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Mayakrishnan V, Lee DH, Kim KH, Kim CY. Role of Corn Peptide Powder in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1924. [PMID: 38931278 PMCID: PMC11207019 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Corn peptide (CP) is a short, naturally occurring, and physiologically active peptide generated from corn-protease-catalyzed hydrolysis. CP plays a role in preventing obesity-related disorders, but its impact on reducing inflammation is unknown. Hence, this study examined the possible protective effects of corn peptide powder (CPP) against the harmful effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with a particular emphasis on reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in adipocytes. Hence, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes underwent exposure to 10 ng/mL LPS, with or without CPP (10 and 20 μg/mL). LPS stimulation increased reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion generation. However, this effect was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with CPP. CPP treatment elevated the mRNA expressions of the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (mnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) while reducing the mRNA expressions of the cytosolic reactive oxygen species indicators p40 and p67 (NADPH oxidase 2). In addition, CPP inhibited the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Toll-like receptor 4, and nuclear factor kappa B mRNA expressions induced by LPS. These findings demonstrate that CPP may ameliorate adipocyte dysfunction by suppressing oxidative damage and inflammatory responses through a new mechanism known as Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Sempio Foods Company, 183 Osongsaengmyeong 4ro, Osongeup, Cheongwongun 28156, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting NADPH Oxidase Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031047. [PMID: 36770715 PMCID: PMC9921542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the morbidity and mortality caused by CVD will continue to rise with the estimation of death going up to 22.2 million in 2030. NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in sustained oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Seven distinct members of the family have been identified of which four (namely, NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular functions. Currently, the treatment and management plan for patients with CVDs mainly depends on the drugs. However, prolonged use of prescribed drugs may cause adverse drug reactions. Therefore, it is crucial to find alternative treatment options with lesser adverse effects. Natural products have been gaining interest as complementary therapy for CVDs over the past decade due to their wide range of medicinal properties, including antioxidants. These might be due to their potent active ingredients, such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Numerous natural compounds have been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on cardiovascular disease via NADPH cascade. This review highlights the potential of natural products targeting NOX-derived ROS generation in treating CVDs. Emphasis is put on the activation of the oxidases, including upstream or downstream signalling events.
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Tikhonova IV, Grinevich AA, Tankanag AV, Safronova VG. Skin Microhemodynamics and Mechanisms of Its Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022; 67:647-659. [PMID: 36281313 PMCID: PMC9581453 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents modern ideas about peripheral microhemodynamics, approaches to the ana-lysis of skin blood flow oscillations and their diagnostic significance. Disorders of skin microhemodynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the possibility of their interpretation from the standpoint of external and internal interactions between systems of skin blood flow regulation, based on a comparison of couplings in normal and pathological conditions, including models of pathologies on animals, are considered. The factors and mechanisms of vasomotor regulation, among them receptors and signaling events in endothelial and smooth muscle cells considered as models of microvessels are discussed. Attention was drawn to the disturbance of Ca2+-dependent regulation of coupling between vascular cells and NO-dependent regulation of vasodilation in diabetes mellitus. The main mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 DM are considered to be a defect in the number of insulin receptors and impaired signal transduction from the receptor to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and downstream targets. Reactive oxygen species plays an important role in vascular dysfunction in hyperglycemia. It is assumed that the considered molecular and cellular mechanisms of microhemodynamics regulation are involved in the formation of skin blood flow oscillations. Parameters of skin blood microcirculation can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for assessing the state of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - A. A. Grinevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - A. V. Tankanag
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - V. G. Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
