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Stanisławska IJ, Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Kiss AK. The effects of urolithins on the response of prostate cancer cells to non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 46:176-183. [PMID: 30097116 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urolithins are bioavailable products of gut microbiota metabolism of ellagitannins. Their biological activity includes anti-cancer effects. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the effects of urolithins on prostate cancer cells and activity of clinically used anti-androgen, bicalutamide. METHODS Prostate cancer cells were treated with urolithin A, urolithin B, urolithin C or their combinations with bicalutamide. Cell proliferation was determined by DNA fluorescence with Hoechst 33258. The combination index method was used to examine interactions. Apoptosis and androgen receptor (AR) localization were analysed by flow cytometry. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Urolithins inhibited proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The mixtures of bicalutamide with uroA and uroB had additive anti-proliferative effect. All tested urolithins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells. However, the combinations of bicalutamide with urolithin A and urolithin B had attenuated pro-apoptotic activity. UroA and uroC decreased DHT-induced PSA secretion. In contrast, uroB impaired PSA lowering effect of bicalutamide. UroA, individually and in combination with bicalutamide, promoted cytoplasmic localization of AR. CONCLUSION Urolithins might contribute to chemopreventive activity of ellagitannin rich preparations. Our results support use of ellagitannin rich preparations in prostate cancer chemoprevention, but advise caution in their potential use in complementary therapy of prostate cancer. The differences in activity profiles of urolithins indicate that possible health benefits and interactions will depend on the type of produced ellagitannins metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona J Stanisławska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
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Androgen actions on endothelium functions and cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2016; 13:183-96. [PMID: 27168746 PMCID: PMC4854959 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The roles of androgens on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology are controversial as both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. Although the reasons for this discrepancy are unclear, multiple factors such as genetic and epigenetic variation, sex-specificity, hormone interactions, drug preparation and route of administration may contribute. Recently, growing evidence suggests that androgens exhibit beneficial effects on cardiovascular function though the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Endothelial cells (ECs) which line the interior surface of blood vessels are distributed throughout the circulatory system, and play a crucial role in cardiovascular function. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are considered an indispensable element for the reconstitution and maintenance of an intact endothelial layer. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an initiating step in development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The modulation of endothelial functions by androgens through either genomic or nongenomic signal pathways is one possible mechanism by which androgens act on the cardiovascular system. Obtaining insight into the mechanisms by which androgens affect EC and EPC functions will allow us to determine whether androgens possess beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. This in turn may be critical in the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. This article seeks to review recent progress in androgen regulation of endothelial function, the sex-specificity of androgen actions, and its clinical applications in the cardiovascular system.
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de Jesus MM, Negrin AC, Taboga SR, Pinto-Fochi ME, Góes RM. Histopathological alterations in the prostates of Mongolian gerbils exposed to a high-fat diet and di-n-butyl phthalate individually or in combination. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wen J, Zhao Y, Li J, Weng C, Cai J, Yang K, Yuan H, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Suppression of DHT-induced paracrine stimulation of endothelial cell growth by estrogens via prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1069-81. [PMID: 23423946 PMCID: PMC3923318 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen modulation of angiogenesis in prostate cancer may be not directly mediated by androgen receptor (AR) as AR is not detected in the prostatic endothelial cells. METHODS We examined the paracrine stimulation of cell proliferation by prostate tumor cells and its modulation by androgen and estrogens in a murine endothelial cell line (MEC) that does not express AR. RESULTS Tumor cell conditioned media (TCM) collected from LAPC-4 or LNCaP prostatic tumor cells produced a time- and concentration-dependent induction of cell growth in MECs, which was parallel to the VEGF concentration in the TCM. This TCM-induced cell growth in MECs was enhanced by the treatment of prostatic tumor cells with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Both the TCM-stimulation and DHT-enhancement effects in MECs were completely blocked by SU5416, a specific VEGF receptor antagonist. Co-administration of 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol with DHT in prostatic tumor cells completely inhibited the DHT-enhancement effect while treatment with DHT, 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol did not produce any significant direct effect in MECs. Moreover, administration of 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol in xenograft animals with LAPC-4 or LNCaP prostate tumor significantly decreased the microvessel number in the tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that prostate tumor cells regulate endothelial cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, which is mainly mediated by VEGF; and DHT is able to modulate endothelial cell growth via tumor cells, which is inhibited by 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol. Thus, both17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol are potential agents for anti-angiogenesis therapy in androgen-responsive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wen
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
| | - Jinghe Li
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
| | - Chunyan Weng
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Department of Cardiology of the Third Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
- Correspondence to: Yuan-Shan Zhu, Department of Medicine, Weill
Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 149, New York, NY 10065.
