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Carbajal-García A, Reyes-García J, Montaño LM. Androgen Effects on the Adrenergic System of the Vascular, Airway, and Cardiac Myocytes and Their Relevance in Pathological Processes. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8849641. [PMID: 33273918 PMCID: PMC7676939 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8849641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen signaling comprises nongenomic and genomic pathways. Nongenomic actions are not related to the binding of the androgen receptor (AR) and occur rapidly. The genomic effects implicate the binding to a cytosolic AR, leading to protein synthesis. Both events are independent of each other. Genomic effects have been associated with different pathologies such as vascular ischemia, hypertension, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases. Catecholamines play a crucial role in regulating vascular smooth muscle (VSM), airway smooth muscle (ASM), and cardiac muscle (CM) function and tone. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is an updated analysis of the role of androgens in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes. Body. Testosterone (T) favors vasoconstriction, and its concentration fluctuation during life stages can affect the vascular tone and might contribute to the development of hypertension. In the VSM, T increases α1-adrenergic receptors (α 1-ARs) and decreases adenylyl cyclase expression, favoring high blood pressure and hypertension. Androgens have also been associated with asthma. During puberty, girls are more susceptible to present asthma symptoms than boys because of the increment in the plasmatic concentrations of T in young men. In the ASM, β 2-ARs are responsible for the bronchodilator effect, and T augments the expression of β 2-ARs evoking an increase in the relaxing response to salbutamol. The levels of T are also associated with an increment in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. In the CM, activation of α 1A-ARs and β 2-ARs increases the ionotropic activity, leading to the development of contraction, and T upregulates the expression of both receptors and improves the myocardial performance. CONCLUSIONS Androgens play an essential role in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes, favoring either a state of health or disease. While the use of androgens as a therapeutic tool for treating asthma symptoms or heart disease is proposed, the vascular system is warmly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
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Shah A, Cooke CLM, Kirschenman RD, Quon AL, Morton JS, Care AS, Davidge ST. Sex-specific effects of advanced maternal age on cardiovascular function in aged adult rat offspring. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1724-H1734. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00375.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy at an advanced maternal age has an increased risk of complications for both the mothers and their offspring. We have previously shown that advanced maternal age in a rat model leads to poor fetal outcomes, maternal vascular dysfunction, and hypertension, concordant with findings in humans. Moreover, offspring from aged dams had sex-specific cardiovascular dysfunction in young adulthood. However, the detrimental impact of aging on the cardiovascular system of the offspring in this model is unknown. We hypothesized that offspring born to aged dams (9.5–10 mo old) would have impaired cardiovascular function at 12 mo of age. Echocardiographic data revealed signs of mild left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in only male offspring from aged dams [isovolumetric relaxation time: 34.27 ± 2.04 in the young dam group vs. 27.61 ± 0.99 ms in the aged dam group, P < 0.01; mitral annular velocity ratio ( E′/ A′): 1.08 ± 0.04 in the young dam group vs. 0.96 ± 0.02 in the aged dam group, P < 0.05]. We have previously shown that in young adulthood (4 mo of age), male, but not female, offspring born to aged dams had impaired recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging did not alter the susceptibility of female offspring to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Interestingly, wire myography data revealed that male offspring from aged dams had enhanced vascular sensitivity to methacholine (negative log of EC50: 7.4 ± 0.08 in young dams vs. 7.9 ± 0.11 in aged dams, P = 0.007) due, in part, to increased prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation. Despite intact endothelium-dependent relaxation, female offspring from aged dams had elevated systolic blood pressure (125.3 ± 4.2 mmHg in young dams vs. 144.0 ± 6.9 mmHg in aged dams, P = 0.03). These data highlight sex-specific mechanisms underlying cardiovascular programming in offspring born to dams of advanced age. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrated that adult male and female offspring (12 mo old) born to aged dams had impaired cardiac diastolic function and increased blood pressure, respectively, signifying sex-specific differential cardiovascular effects of advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christy-Lynn M. Cooke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raven D. Kirschenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita L. Quon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jude S. Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison S. Care
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Predictors of Acute Vertebrobasilar Vasospasm following Tumor Resection in the Foramen Magnum Region. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163908. [PMID: 27682826 PMCID: PMC5040390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral vasospasm can occur after skull base tumor removal. Few studies concentrated on the posterior circulation vasospasm after tumor resection in the posterior fossa. We aimed to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative vertebrobasilar vasospasm after tumor resection in the foramen magnum. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of 62 patients with tumors in the foramen magnum at our institution from January 2010 to January 2015. The demographic data, tumor features, surgical characteristics were collected. Vertebrobasilar vasospasm was evaluated by bedside transcranial Doppler before surgery and on postoperative day 1, 3, 7. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the predictors of postoperative vasospasm in the posterior circulation. Results Vertebrobasilar vasospasm was detected in 28 (53.8%) of the 62 patients at a mean time of 3.5 days after surgery. There were 5 (8%) patients with severe vasospasm according to the grading criteria. Age, tumor type, tumor size, vertebral artery encasement, and surgical time were significantly related to vasospasm in the univariate analysis. Further multivariate analysis demonstrated that only age and vertebral artery encasement were independent risk factors predicting the occurrence of postoperative vertebrobasilar vasospasm. Conclusions The incidence of acute vertebrobasilar vasospasm is not uncommon after foramen magnum tumor resection. Age and vertebral artery encasement are significantly correlated with postoperative vasospasm. Close monitoring of vasospasm should be given to patients with younger age and the presence of vertebral artery encasement on the preoperative imaging to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention.