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Pereira BP, do Vale GT, Ceron CS. The role of nitric oxide in renovascular hypertension: from the pathophysiology to the treatment. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:121-131. [PMID: 34994823 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension is one of the most relevant causes of secondary hypertension, mostly caused by atherosclerotic renovascular stenosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. The increase in angiotensin II production, oxidative stress, and formation of peroxynitrite promotes the decrease in nitric oxide (NO) availability and the development of hypertension, renal and endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac and vascular remodeling. The NO produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) acts as a vasodilator; however, endothelial NOS uncoupling (eNOS) also contributes to NO reduced availability in renovascular hypertension. NO donors and NO-derived metabolites have been investigated in experimental renovascular hypertension and have shown promissory effects in attenuating blood pressure and organ damage in this condition. Therefore, understanding the role of decreased NO in the pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension promotes the study and development of NO donors and molecules that can be converted into NO (such as nitrate and nitrite), contributing for the treatment of this condition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Pinheiro Pereira
- Departamento de Alimentos E Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tavares do Vale
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas E da Saúde, Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla Speroni Ceron
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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Varghese R, George Priya Doss C, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Efferth T, Ramamoorthy S. Cardioprotective effects of phytopigments via multiple signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153859. [PMID: 34856476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the deadliest non-communicable diseases, and millions of dollars are spent every year to combat CVDs. Unfortunately, the multifactorial etiology of CVDs complicates the development of efficient therapeutics. Interestingly, phytopigments show significant pleiotropic cardioprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. PURPOSE This review gives an overview of the cardioprotective effects of phytopigments based on in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials. METHODS A literature-based survey was performed to collect the available data on cardioprotective activities of phytopigments via electronic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. RESULTS Different classes of phytopigments such as carotenoids, xanthophylls, flavonoids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones alleviate major CVDs (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiotoxicities) via acting on signaling pathways related to AMPK, NF-κB, NRF2, PPARs, AKT, TLRs, MAPK, JAK/STAT, NLRP3, TNF-α, and RA. CONCLUSION Phytopigments represent promising candidates to develop novel and effective CVD therapeutics. More randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies are recommended to establish the clinical efficacy of phytopigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wu CZ, Li X, Hong L, Han ZN, Liu Y, Wei CX, Cui X. NOX4/Src regulates ANP secretion through activating ERK1/2 and Akt/GATA4 signaling in beating rat hypoxic atria. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:159-166. [PMID: 33602886 PMCID: PMC7893495 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs) are the major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX2 and NOX4 are expressed in the heart but its role in hypoxia-induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion is unclear. This study investigated the effect of NOX on ANP secretion induced by hypoxia in isolated beating rat atria. The results showed that hypoxia significantly upregulated NOX4 but not NOX2 expression, which was completely abolished by endothelin-1 (ET-1) type A and B receptor antagonists BQ123 (0.3 µM) and BQ788 (0.3 µM). ET-1-upregulated NOX4 expression was also blocked by antagonists of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2; varespladib, 5.0 µM) and cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2; CAY10650, 120.0 nM), and ET-1-induced cPLA2 expression was inhibited by varespladib under normoxia. Moreover, hypoxia-increased ANP secretion was evidently attenuated by the NOX4 antagonist GLX351322 (35.0 µM) and inhibitor of ROS N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (NAC, 15.0 mM), and hypoxia-increased production of ROS was blocked by GLX351322. In addition, hypoxia markedly upregulated Src expression, which was blocked by ET receptors, NOX4, and ROS antagonists. ET-1-increased Src expression was also inhibited by NAC under normoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (Akt) were completely abolished by Src inhibitor 1 (1.0 µM), and hypoxia-increased GATA4 was inhibited by the ERK1/2 and Akt antagonists PD98059 (10.0 µM) and LY294002 (10.0 µM), respectively. However, hypoxia-induced ANP secretion was substantially inhibited by Src inhibitor. These results indicate that NOX4/Src modulated by ET-1 regulates ANP secretion by activating ERK1/2 and Akt/GATA4 signaling in isolated beating rat hypoxic atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhe Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Zhuo-Na Han
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Wei
- Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xun Cui
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China.,Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
