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Lukasiewicz CJ, Vandiver KJ, Albert ED, Kirby BS, Jacobs RA. Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:158-176. [PMID: 38059288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability sustains high metabolic demands during prolonged exercise. The adequacy of current CHO intake recommendations, 30-90 g·h-1 dependent on CHO mixture and tolerability, to support elite marathon performance is unclear. We sought to scrutinize the current upper limit recommendation for exogenous CHO intake to support modeled sub-2-h marathon (S2M) attempts across elite male and female runners. Male and female runners (n = 120 each) were modeled from published literature with reference characteristics necessary to complete a S2M (e.g., body mass and running economy). Completion of a S2M was considered across a range of respiratory exchange rates, with maximal starting skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content predicted for elite male and female runners. Modeled exogenous CHO bioavailability needed for male and female runners were 93 ± 26 and 108 ± 22 g·h-1, respectively (P < 0.0001, d = 0.61). Without exogenous CHO, males were modeled to deplete glycogen in 84 ± 7 min, females in 71 ± 5 min (P < 0.0001, d = 2.21) despite higher estimated CHO oxidation rates in males (5.1 ± 0.5 g·h-1) than females (4.4 ± 0.5 g·h-1; P < 0.0001, d = 1.47). Exogenous CHO intakes ≤ 90 g·h-1 are insufficient for 65% of modeled runners attempting a S2M. Current recommendations to support marathon performance appear inadequate for elite marathon runners but may be more suitable for male runners in pursuit of a S2M (56 of 120) than female runners (28 of 120).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study scrutinizes the upper limit of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) recommendations for elite male and female marathoners by modeling sex-specific needs across an extreme metabolic challenge lasting ∼2 h, a sub-2-h marathon. Contemporary nutritional guidelines to optimize marathon performance appear inadequate for most elite marathon runners but appear more appropriate for males over their female counterparts. Future research examining possible benefits of exogenous CHO intakes > 90 g·h-1 should prioritize female athlete study inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Lukasiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Kayla J Vandiver
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Albert
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Brett S Kirby
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
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Skroce K, Bettega S, D’Emanuele S, Boccia G, Schena F, Tarperi C. Flat versus Simulated Mountain Trail Running: A Multidisciplinary Comparison in Well-Trained Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5189. [PMID: 36982098 PMCID: PMC10049634 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper compares cardiopulmonary and neuromuscular parameters across three running aerobic speeds in two conditions that differed from a treadmill's movement: flat condition (FC) and unpredictable roll variations similar to mountain trail running (URV). Twenty well-trained male runners (age 33 ± 8 years, body mass 70.3 ± 6.4 kg, height 1.77 ± 0.06 m, V˙O2max 63.8 ± 7.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) voluntarily participated in the study. Laboratory sessions consisted of a cardiopulmonary incremental ramp test (IRT) and two experimental protocols. Cardiopulmonary parameters, plasma lactate (BLa-), cadence, ground contact time (GT) and RPE values were assessed. We also recorded surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals from eight lower limb muscles, and we calculated, from the sEMG envelope, the amplitude and width of peak muscle activation for each step. Cardiopulmonary parameters were not significantly different between conditions (V˙O2: p = 0.104; BLa-: p = 0.214; HR: p = 0.788). The amplitude (p = 0.271) and width (p = 0.057) of sEMG activation peaks did not change between conditions. The variability of sEMG was significantly affected by conditions; indeed, the coefficient of variation in peak amplitude (p = 0.003) and peak width (p < 0.001) was higher in URV than in FC. Since the specific physical demands of running can differ between surfaces, coaches should resort to the use of non-traditional surfaces, emphasizing specific surface-related motor tasks that are normally observed in natural running environments. Seeing that the variability of muscle activations was affected, further studies are required to better understand the physiological effects induced by systematic surface-specific training and to define how variable-surface activities help injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Skroce
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Bettega
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Samuel D’Emanuele
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
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Muñoz-Pérez I, Lago-Fuentes C, Mecías-Calvo M, Casado A. Pacing and packing behavior in elite and world record performances at Berlin marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35942622 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare pacing and packing behaviors between sex and performance level at elite Berlin marathon races. Official electronic split and finishing times from 279 (149 male and 130 female) marathon performances, including 5 male world records, were obtained from eleven Berlin marathon races held from 2008 to 2018, and from two previous world records and the second world all-time fastest performance also achieved at that same Berlin course. Male performances displaying an even pacing behavior were significantly faster than those adopting a positive behavior (p < 0.001; d = 0.75). Male world records were characterized by even profiles with fast endspurts, being especially remarkable at world all-time two fastest performances which were assisted by the use of a new shoe technology. Female marathon runners decreased their speed less than men during the second half marathon and especially from the 35th km onwards (p < 0.001; 0.51 ≤ d≤0.55). The latest race stages were usually run individually in both sexes. Significant pace differences between performance groups at every race segment were found in women (p < 0.01; 1.0 ≤ d≤2.0), who also covered an important part of the race alone. Prior to participation in meet marathon races such as Berlin marathon, elite runners should select the group that they will join during the race according to their current performance level as a preassigned pace set by a pacemaker will be adopted. Therefore, they could follow an even rather than positive pacing behavior which will allow them to achieve a more optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Muñoz-Pérez
- Sport training, RUNNEA, Barakaldo, 48901, Spain. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, 09003, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27001, Spain.
