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Imran M, Saleem MH, Durrani AZ, Sheikh AA. Spatiotemporal analysis and clinico-epidemiological study for seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3461-3468. [PMID: 39153112 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonotic disease. The study was conducted to estimate the Seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in a total of 450 dogs, from a total of 97 puppies and 353 adult dogs selected for examination Sampling, started from January to December 2023 in District Kasur in the province Punjab of the country Pakistan. Leptospira IgG ELISA kit manufactured by DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany was used for the screening of canine Leptospira antibodies. Out of 450 tested dogs, 183 dogs (40.67%) were tested positive for Leptospira antibody for the screening of Leptospira antibodies. The estimated Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in various age groups of dogs, were 23.7% (23/97) and 45.3% (160/353), in puppies and adults, respectively (P < 0.05). It was found that out of the sampled dogs, a total of 35/127 (27.6%), 29/100 (29%), 73/130 (56.2%), and 46/93 (49.5%) dogs were tested seropositive for Leptospira antibodies in winter, spring, summer and fall, respectively (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Saleem
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aneela Zameer Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmad Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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2
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Andrade-Silveira E, Ortega-Pacheco A, Jiménez-Coello M, Cárdenas-Marrufo M. Review of leptospirosis in dogs from Mexico: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Vet World 2024; 17:1356-1361. [PMID: 39077439 PMCID: PMC11283609 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1356-1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, classified by the World Health Organization as an emerging and neglected disease, is caused by the zoonotic pathogen Leptospira interrogans. This review aims to outline the Mexican epidemic of L. interrogans in dogs, including diagnosis and prevention methods. This review article searched articles from the publishers Wiley, Springer, PubMed, Redalyc, SciElo, and Elsevier. Among the 200 Mexican articles concerning Leptospira epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination, those that failed to meet the set inclusion criteria were excluded. The worldwide study of L. interrogans has focused on this bacterium. In Mexico, up-to-date information on canine prevalence, diagnosis, and vaccine use is scarce. Flow cytometrically detected Salmonella serovars differ from those in current vaccines, emphasizing the importance of broadening vaccine serovar coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Andrade-Silveira
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- Microbiology Laboratory, CIR “Hideyo Noguchi”, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - María Cárdenas-Marrufo
- Interinstitutional Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México
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3
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Ji Z, Jian M, Su X, Pan Y, Duan Y, Ma W, Zhong L, Yang J, Song J, Wu X, Gao L, Ma W, Kong J, Li B, Chen J, Liu M, Fan Y, Peng L, Dong Y, Bao F, Liu A. Efficacy and safety of antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:108. [PMID: 38627798 PMCID: PMC11020203 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis, an important zoonotic bacterial disease, commonly affects resource-poor populations and results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The value of antibiotics in leptospirosis remains unclear, as evidenced by the conflicting opinions published. METHODS We conducted a search in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for studies. These studies included clinical trials and retrospective studies that evaluated the efficacy or safety of antibiotics for leptospirosis treatment. The primary outcomes assessed were defervescence time, mortality rate, and hospital stays. Subgroup analyses were performed based on whether there were cases involving children and whether there were cases of severe jaundice. Safety was defined as the prevalence of adverse events associated with the use of antibiotics. p scores were utilized to rank the efficacy of the antibiotics. RESULTS There are included 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 control trial (CT), and 3 retrospective studies (RS) involving 920 patients and 8 antibiotics. Six antibiotics resulted in significantly shorter defervescence times compared to the control, namely cefotaxime (MD, - 1.88; 95% CI = - 2.60 to - 1.15), azithromycin (MD, - 1.74; 95% CI = - 2.52 to - 0.95), doxycycline (MD, - 1.53; 95% CI = - 2.05 to - 1.00), ceftriaxone (MD, - 1.22; 95% CI = - 1.89 to - 0.55), penicillin (MD, - 1.22; 95% CI = - 1.80 to - 0.64), and penicillin or ampicillin (MD, - 0.08; 95% CI = - 1.01 to - 0.59). The antibiotics were not effective in reducing the mortality and hospital stays. Common adverse reactions to antibiotics included Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, rash, headache, and digestive reactions (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and others). CONCLUSIONS Findings recommend that leptospirosis patients be treated with antibiotics, which significantly reduced the leptospirosis defervescence time. Cephalosporins, doxycycline, and penicillin are suggested, and azithromycin may be a suitable alternative for drug-resistant cases. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022354938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ji
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
- The Institute of Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650100, Yunnan, China
| | - Miaomiao Jian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuan Su
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingyi Pan
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Weijie Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiaru Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jieqin Song
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinya Wu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Gao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Weijiang Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinjing Chen
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Meixiao Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Peng
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fukai Bao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children's Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650030, Yunnan, China.