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Nox2 Upregulation and p38α MAPK Activation in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy of Rats Exposed to Long-Term Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228576. [PMID: 33202984 PMCID: PMC7698046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of high altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) exposure is the development of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). One particular type of exposure is long-term chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIH); the molecular alterations in RVH in this particular condition are less known. Studies show an important role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex-induced oxidative stress and protein kinase activation in different models of cardiac hypertrophy. The aim was to determine the oxidative level, NADPH oxidase expression and MAPK activation in rats with RVH induced by CIH. Male Wistar rats were randomly subjected to CIH (2 days hypoxia/2 days normoxia; n = 10) and normoxia (NX; n = 10) for 30 days. Hypoxia was simulated with a hypobaric chamber. Measurements in the RV included the following: hypertrophy, Nox2, Nox4, p22phox, LOX-1 and HIF-1α expression, lipid peroxidation and H2O2 concentration, and p38α and Akt activation. All CIH rats developed RVH and showed an upregulation of LOX-1, Nox2 and p22phox and an increase in lipid peroxidation, HIF-1α stabilization and p38α activation. Rats with long-term CIH-induced RVH clearly showed Nox2, p22phox and LOX-1 upregulation and increased lipid peroxidation, HIF-1α stabilization and p38α activation. Therefore, these molecules may be considered new targets in CIH-induced RVH.
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8
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Osteoclast Differentiation and Possible Pharmaceutical Targets of ROS-Mediated Osteoclast Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143576. [PMID: 31336616 PMCID: PMC6678498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are essential for transmission of cell signals and other physiological functions. However, excessive amounts of ROS can cause cellular imbalance in reduction–oxidation reactions and disrupt normal biological functions, leading to oxidative stress, a condition known to be responsible for the development of several diseases. The biphasic role of ROS in cellular functions has been a target of pharmacological research. Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic progenitors in the bone and are essential for skeletal growth and remodeling, for the maintenance of bone architecture throughout lifespan, and for calcium metabolism during bone homeostasis. ROS, including superoxide ion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are important components that regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS produced by osteoclasts stimulate and facilitate resorption of bone tissue. Thus, elucidating the effects of ROS during osteoclast differentiation is important when studying diseases associated with bone resorption such as osteoporosis. This review examines the effect of ROS on osteoclast differentiation and the efficacy of novel chemical compounds with therapeutic potential for osteoclast related diseases.
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Przybylska D, Janiszewska D, Goździk A, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Sunderland P, Sikora E, Mosieniak G. NOX4 downregulation leads to senescence of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66429-66443. [PMID: 27655718 PMCID: PMC5341811 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a stress response characterized by an irreversible growth arrest and alterations in certain cell functions. It is believed that both double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) and increased ROS level are the main culprit of senescence. Excessive ROS production is also particularly important in the development of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In this context the involvement of professional ROS-producing enzymes, NADPH oxidases (NOX), was postulated. In contrary to the common knowledge, we have shown that not only increased ROS production but also diminished ROS level could be involved in the induction of senescence. Accordingly, our studies revealed that stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by doxorubicin or H2O2, correlates with increased level of DSB and ROS. On the other hand, both SIPS and replicative senescence were accompanied by diminished expression of NOX4. Moreover, inhibition of NOX activity or decrease of NOX4 expression led to permanent growth arrest of VSMCs and secretion of interleukins and VEGF. Interestingly, cells undergoing senescence due to NOX4 depletion neither acquired DSB nor activated DNA damage response. Instead, transient induction of the p27, upregulation of HIF-1alpha, decreased expression of cyclin D1 and hypophosphorylated Rb was observed. Our results showed that lowering the level of ROS-producing enzyme - NOX4 oxidase below physiological level leads to cellular senescence of VSMCs which is correlated with secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus the use of specific NOX4 inhibitors for pharmacotherapy of vascular diseases should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Przybylska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Janiszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Goździk
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sunderland
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Nair AS, Pulipaka K, Rayani BK. Anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity: causes, prospective studies and possible interventions. Med Gas Res 2017; 7:224-225. [PMID: 29152217 PMCID: PMC5674662 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.215754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit S Nair
