaction time, saccade errors, saccade omission, and uncorrected saccades using anti-saccade and pro-saccade tasks with 'gap' and 'overlap' procedures. These parameters were used as markers of executive function and visual attention deficits.Results: The findings revealed that more errors, more omissions, and fewer corrections characterized the saccade behavior of the a-MCI group compared to the reference group. These eye-tracking characteristics can be considered as inhibitory control and working memory deficits in a-MCI subjects. Our results thus demonstrate the applicability of the anti-saccade task as a cognitive marker in a-MCI. CONCLUSION The work provides further support for eye-tracking as a useful diagnostic biomarker in the assessment of executive function in aging with cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Chehrehnegar
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Shati
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Esmaeili
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, Gerontology and Geriatric Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, Gerontology and Geriatric Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Xu J, Li X, Chang H, Zhao B, Tan X, Yang Y, Tian H, Zhang S, Ren TL. Electrooculography and Tactile Perception Collaborative Interface for 3D Human-Machine Interaction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6687-6699. [PMID: 35385249 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human-machine interface (HMI) previously relied on a single perception interface that cannot realize three-dimensional (3D) interaction and convenient and accurate interaction in multiple scenes. Here, we propose a collaborative interface including electrooculography (EOG) and tactile perception for fast and accurate 3D human-machine interaction. The EOG signals are mainly used for fast, convenient, and contactless 2D (XY-axis) interaction, and the tactile sensing interface is mainly utilized for complex 2D movement control and Z-axis control in the 3D interaction. The honeycomb graphene electrodes for the EOG signal acquisition and tactile sensing array are prepared by a laser-induced process. Two pairs of ultrathin and breathable honeycomb graphene electrodes are attached around the eyes for monitoring nine different eye movements. A machine learning algorithm is designed to train and classify the nine different eye movements with an average prediction accuracy of 92.6%. Furthermore, an ultrathin (90 μm), stretchable (∼1000%), and flexible tactile sensing interface assembled by a pair of 4 × 4 planar electrode arrays is attached to the arm for 2D movement control and Z-axis interaction, which can realize single-point, multipoint and sliding touch functions. Consequently, the tactile sensing interface can achieve eight directions control and even more complex movement trajectory control. Meanwhile, the flexible and ultrathin tactile sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.428 kPa-1 in the pressure range 0-300 Pa with long-term response stability and repeatability. Therefore, the collaboration between EOG and the tactile perception interface will play an important role in rapid and accurate 3D human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Chang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingchen Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xichao Tan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Smith E, Storch EA, Vahia I, Wong STC, Lavretsky H, Cummings JL, Eyre HA. Affective Computing for Late-Life Mood and Cognitive Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:782183. [PMID: 35002802 PMCID: PMC8732874 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective computing (also referred to as artificial emotion intelligence or emotion AI) is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate emotion or other affective phenomena. With the rapid growth in the aging population around the world, affective computing has immense potential to benefit the treatment and care of late-life mood and cognitive disorders. For late-life depression, affective computing ranging from vocal biomarkers to facial expressions to social media behavioral analysis can be used to address inadequacies of current screening and diagnostic approaches, mitigate loneliness and isolation, provide more personalized treatment approaches, and detect risk of suicide. Similarly, for Alzheimer's disease, eye movement analysis, vocal biomarkers, and driving and behavior can provide objective biomarkers for early identification and monitoring, allow more comprehensive understanding of daily life and disease fluctuations, and facilitate an understanding of behavioral and psychological symptoms such as agitation. To optimize the utility of affective computing while mitigating potential risks and ensure responsible development, ethical development of affective computing applications for late-life mood and cognitive disorders is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Smith
- The PRODEO Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ipsit Vahia
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen T. C. Wong
- Systems Medicine and Biomedical Engineering Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen Lavretsky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Harris A. Eyre
- The PRODEO Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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16
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Pereira MLGDF, Camargo MVZDA, Bellan AFR, Tahira AC, Dos Santos B, Dos Santos J, Machado-Lima A, Nunes FLS, Forlenza OV. Visual Search Efficiency in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: An Eye Movement Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:261-275. [PMID: 32250291 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual search abilities are essential to everyday life activities and are known to be affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about visual search efficiency in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitive state between normal aging and dementia. Eye movement studies and machine learning methods have been recently used to detect oculomotor impairments in individuals with dementia. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between eye movement metrics and visual search impairment in MCI and AD. METHODS 127 participants were tested: 43 healthy controls, 51 with MCI, and 33 with AD. They completed an eyetracking visual search task where they had to find a previously seen target stimulus among distractors. RESULTS Both patient groups made more fixations on the screen when searching for a target, with longer duration than controls. MCI and AD fixated the distractors more often and for a longer period of time than the target. Healthy controls were quicker and made less fixations when scanning the stimuli for the first time. Machine-learning methods were able to distinguish between controls and AD subjects and to identify MCI subjects with a similar oculomotor profile to AD with a good accuracy. CONCLUSION Results showed that eye movement metrics are useful for identifying visual search impairments in MCI and AD, with possible implications in the early identification of individuals with high-risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina von Zuben de Arruda Camargo
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariella Fornachari Ribeiro Bellan
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Tahira
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,LIM-23, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariane Machado-Lima
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fátima L S Nunes