| | - Aihua Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Team, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children's Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650030, Yunnan, China.
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4
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Novak A, Pennings JLA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, Ludwig I, Verkoeijen S, Rutten V, Broere F, Sloots A. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of innate immune responses to inactivated Leptospira and bivalent Leptospira vaccines in canine 030-D cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13418. [PMID: 35927283 PMCID: PMC9352656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandatory potency testing of Leptospira vaccine batches relies partially on in vivo procedures, requiring large numbers of laboratory animals. Cell-based assays could replace in vivo tests for vaccine quality control if biomarkers indicative of Leptospira vaccine potency are identified. We investigated innate immune responsiveness induced by inactivated L. interrogans serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and two bivalent, non-adjuvanted canine Leptospira vaccines containing the same serogroups. First, the transcriptome and proteome analysis of a canine monocyte/macrophage 030-D cell line stimulated with Leptospira strains, and vaccine B revealed more than 900 DEGs and 23 DEPs in common to these three stimuli. Second, comparison of responses induced by vaccine B and vaccine D revealed a large overlap in DEGs and DEPs as well, suggesting potential to identify biomarkers indicative of Leptospira vaccine quality. Because not many common DEPs were identified, we selected seven molecules from the identified DEGs, associated with pathways related to innate immunity, of which CXCL-10, IL-1β, SAA, and complement C3 showed increased secretion upon stimulation with both Leptospira vaccines. These molecules could be interesting targets for development of biomarker-based assays for Leptospira vaccine quality control in the future. Additionally, this study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which Leptospira vaccines induce innate immune responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Irene Ludwig
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saertje Verkoeijen
- Research Centre Healthy and Sustainable Living, Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Novak A, Pupo E, Van't Veld E, Rutten VPMG, Broere F, Sloots A. Activation of Canine, Mouse and Human TLR2 and TLR4 by Inactivated Leptospira Vaccine Strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823058. [PMID: 35386703 PMCID: PMC8978998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Leptospira vaccines contain inactivated strains of pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis. For an effective response to vaccination, activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is crucial. However, it is not known which TLRs are activated by Leptospira in dogs. To investigate the involvement of canine TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in the recognition of Leptospira, we stimulated canine moDC and reporter cells expressing canine TLR2 with either whole-inactivated bacteria or purified LPS of Leptospira strains, representing the serogroups generally used in canine leptospirosis vaccines. Using the endotoxin neutralizing reagent polymyxin B and TLR4 antagonist RS-LPS, we demonstrate that Leptospira LPS and canine TLR4 are involved in IL-1β production as well as in the uptake of inactivated Leptospira in canine moDC. Furthermore, polymyxin B only partially inhibited IL-1β production induced by inactivated Leptospira, suggesting that next to TLR4, also other TLRs may be involved. The observed activation of canine TLR2-expressing reporter cells by inactivated Leptospira strains indicates that TLR2 could be one of these TLRs. Next, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 activating capabilities by the same Leptospira strains using human and mouse TLR-expressing reporter cells. Inactivated Leptospira and leptospiral LPS activated not only mouse, but also human TLR4 and this activation was shown to be LPS dependent in both cases. Additionally, inactivated Leptospira activated mouse and human TLR2-expressing reporter cell lines. In our study, we could not identify significant species differences in the recognition of Leptospira by TLR2 and TLR4 between dog, human and mouse. Lastly, we show that these inactivated Leptospira strains are recognized by both mouse and human TLR5 reporter cells only after exposure to additional heat-treatment. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm this in the canine system. Our data show that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Leptospira strains used in the production of canine Leptospira vaccines. This study contributes to the understanding of Leptospira-induced innate immune responses in dogs, humans, and mice. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of canine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 in the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Elder Pupo
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esther Van't Veld
- Center for Cell Imaging (CCI), Division Cell Biology, Metabolism and Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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6
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Bergmann Esteves S, Moreira Santos C, Ferreira Salgado F, Paldês Gonçales A, Gil Alves Guilloux A, Marinelli Martins C, Kuribaiashi Hagiwara M, Alonso Miotto B. Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:1722-1740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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7