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WENG CHUNYAN, CAI JINGJING, WEN JUAN, YUAN HONG, YANG KAN, IMPERATO-McGINLEY JULIANNE, ZHU YUANSHAN. Differential effects of estrogen receptor ligands on regulation of dihydrotestosterone-induced cell proliferation in endothelial and prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:327-37. [PMID: 23135751 PMCID: PMC3583656 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy of prostate cancer with estrogens shows significant cardiovascular side-effects. To develop effective prostate cancer therapeutic agent(s) with minimal cardiovascular side-effects, we compared the effects of various estrogen receptor (ER) ligands on the modulation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) actions in LAPC-4 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). DHT stimulated the proliferation of HAEC, LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells and induced PSA mRNA expression in LAPC-4 cells. These DHT actions were differentially modulated by ER ligands in a cell-dependent manner. In LAPC-4 cells, knockdown of ERβ expression partially eliminated the βE2 inhibition of DHT-induced LAPC-4 cell proliferation, and a parallel change was observed between ER ligand modulation of DHT-induced cell proliferation and cyclin A expression. The obtained data suggest that it is feasible to develop effective agent(s) for prostate cancer therapy with minimal cardiovascular side-effects and 17α-estradiol and genistein are such potential agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JINGJING CAI
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
| | - JUAN WEN
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
| | | | - KAN YANG
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital
| | | | - YUAN-SHAN ZHU
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha,
P.R. China
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Cai LQ, Cai J, Wu W, Zhu YS. 17α-Estradiol and Genistein Inhibit High Fat Diet Induced Prostate Gene Expression and Prostate Growth in the Rat. J Urol 2011; 186:1489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendy Wu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Cai J, Cai LQ, Hong Y, Zhu YS. Functional characterisation of a natural androgen receptor missense mutation (N771H) causing human androgen insensitivity syndrome. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:523-9. [PMID: 21950590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X-linked disorder due to mutations of androgen receptor (AR) gene. Various AR mutations have been identified, and the characterisation of these mutations greatly facilitates our understanding of AR structure-function. In this study, we have analysed an AR missense mutation (N771H) identified in patients with AIS. Functional analysis of the mutant AR was performed by in vitro mutagenesis-cotransfection assays. Compared to the wild-type AR, the dose-response curve of dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation activity in the mutant AR was greatly shifted to the right and significantly decreased. However, the maximal efficacy of transactivation activity in the mutant AR was similar to that of the wild type. Receptor binding assay indicated that the mutant AR had an approximately 2.5-fold lower binding affinity to dihydrotestosterone compared to the wild type. Western blot analysis showed that the size and the expression level of mutant AR in transfected cells were comparable to the wild type. These data underscore the importance of asparagine at amino acid position 771 of human AR in normal ligand binding and normal receptor function, and a mutation at this position results in androgen insensitivity in affected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cai
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Faria A, Calhau C. The Bioactivity of Pomegranate: Impact on Health and Disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:626-34. [DOI: 10.1080/10408391003748100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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9
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Qiao Y, Wang L, Cai LQ, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor induction of prostate specific antigen gene expression, cell proliferation and tumor growth by 17α-estradiol in prostate cancer. J Urol 2011; 185:305-14. [PMID: 21075385 PMCID: PMC3039213 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen independent prostate cancer growth and metastasis are a major cause of prostate cancer death. Aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation is an important mechanism of androgen independence. We determined the effectiveness and mechanism of 17α-estradiol (Sigma®) in blocking aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b prostatic tumor cells (ATCC®) containing a mutated androgen receptor and WT estrogen receptor β to test 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression and cell growth. Cotransfection analysis was used to further elucidate the mechanism of 17α-estradiol action. Xenograft animals with an LNCaP prostate tumor were prepared to study the in vivo effect of 17α-estradiol on tumor growth inhibition. RESULTS In LNCaP cells 17α-estradiol produced a dose dependent inhibition of cyproterone acetate (Sigma) or dihydrotestosterone induced