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Moghadami M, Moghimi S, Moghimi A, Malekzadeh GR, Fadardi JS. The Investigation of Simultaneous EEG and Eye Tracking Characteristics During Fixation Task in Mild Alzheimer's Disease. Clin EEG Neurosci 2021; 52:211-220. [PMID: 32539459 DOI: 10.1177/1550059420932752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs many years before the first clinical symptoms. Finding more exact, significant, and valuable criteria or indices for the diagnosis of the mild form of Alzheimer's disease is very important for clinical and research purposes. Electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking biomarkers would provide noninvasive tools for the early detection of AD. Due to the advantages of EEG and eye tracking, in this study, we employed them simultaneously to conduct research on the mild AD. For this purpose, 19 patients with mild AD were compared with 19 gender- and age-matched normal subjects who did not have any history of cognitive or neurological disorders. EEG and eye-tracking data were concurrently collected in both groups in a fixation task. Our results revealed that the total fixation duration was significantly shorter for the AD patients, but their fixation frequency was more than that of the controls. In addition, increased theta power and decreased alpha power were observed in the AD group. Interestingly, there was a statistically significant correlation between fixation frequency and alpha power in the parietal area in the control group. However, this connection was not statistically significant in the AD group. The findings also indicated an elevated coherence in the AD patients in the parieto-occipital area. It is assumed that the AD patients might use the neural compensational processes for the fixation state. This study provides evidence for the simultaneously EEG and eye-tracking changes in the areas, which are involved in the control of the fixational eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Moghadami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 48440Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorassan Razavi, Iran
| | - Sahar Moghimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, 108847Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorassan Razavi, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Malekzadeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, 125639Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Javad Salehi Fadardi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences & Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.,School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA.,School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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18
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Menne F, Schipke CG. Diagnose it yourself: will there be a home test kit for Alzheimer's disease? Neurodegener Dis Manag 2021; 11:167-176. [PMID: 33596691 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative process leading to dementia. To date, there is no curative approach; thus, establishing a diagnosis as early as possible is necessary to implement preventive measures. However, today's gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease is high in both cost and effort and is not readily available. This defines the need for low-effort and economic alternatives that give patients low-threshold access to testing systems at their general practitioners or even at home for an independent retrieval of a biologic specimen. This perspective gives an overview of established and novel approaches in the field and speculates on the future of test strategies eventually technically implementable at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Menne
- Predemtec AG, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin 12489, Germany
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19
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Wang K, Barr C, Norman R, George S, Whitehead C, Ratcliffe J. Using Eye-Tracking Technology with Older People in Memory Clinics to Investigate the Impact of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Choices for EQ-5D-5L Health States Preferences. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2021; 19:111-121. [PMID: 32567035 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-020-00588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population ageing is a phenomenon taking place in almost every global region. Current estimates indicate that 10-20% of older people in developed countries have mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with these percentages predicted to rise markedly by 2050. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to apply eye-tracking technology to investigate the information processes adopted by older people with and without MCI in determining preferences for health states in the five-level EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D-5L) instrument. METHODS Older people (aged ≥ 65 years; including both patients and family carers) attending outpatient memory clinics in Southern Adelaide between July 2017 and June 2018, competent to read and converse in English and with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) cognition score of ≥ 19 were invited to participate. In total, 52 people met the inclusion criteria, of whom 20 (38%) provided informed consent and fully participated. Participants were categorised into two subgroups (each n = 10) for comparison based upon established MMSE cognition thresholds (19-23, lower MMSE indicative of MCI; ≥ 24, higher MMSE indicative of good cognition). A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) comprising a series of pairwise choices between alternative EQ-5D-5L health states of varying survival duration with differential levels of task complexity (approximated by the degree of attribute level overlap in each choice), was administered as a face-to-face interview with the participant wearing an eye-tracking device. RESULTS Attribute non-attendance (ANA) was higher for the lower MMSE subgroup than for the higher MMSE subgroup, although these differences were generally not statistically significant. ANA remained relatively low and consistent for participants with good cognition regardless of task complexity. In contrast, ANA increased notably in participants exhibiting MCI, increasing from 10% on average per participant in the lower MMSE subgroup with five attribute level overlap to 23% on average per participant in the lower MMSE subgroup with zero attribute level overlap. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study provided important insights into the information processes adopted by older people with varying levels of cognitive functioning when choosing between alternative EQ-5D-5L health states of varying survival duration and specifically the relationships between cognitive capacity, task complexity and the extent of ANA. Recent advances in econometric modelling of health state valuation data have demonstrated the added value of capturing ANA information as this can be accounted for in the DCE data analysis, thereby improving the precision of model estimates. Eye-tracking technology can usefully inform the design, conduct and econometric modelling of DCEs, driving the inclusion of this rapidly growing population traditionally excluded from preference-elicitation studies of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Wang
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Chris Barr
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Stacey George
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Craig Whitehead
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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Fernández Montenegro JM, Villarini B, Angelopoulou A, Kapetanios E, Garcia-Rodriguez J, Argyriou V. A Survey of Alzheimer's Disease Early Diagnosis Methods for Cognitive Assessment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7292. [PMID: 33353076 PMCID: PMC7766748 DOI: 10.3390/s20247292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome that is characterised by the decline of different cognitive abilities. A high rate of deaths and high cost for detection, treatments, and patients care count amongst its consequences. Although there is no cure for dementia, a timely diagnosis helps in obtaining necessary support, appropriate medication, and maintenance, as far as possible, of engagement in intellectual, social, and physical activities. The early detection of Alzheimer Disease (AD) is considered to be of high importance for improving the quality of life of patients and their families. In particular, Virtual Reality (VR) is an expanding tool that can be used in order to assess cognitive abilities while navigating through a Virtual Environment (VE). The paper summarises common AD screening and diagnosis techniques focusing on the latest approaches that are based on Virtual Environments, behaviour analysis, and emotions recognition, aiming to provide more reliable and non-invasive diagnostics at home or in a clinical environment. Furthermore, different AD diagnosis evaluation methods and metrics are presented and discussed together with an overview of the different datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Villarini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Westminster, London W1W 7BY, UK; (B.V.); (A.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Anastassia Angelopoulou
- Department of Computer Science, University of Westminster, London W1W 7BY, UK; (B.V.); (A.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Epaminondas Kapetanios
- Department of Computer Science, University of Westminster, London W1W 7BY, UK; (B.V.); (A.A.); (E.K.)