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Deenin W, Yakoh A, Kreangkaiwal C, Chailapakul O, Patarakul K, Chaiyo S. Integrated Lateral Flow Electrochemical Strip for Leptospirosis Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2554-2560. [PMID: 35089007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LipL32 is an outer membrane protein present only on pathogenic Leptospira species, which is the causative agent of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis symptoms are often misdiagnosed with other febrile illnesses as the clinical manifestations are non-specific. Therefore, an accurate diagnostic tool for leptospirosis is indeed critical for proper and prompt treatment. Typical diagnosis via serological assays is generally performed to assess the antibodies produced against Leptospira. However, their delayed antibody response and complicated procedure undoubtedly limit the practical utilization especially in a primary care setting. Here, we demonstrate for the first time an early-stage detection of LipL32 by an integrated lateral-flow immunoassay with an electrochemical readout (eLFIA). A ferrocene trace tag was monitored via differential pulse voltammetry operated on a smartphone-based device, thus allowing for on-field testing. A superior performance in terms of the lowest detectable limit of detection of 8.53 pg/mL and broad linear dynamic range (5 orders of magnitude) among other sensors available thus far was established. Additionally, the developed test strip provided a straightforward yet sensitive approach for diagnosis of leptospirosis using the collected human sera from patients, in which the results were comparable to the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Deenin
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chahya Kreangkaiwal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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8
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Lu J, Hu J, Yu S, Li L. Next Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Combined With Multiple Organ Failure: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:756592. [PMID: 35145972 PMCID: PMC8821090 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leptospirosis poses a major threat to human life. The disease spectrum ranges from a nearly undetectable presentation to severe multi-organ dysfunction and death. Leptospirosis is difficult to diagnose by traditional antibody and culture tests. We here present a case of multiple organ failure associated with leptospirosis. Material and Methods A 64-year-old woman presented with fatigue and arthralgia, which developed rapidly into multiple organ injuries, and she eventually died of cerebral hemorrhage. Serum antibody test and cultures of blood, sputum, urine, and feces samples were all negative. The patient was diagnosed with leptospirosis by the next-generation sequencing (NGS). Conclusion We conclude that leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. New techniques such as NGS are highlighted for early diagnosis. Surveillance for pathogens during diagnosis can provide guidance for clinical treatment and improves prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Unit, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li
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9
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Sum SJJ, Mateus ALP. Practices and perceptions of British dog owners related to pet-associated zoonoses. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:293-304. [PMID: 34905255 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate husbandry practices, animal health provision and perceptions of British dog owners related to the risk of exposure to zoonoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an online survey, we collected data on pet and owner's demographics and husbandry practices, and perceptions of zoonotic risks. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate if respondents' characteristics were associated with their practices and perceptions. RESULTS Overall, 335 dog owners participated in this survey. The odds of engaging in practices associated with a risk of zoonotic exposure and having misconceptions about zoonoses were greater in older than in younger respondents. The same association was observed in respondents without a veterinary background and with a lower level of education compared to those with a veterinary background and with a higher education, respectively. The odds of feeding raw meat-based diets (odds ratio: 4.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.0 to 7.9) were greater in respondents without a veterinary background than in those with a veterinary background. The odds of vaccinating their dogs (OR: 2.7, 1.1 to 6.3) were greater in respondents with an undergraduate qualification than in respondents with lower qualifications. The odds of following recommended dosing when administering both ectoparasitic (OR: 0.09, 0.02 to 0.4) and endoparasitic (OR: 0.08, 0.02 to 0.4) treatments were lower in respondents aged 60 and above than in younger respondents. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights opportunities for targeted client communication and education by veterinarians to reduce risks of pet-associated zoonoses moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J J Sum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - A L P Mateus