prostate specific antigen gene expression. In MDA Pca-2b cells 17α-estradiol inhibited cortisol (Sigma) induced prostate specific antigen expression and blocked dihydrotestosterone and cortisol induced cell proliferation in LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b cells, respectively. Cotransfection analysis showed that 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression was medicated via estrogen receptors. In xenograft mice with LNCaP prostate cancer 17α-estradiol but not 17β-estradiol (Sigma) significantly inhibited tumor growth, although each estrogen tended to decrease tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that 17α-estradiol with less classic estrogenic activity is a potential therapeutic agent for androgen independent prostate cancer due to androgen receptor mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Zhu YS, Imperato-McGinley JL. 5alpha-reductase isozymes and androgen actions in the prostate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:43-56. [PMID: 19250191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgens acting via the androgen receptor play critical roles in prostate development, growth, and pathogenesis. There are two potent androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), in humans and mammals. DHT is converted from testosterone by 5alpha-reductase isozymes. Two 5alpha-reductase isozymes have been identified. Although both isozymes are expressed, 5alpha-reductase-2 is the predominant isozyme in the human prostate. Mutations in 5alpha-reductase-2 gene cause the 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency syndrome. Affected 46, XY individuals have a small, nonpalpable, and rudimentary prostate in adulthood. Neither benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) nor prostate cancer has been reported in these patients. The prostate is small in animals with 5alpha-reductase-2 gene knockout or treated with specific 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. 5alpha-reductase isozymes are molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of BPH and prostate cancer. Moreover, androgen actions on prostate gene expression and cell growth are directly modulated by estrogen receptor ligands via protein-protein interactions. The studies of 5alpha-reductases and androgen actions highlight the importance of 5alpha-reductase isozymes in male sexual differentiation and prostate physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Paliouras M, Diamandis EP. Androgens act synergistically to enhance estrogen-induced upregulation of human tissue kallikreins 10, 11, and 14 in breast cancer cells via a membrane bound androgen receptor. Mol Oncol 2008; 1:413-24. [PMID: 19383315 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression by steroid hormones plays an important role in the normal development and function of many organs, as well as in the pathogenesis of endocrine-related cancers, especially breast cancer. However, clinical data suggest that combined testosterone and estrogen treatments on post-menopausal women increase the risk of breast cancer. Experiments have shown that many, if not all kallikreins are under steroid hormone regulation in breast cancer cell lines. Their implication as prognostic and diagnostic markers has also been well-documented. Thus, we investigated the effect of combined hormone stimulation with androgens and 17beta-estradiol on the ductal caricinoma cell line BT474. This cell line has been shown to be sensitive to both, androgens (secreting PSA) and estrogens (secreting a number of kallikreins including KLK10, 11, and KLK14). We found that PSA expression was downregulated upon combined hormone stimulation, confirming reports that estrogen can antagonize and block the activity of the androgen receptor. Upon analysis of estrogen-sensitive kallikreins 10, 11, and 14, all showed to be synergistically enhanced in their expression three- to fourfold, upon joint hormone treatment versus individual hormone stimulation. The enhancement is dependent upon the action of androgens as treatment with the androgen receptor antagonist cyproterone actetate normalized the expression of KLK10, 11, and KLK14 to estrogen-stimulation levels. The synergistic effects between estrogens and androgens on estrogen-sensitive genes may have implications on the role of the kallikreins in associated risk of breast cancer and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiadis Paliouras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Qiao Y, Zhang ZK, Cai LQ, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley JL, Zhu YS. 17alpha-estradiol inhibits LAPC-4 prostatic tumor cell proliferation in cell cultures and tumor growth in xenograft animals. Prostate 2007; 67:1719-28. [PMID: 17879940 PMCID: PMC2862353 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of androgen activity is a major effective therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Estrogen analogs have been used for prostate cancer therapy for years presumably by inhibiting testosterone biosyntheses, but with considerable adverse events due to their classic estrogenic activity. With the discovery of the estrogen receptor (ER) beta and its presence in prostate tumor cells, evaluation of estrogen analogs with less classic estrogenic activity in prostate cancer therapy is emerging. METHODS