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Kaushik Pulipaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Basanth Kumar Rayani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
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11
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Hernández-Hernández A. The Importance of NADPH Oxidases and Redox Signaling in Angiogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020032. [PMID: 28505091 PMCID: PMC5488012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to cope with the constant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the excessive production of ROS might be deleterious for cell biology, there is a plethora of evidence showing that moderate levels of ROS are important for the control of cell signaling and gene expression. The family of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases or Nox) has evolved to produce ROS in response to different signals; therefore, they fulfil a central role in the control of redox signaling. The role of NADPH oxidases in vascular physiology has been a field of intense study over the last two decades. In this review we will briefly analyze how ROS can regulate signaling and gene expression. We will address the implication of NADPH oxidases and redox signaling in angiogenesis, and finally, the therapeutic possibilities derived from this knowledge will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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12
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Cifuentes-Pagano ME, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ. Nox Inhibitors & Therapies: Rational Design of Peptidic and Small Molecule Inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:6023-35. [PMID: 26510437 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666151029112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related diseases underlie many if not all of the major leading causes of death in United States and the Western World. Thus, enormous interest from both academia and pharmaceutical industry has been placed on the development of agents which attenuate oxidative stress. With that in mind, great efforts have been placed in the development of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (Nox), the major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in many cells and tissue. The regulation of a catalytically active Nox enzyme involves numerous protein-protein interactions which, in turn, afford numerous targets for inhibition of its activity. In this review, we will provide an updated overview of the available Nox inhibitors, both peptidic and small molecules, and discuss the body of data related to their possible mechanisms of action and specificity towards each of the various isoforms of Nox. Indeed, there have been some very notable successes. However, despite great commitment by many in the field, the need for efficacious and well-characterized, isoform-specific Nox inhibitors, essential for the treatment of major diseases as well as for delineating the contribution of a given Nox in physiological redox signalling, continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 12th Floor, Room E1247, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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13
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Kollau A, Russwurm M, Neubauer A, Rechberger G, Schmidt K, Koesling D, Fassett J, Schrammel A, Mayer B. Scavenging of nitric oxide by hemoglobin in the tunica media of porcine coronary arteries. Nitric Oxide 2016; 54:8-14. [PMID: 26805578 PMCID: PMC5933522 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) often interferes with studies on NO signaling in cell-free preparations. We observed that formation of cGMP by NO-stimulated purified soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) was virtually abolished in the presence of cytosolic preparations of porcine coronary arteries, with the scavenging activity localized in the tunica media (smooth muscle layer). Electrochemical measurement of NO release from a donor compound and light absorbance spectroscopy showed that cytosolic preparations contained a reduced heme protein that scavenged NO. This protein, which reacted with anti-human hemoglobin antibodies, was efficiently removed from the preparations by haptoglobin affinity chromatography. The cleared cytosols showed only minor scavenging of NO according to electrochemical measurements and did not decrease cGMP formation by NO-stimulated sGC. In contrast, the column flow-through caused a nearly 2-fold increase of maximal sGC activity (from 33.1 ± 1.6 to 54.9 ± 2.2 μmol × min(-1) × mg(-1)). The proteins retained on the affinity column were identified as hemoglobin α and β subunits. The results indicate that hemoglobin, presumably derived from vasa vasorum erythrocytes, is present and scavenges NO in preparations of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle. Selective removal of hemoglobin-mediated scavenging unmasked stimulation of maximal NO-stimulated sGC activity by a soluble factor expressed in vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kollau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Neubauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria; Omics-Center, BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Koesling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - John Fassett
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Schrammel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Mayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Austria.