| | | | - Vasileios Argyriou
- Department of Networks and Digital Media, Kingston University, London KT1 2EE, UK; (J.M.F.M.); (V.A.)
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21
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Alcaraz-Mateos E, Turic I, Nieto-Olivares A, Pérez-Ramos M, Poblet E. Head-tracking as an interface device for image control in digital pathology: a comparative study. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE PATOLOGIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ANATOMIA PATOLOGICA Y DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE CITOLOGIA 2020; 53:213-217. [PMID: 33012490 PMCID: PMC7343653 DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inasmuch as the conventional mouse is not an ideal input device for digital pathology, the aim of this study was to evaluate alternative systems with the goal of identifying a natural user interface (NUI) for controlling whole slide images (WSI). DESIGN Four pathologists evaluated three webcam-based, head-tracking mouse emulators: Enable Viacam (eViacam, CREA Software), Nouse (JLG Health Solutions Inc), and Camera Mouse (CM Solutions Inc). Twenty WSI dermatopathological cases were randomly selected and examined with Image Viewer (Ventana, AZ, USA). The NASA-TLX was used to rate the perceived workload of using these systems and time was recorded. In addition, a satisfaction survey was used. RESULTS The mean total time needed for diagnosis with Camera Mouse, eViacam, and Nouse was 18'57", 19'37" and 22'32", respectively (57/59/68seconds per case, respectively). The NASA-TLX workload score, where lower scores are better, was 42.1 for eViacam, 53.3 for Nouse and 60.62 for Camera Mouse. This correlated with the pathologists' degree of satisfaction on a scale of 1-5: 3.4 for eViacam, 3 for Nouse, and 2 for Camera Mouse (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Head-tracking systems enable pathologists to control the computer cursor and virtual slides without their hands using only a webcam as an input device. - Of the three software solutions examined, eViacam seems to be the best of those evaluated in this study, followed by Nouse and, finally, Camera Mouse. - Further studies integrating other systems should be performed in conjunction with software developments to identify the ideal device for digital pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alcaraz-Mateos
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, España. Av. Marqués de los Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, España.
| | - Iva Turic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia. Poljička cesta 35, 21000, Split, Croacia
| | - Andrés Nieto-Olivares
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, España. Av. Marqués de los Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, España
| | - Miguel Pérez-Ramos
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, España. Av. Marqués de los Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, España
| | - Enrique Poblet
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España. Av. Intendente Jorge Palacios, 1, 30003, Murcia, España
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Nie J, Qiu Q, Phillips M, Sun L, Yan F, Lin X, Xiao S, Li X. Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Eye Movement Parameters in an Aging Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:221. [PMID: 32848703 PMCID: PMC7405864 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of dementia often starts several years prior to clinical onset during which the individual is asymptomatic. Existing strategies for the accurate diagnosis of early dementia are limited by high cost and the invasive nature of the procedures. Eye movement parameters associated with cognitive functions may be helpful in the early identification of dementia and in the development and evaluation of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Objective: We aimed to assess differences in eye movement parameters between healthy elderly individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, we examined the correlations between eye movement parameters with cognitive functions and specific hemispheric region and neural structures in individuals with MCI. Method: Eighty individuals with MCI without dementia (based on DSM-IV criteria) identified by community screening and 170 healthy controls were administered Chinese versions of MoCA and NTB, and a long (20 min) or short (5 min) version of a visual paired comparison (VPC) task. Two weeks later, 44 MCI patients and 107 healthy controls completed a retest of the VPC task, 44 MCI patients and 43 healthy controls among them administered a MRI. At the end of 1-year follow-up, a subset of 26 individuals with MCI and 57 healthy controls were administered the long version of VPC task and MoCA test again. Eye movement parameters and the relationship of eye movement parameters with cognitive functions and with changes in neural structures were compared between groups. Results: Patients with MCI were older, had less education, and had lower scores on cognitive tests than healthy controls. After adjustment for age and level of education, patients with MCI had lower novelty preference scores on the VPC than healthy controls. Using the logistic regression model, the amount of time that subjects focused on these novel images could predict MCI patients from normal elderly with an out of sample area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.62. Furthermore, the cognition score of subjects whose novelty preference score was low decreased more remarkably in 1 year. For both the patient and control groups, VPC novelty preference was significantly correlated with verbal fluency and delayed and short-term memory function. Novelty preference score was also significantly correlated with the cortical thickness of several structures in the right hemisphere. Conclusion: Eye movement parameters are stable indicators to distinguish patients with MCI and cognitively normal subjects and are not affected by different testing versions and numbers. Additionally, the patients’ cognitive deficits and eye movement indices were correlated. Future longitudinal studies should further explore the clinical utility of eye movement parameters as early markers of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Bueno APA, Sato JR, Hornberger M. Eye tracking - The overlooked method to measure cognition in neurodegeneration? Neuropsychologia 2019; 133:107191. [PMID: 31521634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eye tracking (ET) studies are becoming increasingly popular due to rapid methodological and technological advances as well as the development of cost efficient and portable eye trackers. Although historically ET has been mostly employed in psychophysics or developmental cognition studies, there is also promising scope to use ET for movement disorders and measuring cognitive processes in neurodegeneration. Particularly, ET can be a powerful tool for cognitive and neuropsychological assessments of patients with pathologies affecting motor and verbal abilities, as tasks can be adapted without requiring motor (except eye movements) or verbal responses. In this review, we will examine the existing evidence of ET methods in neurodegenerative conditions and its potential clinical impact for cognitive assessment. We highlight that current evidence for ET is mostly focused on diagnostics of cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative disorders, where it is debatable whether it has any more sensitivity or specificity than existing cognitive assessments. By contrast, there is currently a lack of ET studies in more advanced disease stages, when patients' motor and verbal functions can be significantly affected, and standard cognitive assessments are challenging or often not possible. We conclude that ET is a promising method not only for cognitive diagnostics but more importantly, for potential cognitive disease tracking in progressive neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P A Bueno
- - Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil; - Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - J R Sato
- - Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - M Hornberger
- - Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; - Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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24
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Fraser KC, Lundholm Fors K, Eckerström M, Öhman F, Kokkinakis D. Predicting MCI Status From Multimodal Language Data Using Cascaded Classifiers. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:205. [PMID: 31427959 PMCID: PMC6688130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has indicated the potential utility of automated language analysis for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Most studies combining language processing and machine learning for the prediction of MCI focus on a single language task; here, we consider a cascaded approach to combine data from multiple language tasks. A cohort of 26 MCI participants and 29 healthy controls completed three language tasks: picture description, reading silently, and reading aloud. Information from each task is captured through different modes (audio, text, eye-tracking, and comprehension questions). Features are extracted from each mode, and used to train a series of cascaded classifiers which output predictions at the level of features, modes, tasks, and finally at the overall session level. The best classification result is achieved through combining the data at the task level (AUC = 0.88, accuracy = 0.83). This outperforms a classifier trained on neuropsychological test scores (AUC = 0.75, accuracy = 0.65) as well as the "early fusion" approach to multimodal classification (AUC = 0.79, accuracy = 0.70). By combining the predictions from the multimodal language classifier and the neuropsychological classifier, this result can be further improved to AUC = 0.90 and accuracy = 0.84. In a correlation analysis, language classifier predictions are found to be moderately correlated (ρ = 0.42) with participant scores on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The cascaded approach for multimodal classification improves both system performance and interpretability. This modular architecture can be easily generalized to incorporate different types of classifiers as well as other heterogeneous sources of data (imaging, metabolic, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Fraser
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Swedish, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Marie Eckerström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Öhman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Yeung LK, Olsen RK, Hong B, Mihajlovic V, D'Angelo MC, Kacollja A, Ryan JD, Barense MD. Object-in-place Memory Predicted by Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex Volume in Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:711-729. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral portion of the entorhinal cortex is one of the first brain regions affected by tau pathology, an important biomarker for Alzheimer disease. Improving our understanding of this region's cognitive role may help identify better cognitive tests for early detection of Alzheimer disease. Based on its functional connections, we tested the idea that the human anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) may play a role in integrating spatial information into object representations. We recently demonstrated that the volume of the alERC was related to processing the spatial relationships of the features within an object [Yeung, L. K., Olsen, R. K., Bild-Enkin, H. E. P., D'Angelo, M. C., Kacollja, A., McQuiggan, D. A., et al. Anterolateral entorhinal cortex volume predicted by altered intra-item configural processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 5527–5538, 2017]. In this study, we investigated whether the human alERC might also play a role in processing the spatial relationships between an object and its environment using an eye-tracking task that assessed visual fixations to a critical object within a scene. Guided by rodent work, we measured both object-in-place memory, the association of an object with a given context [Wilson, D. I., Langston, R. F., Schlesiger, M. I., Wagner, M., Watanabe, S., & Ainge, J. A. Lateral entorhinal cortex is critical for novel object-context recognition. Hippocampus, 23, 352–366, 2013], and object-trace memory, the memory for the former location of objects [Tsao, A., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. Traces of experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Current Biology, 23, 399–405, 2013]. In a group of older adults with varying stages of brain atrophy and cognitive decline, we found that the volume of the alERC and the volume of the parahippocampal cortex selectively predicted object-in-place memory, but not object-trace memory. These results provide support for the notion that the alERC may integrate spatial information into object representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | | | | | | | - Arber Kacollja
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
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26
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Haque RU, Manzanares CM, Brown LN, Pongos AL, Lah JJ, Clifford GD, Levey AI. VisMET: a passive, efficient, and sensitive assessment of visuospatial memory in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:93-100. [PMID: 30770466 PMCID: PMC6380203 DOI: 10.1101/lm.048124.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal-hippocampal circuit is one of the earliest sites of cortical pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Visuospatial memory paradigms that are mediated by the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit may offer a means to detect memory impairment during the early stages of AD. In this study, we developed a 4-min visuospatial memory paradigm called VisMET (Visuospatial Memory Eye-Tracking Task) that passively assesses memory using eye movements rather than explicit memory judgements. We had 296 control or memory-impaired participants view a set of images followed by a modified version of the images with either an object removed, or a new object added. Healthy controls spent significantly more time viewing these manipulations compared to subjects with mild cognitive impairment and AD. Using a logistic regression model, the amount of time that individuals viewed these manipulations could predict cognitive impairment and disease status with an out of sample area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.85. Based on these results, VisMET offers a passive, sensitive, and efficient memory paradigm capable of detecting objective memory impairment and predicting cognitive and disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi U Haque
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | | | - Lavonda N Brown
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, USA
| | - Alvince L Pongos
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | - Gari D Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
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27
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Eye-movement patterns in face recognition are associated with cognitive decline in older adults. Psychon Bull Rev 2019; 25:2200-2207. [PMID: 29313315 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Hidden Markov Modeling approach for eye-movement data analysis is able to quantitatively assess differences and similarities among individual patterns. Here we applied this approach to examine the relationships between eye-movement patterns in face recognition and age-related cognitive decline. We found that significantly more older than young adults adopted "holistic" patterns, in which most eye fixations landed around the face center, as opposed to "analytic" patterns, in which eye movements switched among the two eyes and the face center. Participants showing analytic patterns had better performance than those with holistic patterns regardless of age. Interestingly, older adults with lower cognitive status (as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), particularly in executive and visual attention functioning (as assessed by Tower of London and Trail Making Tests) were associated with a higher likelihood of holistic patterns. This result suggests the possibility of using eye movements as an easily deployable screening assessment for cognitive decline in older adults.