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Taylor C, Brodbelt DC, Dobson B, Catchpole B, O'Neill DG, Stevens KB. Spatio-temporal distribution and agroecological factors associated with canine leptospirosis in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105407. [PMID: 34153840 PMCID: PMC8326249 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important global zoonotic disease that affects a wide range of mammalian species. Canine leptospirosis outbreaks have been reported after metereological events such as flooding (eg. in Brazil and the United States of America) suggesting an environmental association, but there has been no such study in Great Britain (GB). The distribution of cases across GB is also unreported. Objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the spatio-temporal variation of leptospirosis test submissions (2) explore associations between agroecological risk factors and distribution of different canine leptospirosis serogroups in GB, and (3) generate probability of presence maps for the different serogroups. Data analysed comprised laboratory submissions (n = 3986) to IDEXX laboratories between 1st January 2009 and 31st December 2018 for PCR or MAT leptospirosis testing. Spatial and seasonal scan statistics were used to investigate spatial and temporal clustering of positive tests, logistic regression was used to identify significant agroecological risk factors for positive tests, and the Maxent algorithm was used to model the environmental niche of four serogroups. There was an increased risk of a positive test result in the West Midlands of England (relative risk = 2.16) and between October and January (relative risk = 1.54). Logistic regression identified season and region to be significantly associated with a positive diagnosis,with higher odds of a positive test in Autumn (OR = 1.86 95 %CI 1.29-2.69) and Winter (OR = 1.51, 95 %CI 1.02-2.23) and in the East (OR = 2.20, 95 %CI = 1.31-3.71) and West Midlands (OR = 2.32, 95 %CI 1.45-3.71). The increased test-positive proportion in Autumn together with the increased odds of a positive diagnosis in Autumn suggests there may be a seasonal pattern to the canine leptospirosis in GB. The most important variable associated with higher leptospirosis presence in all ecological niche models was higher average annual temperature. The importance and retention of other variables differed between serogroups. Overall, a higher probability of leptospirosis presence was predicted in southern England and a low probability in Scotland and northern England. Although leptospirosis vaccine usage provides protection against the majority of serogroups identified here, one is not represented in the currently licensed vaccine formulations and therefore leptospirosis should remain a differential diagnosis in vaccinated dogs demonstrating consistent clinical signs of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Taylor
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - B Dobson
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - B Catchpole
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - D G O'Neill
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - K B Stevens
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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11
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Ladak M. Unusual case of pyogranulomatous hepatitis of suspected infectious etiology in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:534-536. [PMID: 32355355 PMCID: PMC7155889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever dog was presented with clinical signs of lethargy, vomiting, hyporexia, and increased respiratory effort. An exploratory laparotomy was conducted and a liver biopsy submitted for histopathologic evaluation revealed moderate multifocal coalescing pyogranulomatous hepatitis. Clinical signs, hematological parameters, and liver histopathology suggested an infectious etiology, such as leptospirosis, mycobacteriosis, or fungal infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for leptospirosis were negative. The infectious etiology was not identified, but leptospirosis may have played a role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ladak
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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12
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Furlanello T, Reale I. Leptospirosis and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: A lethal association. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2019; 10:261-265. [PMID: 31737237 PMCID: PMC6828171 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.99876.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common cause of anemia in dogs. The immune aggression towards erythrocytes can be triggered by many pathological conditions such as infection, inflammatory disease or neoplasia. Upon ruling out any eliciting conditions, a diagnosis of the primary immune-mediated disease can be made. In this particular case of severe anemia (tested positive for circulating antibodies against red blood cells with flow cytometry), vector-borne diseases (which are a common cause of immunopathology in Mediterranean countries) were excluded, leptospirosis was not. This resulted in an unsuccessful immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone, two whole blood transfusions and ultimately death of the patient. Leptospirosis (confirmed positive in two tests, micro-agglutination test for antibodies and PCR for microbial DNA in urine), can mimic a primary IMHA and must be considered in its differential list of causes. A liver involvement, that included elevated serum activity of liver enzymes and increased serum bile acid was observed at the admission and suggested an etiopathogenesis other than a primary IMHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida Reale