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, 28028, Spain.
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Beaumont F, Legrand F, Bogard F, Murer S, Vernede V, Polidori G. Aerodynamic interaction between in-line runners: new insights on the drafting strategy in running. Sports Biomech 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34872462 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2006295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at modelling the aerodynamic interaction between a world-class runner and several pacers running in line, the objective being to determine the best drafting position in terms of potential speed gain and running time. Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations were performed to determine the aerodynamic drag forces exerted on the runners. Secondly, we estimated the metabolic savings for each of the runner's positions in the pack of pacers. Finally, we estimated a potential equivalent running speed and a corresponding running time gain for each of the runner's positions. Running second in a group of 5 runners would be the most effective drafting strategy, with a reduction of aerodynamic drag reaching 63.3%, corresponding to an improvement of 4.4% of the running economy. Furthermore, decreasing the drag forces acting on the runner would results in greater running speed. For example, a 63.3% reduction in the aerodynamic forces yields a 2.9% faster running speed (20.7 to 21.31 km/h) for an equal metabolic cost. Running in the wake of a leading runner (in a pack of five runners) over a marathon is estimated to provide a significant time saving of 3 min 28 s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Legrand
- C2S, Cognition Health and Society, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Fabien Bogard
- MATIM, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Chalonnais research Center, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Victor Vernede
- Clermont Athletism Auvergne, Stadium Jean-PELLEZ, Aubiere, France
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Gadelha AB, Sousa CV, Sales MM, dos Santos Rosa T, Flothmann M, Barbosa LP, da Silva Aguiar S, Olher RR, Villiger E, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Hill L, Knechtle B. Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249491. [PMID: 33352924 PMCID: PMC7766989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women's cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bonadias Gadelha
- Seção de Educação Física (SEF), Colégio Militar de Brasília (CMB), Brasília, DF 70790-020, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- College of Arts, Media & Design, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Marcelo Magalhaes Sales
- Physical Education Department, Goiás State University, Quirinópolis, GO 75860-000, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of the University Center of Anápolis—UniEvangélica, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
| | - Thiago dos Santos Rosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Marti Flothmann
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Lucas Pinheiro Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Rafael Reis Olher
- Physical Education Department, Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Gama, DF 72445-020, Brazil;
| | - Elias Villiger
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Lee Hill
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00 or +41-(0)-71-226-93-01
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Jones AM, Kirby BS, Clark IE, Rice HM, Fulkerson E, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Wilkins BW. Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:369-379. [PMID: 33151776 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirements of running a 2-h marathon have been extensively debated but the actual physiological demands of running at ∼21.1 km/h have never been reported. We therefore conducted laboratory-based physiological evaluations and measured running economy (O2 cost) while running outdoors at ∼21.1 km/h, in world-class distance runners as part of Nike's "Breaking 2" marathon project. On separate days, 16 world-class male distance runners (age, 29 ± 4 yr; height, 1.72 ± 0.04 m; mass, 58.9 ± 3.3 kg) completed an incremental treadmill test for the assessment of V̇O2peak, O2 cost of submaximal running, lactate threshold and lactate turn-point, and a track test during which they ran continuously at 21.1 km/h. The laboratory-determined V̇O2peak was 71.0 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min with lactate threshold and lactate turn-point occurring at 18.9 ± 0.4 and 20.2 ± 0.6 km/h, corresponding to 83 ± 5% and 92 ± 3% V̇O2peak, respectively. Seven athletes were able to attain a steady-state V̇O2 when running outdoors at 21.1 km/h. The mean O2 cost for these athletes was 191 ± 19 mL/kg/km such that running at 21.1 km/h required an absolute V̇O2 of ∼4.0 L/min and represented 94 ± 3% V̇O2peak. We report novel data on the O2 cost of running outdoors at 21.1 km/h, which enables better modeling of possible marathon performances by elite athletes. Using the value for O2 cost measured in this study, a sub 2-h marathon would require a 59 kg runner to sustain a V̇O2 of approximately 4.0 L/min or 67 mL/kg/min.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report the physiological characteristics and O2 cost of running overground at ∼21.1 km/h in a cohort of the world's best male distance runners. We provide new information on the absolute and relative O2 uptake required to run at 2-h marathon pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ida E Clark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Rice
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Brad W Wilkins
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington
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Santos PA, Sousa CV, Barbosa LP, Aguiar SS, Sales MM, Simões HG, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Breaking the athletics world record in the 100 and 400 meters: an alternative method for assessment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1317-1321. [PMID: 32608219 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The top 10 athletes in the International Association of Athletic Federations in 100-m and 400-m ranking for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record (PR). The main goal of this study was to create a new method for optimal performance improvement rate assessment for coaches and athletes aiming the World Record. METHODS The difference between PR ('current' season) and the best race time in the last season was defined as the first season improvement rate (1-SIR), whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate (M-SIR). 1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete. RESULTS The sex comparison for the 100 m event showed a significant difference in the M-SIR in favor of women. No statistical differences were identified for the 400 m event, with a trivial effect in both 1-SIR and M-SIR. CONCLUSIONS As a practical applicability, graph plots were designed to help verifying the improvement rate of athletes and to evaluate whether a long-term training strategy induced an acceptable performance improvement or whether some adjustments needed and check within the plots if the improvement rate is within the average of the top-10 athletes of their event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caio V Sousa