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28
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Zhang Y, Yan A, Liu B, Wan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Tan J, Song L, Gu Y, Liu Z. Oculomotor Performances Are Associated With Motor and Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:960. [PMID: 30546341 PMCID: PMC6280559 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit deficits in oculomotor behavior, yet the results are inconsistent across studies. In addition, how these results are associated with clinical symptoms is unclear, especially in China. Methods: We designed a case-control study in China including 37 PD patients and 39 controls. Clinical manifestations in PD patients were recorded. Oculomotor performance was measured by a video-based eye tracker system. Results: We found that six oculomotor parameters, including fixation stability, saccadic latency, smooth pursuit gain, saccade frequency, viewing range, and saccade frequency during free-viewing context, were significantly different in PD patients and control group. Combining application of these six parameters could improve diagnostic accuracy to over 90%. Moreover, pursuit gain was significantly associated with PD duration, UPDRS III, in PD patients. Saccade latency was significantly associated with PD duration, Berg balance score, RBD score, and Total LEDD in PD patients. Conclusions: PD patients commonly exhibit oculomotor deficits in multiple behavioral contexts, which are associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Oculomotor test may provide a valuable tool for the clinical assessment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangxiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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29
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Holden JG, Cosnard A, Laurens B, Asselineau J, Biotti D, Cubizolle S, Dupouy S, Formaglio M, Koric L, Seassau M, Tilikete C, Vighetto A, Tison F. Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease Demonstrates Increased Errors at a Simple and Automated Anti-Saccade Task. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:1209-1223. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Holden
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexandre Cosnard
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice Laurens
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Asselineau
- Department of Public Health Bordeaux University Hospital, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Bordeaux, France
| | - Damien Biotti
- Department of Neurocognition, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Cubizolle
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Dupouy
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maıté Formaglio
- Department of Neurocognition, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Lejla Koric
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology University Hospital la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Caroline Tilikete
- Department of Neurocognition, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Vighetto
- Department of Neurocognition, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - François Tison
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clinical Branch, University and University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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30
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Qiu L, Yan H, Zhu R, Yan J, Yuan H, Han Y, Yue W, Tian L, Zhang D. Correlations between exploratory eye movement, hallucination, and cortical gray matter volume in people with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:226. [PMID: 30005610 PMCID: PMC6045825 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread cortical gray matter alternations in people with schizophrenia are correlated with both psychotic symptoms and cognitive/behavioral abnormalities, including the impairments of exploratory eye movement (EEM). Particularly, the loss of gray matter density is specifically related to deficits of the responsive search score (RSS) of EEM in schizophrenia. It is unknown, however, whether the schizophrenia-related RSS deficits are associated with certain psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations. METHODS In 33 participants with schizophrenia, the measurement of EEM, assessment of the hallucination severity using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical gray matter volume (GMV) were conducted to investigate the relationships between the RSS of EEM, symptom severity, and GMV. In 29 matched healthy controls, the measurement of EEM and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical GMV were also conducted to investigate the relationship between the RSS of EEM and GMV. RESULTS In participants with schizophrenia, the hallucination severity was significantly negatively correlated with both the RSS and the GMV of a large number of brain regions in the frontal, temporal, parietal, orbitofrontal, calcarine, cingulate, and insular cortices, and rolandic operculum, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and thalamus. Also in participants with schizophrenia, the RSS was significantly positively correlated with the GMV in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), left superior frontal cortex (SFG), bilateral precentral gyri, bilateral postcentral gyri, and bilateral middle frontal cortices. More importantly, the GMV of the SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere was not only significantly negatively correlated with the hallucination severity but also significantly positively correlated with the RSS. No significant correlation could be revealed between the RSS and the GMV of any brain regions in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS There was a significantly negative association between the hallucination severity and the RSS of EEM, suggesting that the RSS may be a potential biomarker for predicting the hallucination severity of schizophrenia. Also, the GMV of the left SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus may be the common substrates underlying both hallucination induction and the RSS in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qiu
- 0000 0000 9490 772Xgrid.186775.aDepartment of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China ,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Risheng Zhu
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Huishu Yuan
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4The Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Han
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
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31
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Beltrán J, García-Vázquez MS, Benois-Pineau J, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Dartigues JF. Computational Techniques for Eye Movements Analysis towards Supporting Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2676409. [PMID: 29887912 PMCID: PMC5985110 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2676409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An opportune early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) would help to overcome symptoms and improve the quality of life for AD patients. Research studies have identified early manifestations of AD that occur years before the diagnosis. For instance, eye movements of people with AD in different tasks differ from eye movements of control subjects. In this review, we present a summary and evolution of research approaches that use eye tracking technology and computational analysis to measure and compare eye movements under different tasks and experiments. Furthermore, this review is targeted to the feasibility of pioneer work on developing computational tools and techniques to analyze eye movements under naturalistic scenarios. We describe the progress in technology that can enhance the analysis of eye movements everywhere while subjects perform their daily activities and give future research directions to develop tools to support early AD diagnosis through analysis of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beltrán