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Vascular biology of ageing-Implications in hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:112-21. [PMID: 25896391 PMCID: PMC4534766 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with functional, structural and mechanical changes in arteries that closely resemble the vascular alterations in hypertension. Characteristic features of large and small arteries that occur with ageing and during the development of hypertension include endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling, inflammation, calcification and increased stiffness. Arterial changes in young hypertensive patients mimic those in old normotensive individuals. Hypertension accelerates and augments age-related vascular remodelling and dysfunction, and ageing may impact on the severity of vascular damage in hypertension, indicating close interactions between biological ageing and blood pressure elevation. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying vascular alterations in ageing and hypertension are common and include aberrant signal transduction, oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic transcription factors. Strategies to suppress age-associated vascular changes could ameliorate vascular damage associated with hypertension. An overview on the vascular biology of ageing and hypertension is presented and novel molecular mechanisms contributing to these processes are discussed. The complex interaction between biological ageing and blood pressure elevation on the vasculature is highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Ageing.
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Efficacy of female rat models in translational cardiovascular aging research. J Aging Res 2014; 2014:153127. [PMID: 25610649 PMCID: PMC4294461 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States. Aging is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Aging is a universal process that all humans undergo; however, research in aging is limited by cost and time constraints. Therefore, most research in aging has been done in primates and rodents; however it is unknown how well the effects of aging in rat models translate into humans. To compound the complication of aging gender has also been indicated as a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. This review addresses the systemic pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system associated with aging and gender for aging research with regard to the applicability of rat derived data for translational application to human aging.
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Asadi AK, Sá RC, Kim NH, Theilmann RJ, Hopkins SR, Buxton RB, Prisk GK. Inhaled nitric oxide alters the distribution of blood flow in the healthy human lung, suggesting active hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in normoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:331-43. [PMID: 25429099 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01354.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is thought to actively regulate ventilation-perfusion (V̇a/Q̇) matching, reducing perfusion in regions of alveolar hypoxia. We assessed the extent of HPV in the healthy human lung using inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) under inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2 ) of 0.125, 0.21, and 0.30 (a hyperoxic stimulus designed to abolish HPV without the development of atelectasis). Dynamic measures of blood flow were made in a single sagittal slice of the right lung of five healthy male subjects using an arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI sequence, following a block stimulus pattern (3 × 60 breaths) with 40 ppm iNO administered in the central block. The overall spatial heterogeneity, spatiotemporal variability, and regional pattern of pulmonary blood flow was quantified as a function of condition (FiO2 × iNO state). While spatial heterogeneity did not change significantly with iNO administration or FiO2 , there were statistically significant increases in Global Fluctuation Dispersion, (a marker of spatiotemporal flow variability) when iNO was administered during hypoxia (5.4 percentage point increase, P = 0.003). iNO had an effect on regional blood flow that was FiO2 dependent (P = 0.02), with regional changes in the pattern of blood flow occurring in hypoxia (P = 0.007) and normoxia (P = 0.008) tending to increase flow to dependent lung at the expense of nondependent lung. These findings indicate that inhaled nitric oxide significantly alters the distribution of blood flow in both hypoxic and normoxic healthy subjects, and suggests that some baseline HPV may indeed be present in the normoxic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amran K Asadi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Rui Carlos Sá
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Nick H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Rebecca J Theilmann