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14
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Are Endothelial Progenitor Cells the Real Solution for Cardiovascular Diseases? Focus on Controversies and Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:835934. [PMID: 26509164 PMCID: PMC4609774 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced knowledge in the field of stem cell biology and their ability to provide a cue for counteracting several diseases are leading numerous researchers to focus their attention on “regenerative medicine” as possible solutions for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the lack of consistent evidence in this arena has hampered the clinical application. The same condition affects the research on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), creating more confusion than comprehension. In this review, this aspect is discussed with particular emphasis. In particular, we describe biology and physiology of EPCs, outline their clinical relevance as both new predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic CVD biomarkers and therapeutic agents, discuss advantages, disadvantages, and conflicting data about their use as possible solutions for vascular impairment and clinical applications, and finally underline a very crucial aspect of EPCs “characterization and definition,” which seems to be the real cause of large heterogeneity existing in literature data on this topic.
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DiStasi MR, Mund JA, Bohlen HG, Miller SJ, Ingram DA, Dalsing MC, Unthank JL. Impaired compensation to femoral artery ligation in diet-induced obese mice is primarily mediated via suppression of collateral growth by Nox2 and p47phox. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1207-17. [PMID: 26297224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00180.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to establish the role of NADPH oxidase (Nox) in impaired vascular compensation to arterial occlusion that occurs in the presence of risk factors associated with oxidative stress. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice characterized by multiple comorbidities including diabetes and hyperlipidemia were used as a preclinical model. Arterial occlusion was induced by distal femoral artery ligation in lean and DIO mice. Proximal collateral arteries were identified as the site of major (∼70%) vascular resistance to calf perfusion by distal arterial pressures, which decreased from ∼80 to ∼30 mmHg with ligation in both lean and DIO mice. Two weeks after ligation, significant vascular compensation occurred in lean but not DIO mice as evidenced by increased perfusion (147 ± 48% vs. 49 ± 29%) and collateral diameter (151 ± 30% vs. 44 ± 17%). Vascular mRNA expression of p22(phox), Nox2, Nox4, and p47(phox) were all increased in DIO mice. Treatment of DIO mice with either apocynin or Nox2ds-tat or with whole body ablation of either Nox2 or p47(phox) ameliorated the impairment in both collateral growth and hindlimb perfusion. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis demonstrated elevated levels of circulating monocytes in DIO mice without impaired mobilization and demargination after femoral artery ligation. These results establish collateral resistance as the major limitation to calf perfusion in this preclinical model, demonstrate than monocyte mobilization and demarginatin is not suppressed, implicate Nox2-p47(phox) interactions in the impairment of vascular compensation to arterial occlusion in DIO mice, and suggest that selective Nox component suppression/inhibition may be effective as either primary or adjuvant therapy for claudicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R DiStasi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Julie A Mund
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - H Glenn Bohlen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Steven J Miller
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David A Ingram
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael C Dalsing
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph L Unthank
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;
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Carbone F, Teixeira PC, Braunersreuther V, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Pathophysiology and Treatments of Oxidative Injury in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:460-89. [PMID: 24635113 PMCID: PMC4545676 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Phagocytes play a key role in promoting the oxidative stress after ischemic stroke occurrence. The phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 is a membrane-bound enzyme complex involved in the antimicrobial respiratory burst and free radical production in these cells. RECENT ADVANCES Different oxidants have been shown to induce opposite effects on neuronal homeostasis after a stroke. However, several experimental models support the detrimental effects of NOX activity (especially the phagocytic isoform) on brain recovery after stroke. Therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the neurotoxic ROS and increasing neuroprotective oxidants have recently produced promising results. CRITICAL ISSUES NOX2 might promote carotid plaque rupture and stroke occurrence. In addition, NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by resident