- BOUVÉ College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Marcelo M Sales
- Department of Physical Education, Goias State University, Quirinópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland - .,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pryor JL, Johnson EC, Yoder HA, Looney DP. Keeping Pace: A Practitioner-Focused Review of Pacing Strategies in Running. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breaking the sub-2-h marathon in an official event has attracted growing interest in recent times with commercial and international momentum building. Here it is shown that predicting how likely and when the sub-2-h barrier will be broken are statistically coupled considerations. METHODS Using a nonlinear limiting exponential model and calculating prediction intervals, a statistical timetable for the sub-2-h event is produced over a range of likelihoods. RESULTS At the benchmark odds level (1 in 10, or 10% likely), the expected sub-2-h arrival time is found to be May 2032. By estimating the model for male and female world record progressions, I find that limiting marathon times for males and females (at 1 in 10) are 1 h 58 min 5 s and 2 h 5 min 31 s, respectively. These times equate to a performance gap of 2.9% and 8.6%, respectively. The male estimate has remarkable similarity (~7 s) to Joyner's 1991 limiting human physiological estimate. Finally, I provide an estimate of the equivalent "sub-2-h" threshold for females and argue that a threshold of 130 min ("sub-130") could be an appropriate choice. CONCLUSION The study is the first to address all three related aspects of world record marathon performance (sub-2 h, limits, gender equivalence) in a single, unified modeling framework and provides many avenues for further exploration and insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Angus
- Department of Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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10
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Díaz JJ, Renfree A, Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Torres M, Santos-Concejero J. Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:54. [PMID: 33344977 PMCID: PMC7739628 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies displayed by the winners of the six World Marathon Majors in order to determine which race offers the greatest potential for future world record attempts. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and time needed to complete each section was calculated in seconds. When we analyzed the mean winning time in the last 13 editions of each of the World Marathon Majors, we observed differences between New York and London (ES = 1.46, moderate effect, p = 0.0030), New York and Berlin (ES = 0.95, small effect, p = 0.0001), London and Boston (ES = 0.08, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Berlin (ES = 0.10, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Chicago (ES = 0.16, small effect, p = 0.0361), Berlin and Tokyo (ES = 0.20, small effect, p = 0.0034), Berlin and Chicago (ES = 0.27, small effect, p = 0.0162). This study shows that Berlin and London are likely candidates for future world record attempts, whilst such a performance is unlikely in New York or Boston.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Díaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Andrew Renfree
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miguel Torres
- Department of Energy Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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11
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Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. American Masters Road Running Records-The Performance Gap Between Female and Male Age Group Runners from 5 Km to 6 Days Running. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132310. [PMID: 31261850 PMCID: PMC6651451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies investigating elite and master athletes in pool- and long-distance open-water swimming showed for elite swimmers that the fastest women were able to outperform the fastest men, and for master athletes that elderly women were able to achieve a similar performance to elderly men. The present study investigating age group records in runners from 5 km to 6 days aimed to test this hypothesis for master runners. Data from the American Master Road Running Records were analyzed, for 5 km, 8 km, 10 km, 10 miles, 20 km, half-marathon, 25 km, 30 km, marathon, 50 km, 50 miles, 100 km, 100 miles, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 144 h, for athletes in age groups ranging from 40 to 99 years old. The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in events lengthening from 5 km to 10 miles (d = 0.617) and lower effects in events lengthening from 12 to 144 h (d = 0.304) running. Both other groups showed similar effects, being 20 km to the marathon (d = 0.607) and 50 km to 100 miles (d = 0.563). The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in the age groups 85 years and above (d = 0.953) followed by 55 to 69 years (d = 0.633), and lower effects for the age groups 40 to 54 years (d = 0.558) and 70 to 84 years (d = 0.508). In summary, men are faster than women in American road running events, however, the sex gap decreases with increasing age but not with increasing event length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Physical Education Department, University Center-UDF, 71966-700 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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12
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Does an increase in energy return and/or longitudinal bending stiffness shoe features reduce the energetic cost of running? Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:429-439. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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