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Veggiano, Italy
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13
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André-Fontaine G, Triger L. MAT cross-reactions or vaccine cross-protection: retrospective study of 863 leptospirosis canine cases. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00869. [PMID: 30426097 PMCID: PMC6222973 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are naturally exposed to numerous pathogenic serogroups. Leptospirosis vaccines are claimed to afford a clinical protection restricted to the serogroups of which they are composed. Objectives Dogs exhibiting liver and kidney injury were suspected of having leptospirosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) results in naive and vaccinated dogs experiencing leptospirosis outcomes. Only MAT-positive animals were included in the study. Methods Over five years, 3 512 dogs were suspected of having leptospirosis. For each case, biochemical parameter results were recorded. Leptospirosis involvement was investigated by MAT performed against 6 major serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Australis, Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa and Sejroë). MAT-positive results confirmed leptospirosis cases in 147 naïve dogs and in 580 fully vaccinated dogs. Serological titres of agglutinating antibodies were related to the severity of liver and kidney failure. Results The most prevalent outcome of leptospirosis in unvaccinated dogs was liver failure (57.8%) compared to 51.7% for kidney disease, but the most severe onset (90.8%) was found among the cases of acute kidney injury compared to the severe (42.3%) hepatitis cases. In dogs vaccinated by bivalent Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola bacterins, hepatitis decreased from 57.8 to 46.5% and acute kidney injury from 51.7 to 21.6%. The decrease was shown in leptospirosis cases induced by field strains belonging to the six most prevalent serogroups, including the 4 serogroups heterologous to the vaccine. Conclusion Common vaccination was efficient in decreasing hepatitis and kidney failure induced by field Leptospira spp infection regardless of the MAT-prominent serogroup and limited the disease severity in the remaining cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève André-Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale et Moléculaire des Leptospires, École Nationale Vétérinaire, ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Laetitia Triger
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale et Moléculaire des Leptospires, École Nationale Vétérinaire, ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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14
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Lizer J, Velineni S, Weber A, Krecic M, Meeus P. Evaluation of 3 Serological Tests for Early Detection Of Leptospira-specific Antibodies in Experimentally Infected Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:201-207. [PMID: 29131400 PMCID: PMC5787205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis in dogs is a disease of global importance. Early detection and appropriate therapeutic intervention are necessary to resolve infection and prevent zoonotic transmission. However, its diagnosis is hindered by nonspecific clinical signs and lack of rapid diagnostic tests of early infection. Recently, 2 rapid point-of-care tests (WITNESS Lepto [WITNESS Lepto, Zoetis LLC, Kalamazoo, MI, USA] and SNAP Lepto [SNAP Lepto, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA]) for detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in canine sera were developed. HYPOTHESIS Immunoglobulin M-based WITNESS Lepto containing multiple detection antigens can detect Leptospira-specific antibodies to common leptospiral serovars earlier in the course of infection as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and SNAP Lepto. ANIMALS Four groups of 8 6- to 8-month-old male Beagle dogs were used. METHODS Thirty-two healthy seronegative dogs were inoculated experimentally with serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona (8 dogs/serovar). Acute-phase sera were collected at regular intervals and monitored for Leptospira-specific antibodies by WITNESS Lepto, MAT, and SNAP Lepto. RESULTS Seroconversion was detected in all dogs by day 10 by WITNESS Lepto and in 30 of 32 dogs by day 14 by MAT. The SNAP Lepto test detected seroconversion in 3 dogs during the 2 weeks postchallenge. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin M-based WITNESS Lepto detected immune responses specific to multiple leptospiral serovars early in the course of infection and identified seroconversion in all animals earlier than did the gold standard MAT. The SNAP Lepto test displayed considerably lower and inconsistent performance during the study period. At the point-of-care, WITNESS Lepto should be the test of choice for rapid and reliable screening of acutely ill dogs suspected to have leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lizer
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | - S. Velineni
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | - A. Weber
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
| | | | - P. Meeus
- Veterinary Medicine Research and DevelopmentZoetisKalamazooMI
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