The effects of 17alpha-estradiol (alphaE2), a stereo-isomer of 17beta-estradiol (betaE2), on dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced cell growth and gene expressions were examined in androgen-dependent LAPC-4 prostatic tumor cells and in LAPC-4 xenograft animals, and compared to those of betaE2. RESULTS Both alphaE2 and betaE2 attenuated DHT induction of PSA gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell growth in cultured LAPC-4 cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation was associated with a blockade of DHT-induced cyclin A and cyclin D1 expression by alphaE2 and betaE2. In LAPC-4 xenograft mice, alphaE2 significantly inhibited tumor growth without altering the plasma testosterone level, while betaE2 failed to inhibit tumor growth even though it significantly inhibited PSA gene expression. CONCLUSION alphaE2 is an effective agent for inhibition of DHT-induced PSA, cyclin A, cyclin D1 gene expression, and cell proliferation in LAPC-4 cells, and tumor growth in LAPC-4 xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Zhi-Kai Zhang
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Li-Qun Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Beleza-Meireles A, Kockum I, Lundberg F, Söderhäll C, Nordenskjöld A. Risk factors for hypospadias in the estrogen receptor 2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3712-8. [PMID: 17579196 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypospadias is a common inborn error of the male genitalia of complex, and still elusive, etiology. The presence of active estrogen receptors (ESRs) in the developing male urethra, predominantly the ESR2, has suggested a role of estrogens in the otherwise androgen-dependent male genital differetiation. Moreover, imbalances between these two steroid hormones have been suggested to disturb the external genital development. This has been supported by the association between longer (CA)n variants in the ESR2 gene with lower androgen levels as well as with hypospadias. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of ESR2 gene variants on the risk to hypospadias. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND METHODS Four haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2987983, rs1887994, rs1256040, and rs1256062), the (CA)n polymorphism, and two additional promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs10483774 and rs1271572), mapping to a transcription factor binding region, were typed and analyzed in a Swedish cohort of 354 boys with nonsyndromic hypospadias and 380 healthy controls. RESULTS Association was identified with longer variants of the (CA)n polymorphism in intron 6 and with a region of intense transcription factor binding, in the putative promoter region, mapping to rs2987983 and rs10483774. The two regions are in low-linkage disequilibrium, meaning that they are not necessarily inherited together as a haplotype; logistic regression analysis indicates that these two risk effects are not independent. CONCLUSIONS The present study evidences two nonindependent risk factors for hypospadias in the ESR2 gene. We discuss possible mechanisms that explain how these variants may affect male urethral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beleza-Meireles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Building CMM 00, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Arnold JT, Liu X, Allen JD, Le H, McFann KK, Blackman MR. Androgen receptor or estrogen receptor-beta blockade alters DHEA-, DHT-, and E(2)-induced proliferation and PSA production in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67:1152-62. [PMID: 17503469 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid that is metabolized to androgens and/or estrogens in the human prostate. DHEA levels decline with age, and use of DHEA supplements to retard the aging process is of unproved effectiveness and safety. LNCaP and LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells were used to determine whether DHEA-modulated proliferation and prostate specific antigen (PSA) production were mediated via the androgen receptor (AR) and/or ERbeta. METHODS Cells were treated with DHEA, DHT, or E(2) and antagonists to AR (Casodex-bicalutamide) or ER (ICI 182,780) or siRNA to the respective receptors. Proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and PSA mRNA and protein secretion were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Associations of AR and ERbeta were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation studies and fluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS DHEA-, T-, and E(2)-induced proliferation of LNCaP cells was blunted by Casodex but not by ICI treatment. In LNCaP cells, Casodex and ICI suppressed hormone-induced PSA production. In LAPC-4 cells, DHT-stimulated PSA mRNA was inhibited by Casodex and ICI, and the minimal stimulation by DHEA was inhibited by ICI. Use of siRNAs confirmed involvement of AR and ERbeta in hormone-induced PSA production while AR-ERbeta co-association was suggested by immunoprecipitation and nuclear co-localization. CONCLUSIONS These findings support involvement of both AR and ERbeta in mediating DHEA-, DHT-, and E(2)-induced PSA expression in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Arnold
- Endocrine Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0933, USA.