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CITEDI, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
- CONACYT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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32
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Fernández G, Orozco D, Agamennoni O, Schumacher M, Sañudo S, Biondi J, Parra MA. Visual Processing during Short-Term Memory Binding in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:185-194. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Sañudo
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Biondi
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Parra
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Facultad de Psicología, Barranquilla, Colombia
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33
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Whitehead JC, Li L, McQuiggan DA, Gambino SA, Binns MA, Ryan JD. Portable eyetracking-based assessment of memory decline. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:904-916. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1444737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingqian Li
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sara A. Gambino
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm A. Binns
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pavisic IM, Firth NC, Parsons S, Rego DM, Shakespeare TJ, Yong KXX, Slattery CF, Paterson RW, Foulkes AJM, Macpherson K, Carton AM, Alexander DC, Shawe-Taylor J, Fox NC, Schott JM, Crutch SJ, Primativo S. Eyetracking Metrics in Young Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Window into Cognitive Visual Functions. Front Neurol 2017; 8:377. [PMID: 28824534 PMCID: PMC5545969 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Young onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD) is defined as symptom onset before the age of 65 years and is particularly associated with phenotypic heterogeneity. Atypical presentations, such as the clinic-radiological visual syndrome posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), often lead to delays in accurate diagnosis. Eyetracking has been used to demonstrate basic oculomotor impairments in individuals with dementia. In the present study, we aim to explore the relationship between eyetracking metrics and standard tests of visual cognition in individuals with YOAD. Fifty-seven participants were included: 36 individuals with YOAD (n = 26 typical AD; n = 10 PCA) and 21 age-matched healthy controls. Participants completed three eyetracking experiments: fixation, pro-saccade, and smooth pursuit tasks. Summary metrics were used as outcome measures and their predictive value explored looking at correlations with visuoperceptual and visuospatial metrics. Significant correlations between eyetracking metrics and standard visual cognitive estimates are reported. A machine-learning approach using a classification method based on the smooth pursuit raw eyetracking data discriminates with approximately 95% accuracy patients and controls in cross-validation tests. Results suggest that the eyetracking paradigms of a relatively simple and specific nature provide measures not only reflecting basic oculomotor characteristics but also predicting higher order visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments. Eyetracking measures can represent extremely useful markers during the diagnostic phase and may be exploited as potential outcome measures for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna M. Pavisic
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Firth
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Parsons
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Martinez Rego
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Shakespeare
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keir X. X. Yong
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F. Slattery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. M. Foulkes
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Macpherson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M. Carton
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Shawe-Taylor
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C. Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Primativo
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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LPiTrack: Eye movement pattern recognition algorithm and application to biometric identification. Mach Learn 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10994-017-5649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Harezlak K, Kasprowski P. Application of eye tracking in medicine: A survey, research issues and challenges. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2017; 65:176-190. [PMID: 28606763 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The performance and quality of medical procedures and treatments are inextricably linked to technological development. The application of more advanced techniques provides the opportunity to gain wider knowledge and deeper understanding of the human body and mind functioning. The eye tracking methods used to register eye movement to find the direction and targets of a person's gaze are well in line with the nature of the topic. By providing methods for capturing and processing images of the eye it has become possible not only to reveal abnormalities in eye functioning but also to conduct cognitive studies focused on learning about peoples' emotions and intentions. The usefulness of the application of eye tracking technology in medicine was proved in many research studies. The aim of this paper is to give an insight into those studies and the way they utilize eye imaging in medical applications. These studies were differentiated taking their purpose and experimental paradigms into account. Additionally, methods for eye movement visualization and metrics for its quantifying were presented. Apart from presenting the state of the art, the aim of the paper was also to point out possible applications of eye tracking in medicine that have not been exhaustively investigated yet, and are going to be a perspective long-term direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Harezlak
- Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Pawel Kasprowski
- Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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37
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Fernandez Montenegro JM, Argyriou V. Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on Turing Test and Virtual Environments. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:42-51. [PMID: 28137425 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's screening tests are commonly used by doctors to diagnose the patient's condition and stage as early as possible. Most of these tests are based on pen-paper interaction and do not embrace the advantages provided by new technologies. This paper proposes novel Alzheimer's screening tests based on virtual environments and game principles using new immersive technologies combined with advanced Human Computer Interaction (HCI) systems. These new tests are focused on the immersion of the patient in a virtual room, in order to mislead and deceive the patient's mind. In addition, we propose two novel variations of Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing as a method to detect dementia. As a result, four tests are introduced demonstrating the wide range of screening mechanisms that could be designed using virtual environments and game concepts. The proposed tests are focused on the evaluation of memory loss related to common objects, recent conversations and events; the diagnosis of problems in expressing and understanding language; the ability to recognize abnormalities; and to differentiate between virtual worlds and reality, or humans and machines. The proposed screening tests were evaluated and tested using both patients and healthy adults in a comparative study with state-of-the-art Alzheimer's screening tests. The results show the capacity of the new tests to distinguish healthy people from Alzheimer's patients.