and recruited phagocytes enhance cerebral ischemic injury, activating the inflammatory apoptotic pathways. The aim of this review is to update evidence on phagocyte-related oxidative stress, focusing on the role of NOX2 as a potential therapeutic target to reduce ROS-related cerebral injury after stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Radical scavenger compounds (such as Ebselen and Edaravone) are under clinical investigation as a therapeutic approach against stroke. On the other hand, NOX inhibition might represent a promising strategy to prevent the stroke-related injury. Although selective NOX inhibitors are not yet available, nonselective compounds (such as apocynin and fasudil) provided encouraging results in preclinical studies. Whereas additional studies are needed to better evaluate this therapeutic potential in human beings, the development of specific NOX inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, or aptamers) might further improve brain recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Braunersreuther
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy .,3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
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Quesada IM, Lucero A, Amaya C, Meijles DN, Cifuentes ME, Pagano PJ, Castro C. Selective inactivation of NADPH oxidase 2 causes regression of vascularization and the size and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:469-75. [PMID: 26298737 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms including Noxs 1, 2, 4 and 5 catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall. The Nox2 isoform complex has arguably received the greatest attention in the progression of atherogenesis in animal models. Thus, in the current study we postulated that specific Nox2 oxidase inhibition could reverse or attenuate atherosclerosis in mice fed a high-fat diet. METHODS We evaluated the effect of isoform-selective Nox2 assembly inhibitor on the progression and vascularization of atheromatous plaques. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) were fed a high fat diet for two months and treated over 15 days with Nox2ds-tat or control sequence (scrambled); 10 mg/kg/day, i.p. Mice were sacrificed and superoxide production in arterial tissue was detected by cytochrome C reduction assay and dihydroethidium staining. Plaque development was evaluated and the angiogenic markers VEGF, HIF1-α and visfatin were quantified by real time qRT-PCR. MMP-9 protein release and gelatinolytic activity was determined as a marker for vascularization. RESULTS Nox2ds-tat inhibited Nox-derived superoxide determined by cytochrome C in carotid arteries (2.3 ± 0.1 vs 1.7 ± 0.1 O2(•-) nmol/min*mg protein; P < 0.01) and caused a significant regression in atherosclerotic plaques in aorta (66 ± 6 μm(2) vs 37 ± 1 μm(2); scrmb vs. Nox2ds-tat; P < 0.001). Increased VEGF, HIF-1α, MMP-9 and visfatin expression in arterial tissue in response to high-fat diet were significantly attenuated by Nox2ds-tat which in turn impaired both MMP-9 protein expression and activity. CONCLUSION Given these results, it is quite evident that selective Nox inhibitors can reverse vascular pathology arising with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Quesada
- Vascular Biology Lab, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU) CONICET, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - A Lucero
- Vascular Biology Lab, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU) CONICET, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - C Amaya
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM) CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - D N Meijles
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - M E Cifuentes
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - P J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - C Castro
- Vascular Biology Lab, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU) CONICET, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Lee S, Paudel O, Jiang Y, Yang XR, Sham JSK. CD38 mediates angiotensin II-induced intracellular Ca(2+) release in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:332-41. [PMID: 25078456 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0141oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the endogenous Ca(2+)-mobilizing messengers cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) for the activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) of sarcoplasmic reticulum and NAADP-sensitive Ca(2+) release channels in endolysosomes, respectively. It plays important roles in systemic vascular functions, but there is little information on CD38 in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Earlier studies suggested a redox-sensing role of CD38 in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. This study sought to characterize its roles in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced Ca(2+) release (AICR) in PASMCs. Examination of CD38 expression in various rat arteries found high levels of CD38 mRNA and protein in pulmonary arteries. The Ang II-elicited Ca(2+) response consisted of extracellular Ca(2+) influx and intracellular Ca(2+) release in PASMCs. AICR activated in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) was reduced by pharmacological or siRNA inhibition of CD38, by the cADPR antagonist 8-bromo-cADPR or ryanodine, and by the NAADP antagonist