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15
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Pomerantz M, Manola J, Taplin ME, Bubley G, Inman M, Lowell J, Beard C, Kantoff PW, Oh WK. Phase II Study of Low Dose and High Dose Conjugated Estrogen for Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2007; 177:2146-50. [PMID: 17509304 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although estrogens have known antitumor activity in androgen independent prostate cancer, the best studied agent, diethylstilbestrol, is no longer commercially available in the United States. We tested 2 doses of the conjugated estrogen Premarin(R) in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer to determine the efficacy and safety of this widely available medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 45 patients with progressive androgen independent prostate cancer were randomly assigned to receive Premarin 1.25 mg once (17) or 3 times (28) daily. Warfarin 1 mg daily was administered to all patients to minimize risk of thromboembolism. Low dose prophylactic breast irradiation was administered to most patients. RESULTS Of the patients receiving high dose Premarin 25% achieved a 50% or greater reduction in prostate specific antigen. No patients treated with low dose Premarin reached a 50% reduction in prostate specific antigen. After 3 months of treatment, 11 patients (39.3%) on the high dose arm and 6 patients (35.3%) on the low dose arm showed no signs of progression. Three patients (6.7%) had a thromboembolic event. No significant gynecomastia was noted. A significant difference in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels was detected between those who did and did not respond to Premarin (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS High dose Premarin resulted in prostate specific antigen decreases of 50% or greater in 25% of patients with androgen independent prostate cancer. More than a third of patients receiving high or low dose Premarin maintained stable disease for at least 3 months. With concurrent warfarin 1 mg treatment, 6.7% experienced thromboembolic complications. Premarin 1.25 mg 3 times daily is a reasonable therapeutic option for patients with androgen independent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pomerantz
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mostaghel EA, Montgomery RB, Lin DW. The basic biochemistry and molecular events of hormone therapy. Curr Urol Rep 2007; 8:224-32. [PMID: 17459272 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-007-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Data regarding the molecular response of prostate cancer to hormone therapy continue to emerge, identifying a complex network of autocrine and paracrine signaling events mediating the tumor response to androgen suppression. Emerging data provide insight into cellular pathways important in the apoptotic response to therapy, including the transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling axes. They also reveal mechanisms of direct antitumor cytotoxicity mediated by various hormonal agents and highlight the importance of developing antiandrogens capable of irreversibly inhibiting the androgen receptor. Accumulated data emphasize the presence of residual androgens and persistent activation of androgen receptor signaling in advanced prostate tumors despite castration. These factors suggest that a multitargeted treatment approach designed to ablate all contributions to the androgen receptor signaling axis within the prostate tumor microenvironment will be required in order for hormonal therapy to achieve optimal antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Lansky EP, Newman RA. Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:177-206. [PMID: 17157465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The last 7 years have seen over seven times as many publications indexed by Medline dealing with pomegranate and Punica granatum than in all the years preceding them. Because of this, and the virtual explosion of interest in pomegranate as a medicinal and nutritional product that has followed, this review is accordingly launched. The pomegranate tree, Punica granatum, especially its fruit, possesses a vast ethnomedical history and represents a phytochemical reservoir of heuristic medicinal value. The tree/fruit can be divided into several anatomical compartments: (1) seed, (2) juice, (3) peel, (4) leaf, (5) flower, (6) bark, and (7) roots, each of which has interesting pharmacologic activity. Juice and peels, for example, possess potent antioxidant properties, while juice, peel and oil are all weakly estrogenic and heuristically of interest for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and sequellae. The use of juice, peel and oil have also been shown to possess anticancer activities, including interference with tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion and angiogenesis. These may be associated with plant based anti-inflammatory effects, The phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of all Punica granatum components suggest a wide range of clinical applications for the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as other diseases where chronic inflammation is believed to play an essential etiologic role.
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Bhattacharyya RS, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Feldman D. Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) down-regulates androgen receptor expression and diminishes androgenic responses in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1539-49. [PMID: 16818513 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Targeting the AR for down-regulation would be a useful strategy for treating prostate cancer, especially hormone-refractory or androgen-independent prostate cancer. In the present study, we showed that the antiestrogen fulvestrant [ICI 182,780 (ICI)] effectively suppressed AR expression in several human prostate cancer cells, including androgen-independent cells. In LNCaP cells, ICI (10 micromol/L) treatment decreased AR mRNA expression by 43% after 24 hours and AR protein expression by approximately 50% after 48 hours. We further examined the mechanism of AR down-regulation by ICI in LNCaP cells. ICI did not bind to the T877A-mutant AR present in the LNCaP cells nor did it promote proteasomal degradation of the AR. ICI did not affect AR mRNA or protein half-life. However, ICI decreased the activity of an AR promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid transfected into LNCaP cells, suggesting a direct repression of AR gene transcription. As a result of AR down-regulation by ICI, androgen induction of prostate-specific antigen mRNA and protein expression were substantially attenuated. Importantly, LNCaP cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by ICI treatment. Following 6 days of ICI treatment, a 70% growth inhibition was seen in androgen-stimulated LNCaP cells. These data show that the antiestrogen ICI is a potent AR down-regulator that causes significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth. Our study suggests that AR down-regulation by ICI would be an effective strategy for the treatment of all prostate cancer, especially AR-dependent androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi S Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
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Arnold JT, Blackman MR. Does DHEA exert direct effects on androgen and estrogen receptors, and does it promote or prevent prostate cancer? Endocrinology 2005; 146:4565-7. [PMID: 16227445 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 149, New York, New York 10021
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