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38
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Li J, Broster LS, Jicha GA, Munro NB, Schmitt FA, Abner E, Kryscio R, Smith CD, Jiang Y. A cognitive electrophysiological signature differentiates amnestic mild cognitive impairment from normal aging. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:3. [PMID: 28100252 PMCID: PMC5244569 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Noninvasive and effective biomarkers for early detection of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) before measurable changes in behavioral performance remain scarce. Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) measure synchronized synaptic neural activity associated with a cognitive event. Loss of synapses is a hallmark of the neuropathology of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ERP responses during working memory retrieval discriminate aMCI from cognitively normal controls (NC) matched in age and education. Methods Eighteen NC, 17 subjects with aMCI, and 13 subjects with AD performed a delayed match-to-sample task specially designed not only to be easy enough for impaired participants to complete but also to generate comparable performance between subjects with NC and those with aMCI. Scalp electroencephalography, memory accuracy, and reaction times were measured. Results Whereas memory performance separated the AD group from the others, the performance of NC and subjects with aMCI was similar. In contrast, left frontal cognitive ERP patterns differentiated subjects with aMCI from NC. Enhanced P3 responses at left frontal sites were associated with nonmatching relative to matching stimuli during working memory tasks in patients with aMCI and AD, but not in NC. The accuracy of discriminating aMCI from NC was 85% by using left frontal match/nonmatch effect combined with nonmatch reaction time. Conclusions The left frontal cognitive ERP indicator holds promise as a sensitive, simple, affordable, and noninvasive biomarker for detection of early cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China. .,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Lucas S Broster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Erin Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Richard Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Charles D Smith
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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39
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Fernández G, Manes F, Politi LE, Orozco D, Schumacher M, Castro L, Agamennoni O, Rotstein NP. Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease Fail When Using Their Working Memory: Evidence from the Eye Tracking Technique. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:827-38. [PMID: 26836011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop progressive language, visuoperceptual, attentional, and oculomotor changes that can have an impact on their reading comprehension. However, few studies have examined reading behavior in AD, and none have examined the contribution of predictive cueing in reading performance. For this purpose we analyzed the eye movement behavior of 35 healthy readers (Controls) and 35 patients with probable AD during reading of regular and high-predictable sentences. The cloze predictability of words N - 1, and N + 1 exerted an influence on the reader's gaze duration. The predictabilities of preceding words in high-predictable sentences served as task-appropriate cues that were used by Control readers. In contrast, these effects were not present in AD patients. In Controls, changes in predictability significantly affected fixation duration along the sentence; noteworthy, these changes did not affect fixation durations in AD patients. Hence, only in healthy readers did predictability of upcoming words influence fixation durations via memory retrieval. Our results suggest that Controls used stored information of familiar texts for enhancing their reading performance and imply that contextual-word predictability, whose processing is proposed to require memory retrieval, only affected reading behavior in healthy subjects. In AD patients, this loss reveals impairments in brain areas such as those corresponding to working memory and memory retrieval. These findings might be relevant for expanding the options for the early detection and monitoring in the early stages of AD. Furthermore, evaluation of eye movements during reading could provide a new tool for measuring drug impact on patients' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Castro
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abnormalities of oculomotor control accompany the pathological changes underlying many neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical examination of eye movements can contribute to differential diagnosis, whereas quantitative laboratory measures can provide detailed insight into the disease process. In this review of eye movements in neurodegenerative disease, we summarise recent empirical findings and conceptual advances. RECENT FINDINGS Oculomotor researchers continue to be particularly prolific in studying Parkinson's disease but there is also substantial activity in Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. Interesting findings have been reported in Huntington's, motor neuron disease, and glaucoma. Most studies report laboratory-based investigations but useful progress in clinical description continues to be made. SUMMARY Eye movements remain an active field of investigation across a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. Progress continues to be made at the clinical level as well by using laboratory techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R MacAskill
- aNew Zealand Brain Research Institute bDepartment of Medicine, University of Otago cDepartment of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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41
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Laurent É, Noiret N. Visual-motor embodiment of language: a few implications for the neuropsychological evaluation (in Alzheimer's disease). Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:184. [PMID: 26483682 PMCID: PMC4588105 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Éric Laurent
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de technologie Belfort-Montbéliard, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France
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42
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Fernández G, Schumacher M, Castro L, Orozco D, Agamennoni O. Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease produced shorter outgoing saccades when reading sentences. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:470-8. [PMID: 26228165 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we analyzed forward saccades of thirty five elderly subjects (Controls) and of thirty five mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) during reading regular and high-predictable sentences. While they read, their eye movements were recorded. The pattern of forward saccade amplitudes as a function of word predictability was clearly longer in Controls. Our results suggest that Controls might use stored information of words for enhancing their reading performance. Further, cloze predictability increased outgoing saccades amplitudes, as this increase stronger in high-predictable sentences. Quite the contrary, patients with mild AD evidenced reduced forward saccades even at early stages of the disease. This reduction might reveal impairments in brain areas such as those corresponding to working memory, memory retrieval, and semantic memory functions that are already present at early stages of AD. Our findings might be relevant for expanding the options for the early detection and monitoring of in the early stages of AD. Furthermore, eye movements during reading could provide a new tool for measuring a drug's impact on patient's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Castro