Ned-19 or disruption of endolysosomal Ca(2+) stores with the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Suppression of AICR by the inhibitions of cADPR- and NAADP-dependent pathways were nonadditive, indicating interdependence of RyR- and NAADP-gated Ca(2+) release. Furthermore, AICR was inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, the nonspecific NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium, the NOX2-specific inhibitor gp91ds-tat, and the scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) tempol. These results provide the first evidence that Ang II activates CD38-dependent Ca(2+) release via the NOX2-ROS pathway in PASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suengwon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Deo SH, Holwerda SW, Keller DM, Fadel PJ. Elevated peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived superoxide production in healthy young black men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H548-52. [PMID: 25527783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00784.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that blacks exhibit elevations in systemic oxidative stress. However, the source(s) and mechanism(s) contributing to the elevation in oxidative stress remain unclear. Given that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be a major source of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide production, we tested the hypothesis that young black men demonstrate greater superoxide production and NADPH oxidase expression in PBMCs compared with whites. PBMCs were freshly isolated from whole blood in young normotensive black (n = 18) and white (n = 16) men. Intracellular superoxide production in PBMCs was measured using dihydroethidium fluorescence, protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, gp91(phox) (membranous) and p47(phox) (cytosolic) in PBMCs were assessed using Western blot analysis, and plasma protein carbonyls were measured as a marker of systemic oxidative stress. Black men showed elevated intracellular superoxide production (4.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6 relative fluorescence units; black men vs. white men, P < 0.05), increased protein expression for gp91(phox) and p47(phox) (e.g., p47(phox): 1.1 ± 0.2, black men vs. 0.4 ± 0.1, white men, P < 0.05) in PBMCs and higher circulating protein carbonyl levels (22 ± 4 vs. 14 ± 2 nmol/ml; black men vs. white men, P < 0.05). Interestingly, a positive family history of hypertension in black men did not further enhance PBMC-derived intracellular superoxide production or NADPH oxidase subunit protein expression. These findings indicate that black men exhibit greater resting PBMC-derived superoxide production and an upregulation of the NADPH oxidase pathway with a possible contribution to increases in systemic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar H Deo
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Keller
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Masoud R, Bizouarn T, Houée-Levin C. Cholesterol: A modulator of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity - A cell-free study. Redox Biol 2014; 3:16-24. [PMID: 25462061 PMCID: PMC4221629 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase Nox2, a multi-subunit enzyme complex comprising membrane and cytosolic proteins, catalyzes a very intense production of superoxide ions O2•−, which are transformed into other reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro, it has to be activated by addition of amphiphiles like arachidonic acid (AA). It has been shown that the membrane part of phagocyte NADPH oxidase is present in lipid rafts rich in cholesterol. Cholesterol plays a significant role in the development of cardio-vascular diseases that are always accompanied by oxidative stress. Our aim was to investigate the influence of cholesterol on the activation process of NADPH oxidase. Our results clearly show that, in a cell-free system, cholesterol is not an efficient activator of NADPH oxidase like arachidonic acid (AA), however it triggers a basal low superoxide production at concentrations similar to what found in neutrophile. A higher concentration, if present during the assembly process of the enzyme, has an inhibitory role on the production of O2•−. Added cholesterol acts on both cytosolic and membrane components, leading to imperfect assembly and decreasing the affinity of cytosolic subunits to the membrane ones. Added to the cytosolic proteins, it retains their conformations but still allows some conformational change induced by AA addition, indispensable to activation of NADPH oxidase. Natural cholesterol is important for the NADPH oxidase function. Added cholesterol alone activates slightly the NADPH oxidase. Cholesterol addition lowers the AA dependent activity of NADPH oxidase. Added cholesterol acts on both cytosolic and membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawand Masoud
- Laboratoire de chimie physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris Sud-CNRS, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Tania Bizouarn
- Laboratoire de chimie physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris Sud-CNRS, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Chantal Houée-Levin
- Laboratoire de chimie physique, UMR 8000, Université Paris Sud-CNRS, Orsay 91405, France.
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