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Universidad Del Salvador, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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43
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Kwon G, Lim S, Kim MY, Kwon H, Lee YH, Kim K, Lee EJ, Suh M. Individual differences in oscillatory brain activity in response to varying attentional demands during a word recall and oculomotor dual task. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:381. [PMID: 26175681 PMCID: PMC4484223 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we face situations that involve multi-tasking. How our brain utilizes cortical resources during multi-tasking is one of many interesting research topics. In this study, we tested whether a dual-task can be differentiated in the neural and behavioral responses of healthy subjects with varying degree of working memory capacity (WMC). We combined word recall and oculomotor tasks because they incorporate common neural networks including the fronto-parietal (FP) network. Three different types of oculomotor tasks (eye fixation, Fix-EM; predictive and random smooth pursuit eye movement, P-SPEM and R-SPEM) were combined with two memory load levels (low-load: five words, high-load: 10 words) for a word recall task. Each of those dual-task combinations was supposed to create varying cognitive loads on the FP network. We hypothesize that each dual-task requires different cognitive strategies for allocating the brain's limited cortical resources and affects brain oscillation of the FP network. In addition, we hypothesized that groups with different WMC will show differential neural and behavioral responses. We measured oscillatory brain activity with simultaneous MEG and EEG recordings and behavioral performance by word recall. Prominent frontal midline (FM) theta (4-6 Hz) synchronization emerged in the EEG of the high-WMC group experiencing R-SPEM with high-load conditions during the early phase of the word maintenance period. Conversely, significant parietal upper alpha (10-12 Hz) desynchronization was observed in the EEG and MEG of the low-WMC group experiencing P-SPEM under high-load conditions during the same period. Different brain oscillatory patterns seem to depend on each individual's WMC and varying attentional demands from different dual-task combinations. These findings suggest that specific brain oscillations may reflect different strategies for allocating cortical resources during combined word recall and oculomotor dual-tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusang Kwon
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, South Korea ; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, South Korea ; Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyukchan Kwon
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kiwoong Kim
- Center for Biosignals, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, South Korea ; Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- School of Business, Sungkyunkwan University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minah Suh
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, South Korea ; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, South Korea ; Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, South Korea
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44
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Seligman SC, Giovannetti T. The Potential Utility of Eye Movements in the Detection and Characterization of Everyday Functional Difficulties in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:199-215. [PMID: 25851239 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to the intermediate period between the typical cognitive decline of normal aging and more severe decline associated with dementia, and it is associated with greater risk for progression to dementia. Research has suggested that functional abilities are compromised in MCI, but the degree of impairment and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The development of sensitive measures to assess subtle functional decline poses a major challenge for characterizing functional limitations in MCI. Eye-tracking methodology has been used to describe visual processes in everyday, naturalistic action among healthy older adults as well as several case studies of severely impaired individuals, and it has successfully differentiated healthy older adults from those with MCI on specific visual tasks. These studies highlight the promise of eye-tracking technology as a method to characterize subtle functional decline in MCI. However, to date no studies have examined visual behaviors during completion of naturalistic tasks in MCI. This review describes the current understanding of functional ability in MCI, summarizes findings of eye-tracking studies in healthy individuals, severe impairment, and MCI, and presents future research directions to aid with early identification and prevention of functional decline in disorders of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Seligman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, 6th Floor Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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45
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Fernández G, Castro LR, Schumacher M, Agamennoni OE. Diagnosis of mild Alzheimer disease through the analysis of eye movements during reading. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 14:121-33. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635215500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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46
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Whitehead JC, Gambino SA, Richter JD, Ryan JD. Focus group reflections on the current and future state of cognitive assessment tools in geriatric health care. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1455-66. [PMID: 26109860 PMCID: PMC4472067 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study provides insight into the thoughts and opinions of geriatric health-care professionals toward cognitive assessments and the use of emerging technologies, such as eye-tracking, to supplement current tools. METHODS Two focus group sessions were conducted with nurses and physicians who routinely administer neurocognitive assessments to geriatric populations. Video recordings of the focus group sessions were transcribed and a thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS Participants reported the need for assessment and diagnostic tools that are accessible and efficient, and that are capable of accommodating the rapid growth in the aging population. The prevalence of more complex ailments experienced by older adults has had repercussions in the quality of care that the clients receive, and has contributed to lengthy wait times and resource shortages. Health-care professionals stated that they are hampered by the disjointed structure of the health-care system and that they would benefit from a more efficient allocation of responsibilities made possible through tools that did not require extensive training or certification. Eyetracking-based cognitive assessments were thought to strongly complement this system, yet it was thought that difficulty would be faced in gaining the support and increased uptake by health-care professionals due to the nonintuitive relationship between eyetracking and cognition. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that health-care professionals are receptive to the use of eyetracking technology to assess for cognitive health as it would conserve resources by allowing frontline staff to administer assessments with minimal training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, ON, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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