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan R Hopkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard B Buxton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - G Kim Prisk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Age-associated alterations in retinal arteriole reactivity to endothelin-1 differ between the sexes. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kawano H, Iemitsu M, Gando Y, Ishijima T, Asaka M, Aoyama T, Ando T, Tokizawa K, Miyachi M, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M. Habitual rowing exercise is associated with high physical fitness without affecting arterial stiffness in older men. J Sports Sci 2011; 30:241-6. [PMID: 22150337 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.635311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study elucidated the effects of habitual rowing exercise on arterial stiffness and plasma levels of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 and the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in older men. Eleven rowers (68.0 ± 1.6 years) and 11 sedentary control older men (64.9 ± 1.1 years) were studied. Peak oxygen uptake (36.0 ± 1.7 vs. 27.7 ±1.9 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)), leg press power (1346 ± 99 vs. 1077 ± 68 W), and HDL-cholesterol (75 ± 5 vs. 58 ±3 mg · ml(-1)) were higher and triglyceride (78 ± 9 vs. 120 ± 14 mg · ml(-1)) was lower in rowers than in control participants (all P < 0.05). Arterial stiffness indices (carotid β-stiffness and cardio-ankle vascular index) and plasma endothelin-1 and NOx (nitrite + nitrate) levels did not differ between the two groups. These results suggest that habitual rowing exercise in older men is associated with high muscle power and aerobic capacity, and favourable blood lipid profile without affecting arterial stiffness or plasma levels of endotheline-1 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Mosquera M, Ortega JG, Echeverri I, Salazar B, López-Jaramillo P, Aguilar de Plata AC. El ejercicio físico aeróbico incrementa la vasodilatación dependiente del endotelio y el consumo de oxígeno de mujeres primigestantes saludables. Ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado. NCT00741312. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-5633(10)70252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Shan H, Bai X, Chen X. Angiotensin II induces endothelial cell senescence via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:459-66. [PMID: 18383564 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells have a finite cell lifespan and eventually enter an irreversible growth arrest, cellular senescence. The functional changes associated with cellular senescence are thought to contribute to human aging and age-related cardiovascular disorders, for example, atherosclerosis. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a principal effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), an important signaling molecule involved in atherogenic stimuli, is known to promote aging and cellular senescence. In the present study, induction of Ang II promoted a growth arrest with phenotypic characteristics of cell senescence, such as enlarged cell shapes, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) positive staining cells, and depressed cell proliferation. Ang II drastically decreased the expression level of Bcl-2, in part via the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Our results suggest that Ang II can induce HUVEC senescence; one of its molecular mechanisms is a probability that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway is involved in the process of pathological and physiological senescence of endothelial cells as well as vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Del Ry S, Maltinti M, Giannessi D, Cavallini G, Bergamini E. Age-related changes in endothelin-1 receptor subtypes in rat heart. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:251-66. [PMID: 18568982 DOI: 10.1080/03610730802070233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Density, affinity, and subtype distribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding sites were determined in rat cardiac tissue as a function of age in order to evaluate the association of alterations in the endothelin receptor system and aging in the heart. A significant decrease in the receptor subtype ET-A, which represents 70% to 80% of the total receptor population in cardiac tissue of 3- and 12-month-old rats, was observed in 24-month-old rats with respect to the younger groups. These findings indicate an alteration in ET-1 cardiac receptors associated with aging, mainly due to a variation in the receptor subtype distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Pisa, Italy
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De Mattia G, Bravi MC, Laurenti O, Moretti A, Cipriani R, Gatti A, Mandosi E, Morano S. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients without clinical macrovascular complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 79:337-42. [PMID: 17949845 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in diabetic patients without clinical macrovascular complications. METHODS In 27 type 1, 56 type 2 diabetic patients and 35 healthy controls the redox state (GSH, GSSG; enzymatic method), endothelin-1 (ET-1; ELISA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF; ELISA) plasma levels, urinary vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; ELISA) were measured. RESULTS Decreased GSH levels (p<0.05, type 1 and type 2), GSH/GSSG ratio (p<0.05 type 1, p<0.001 type 2) and elevated vWF levels (p<0.001, type 1 and type 2) were observed in diabetic patients in comparison with controls. A negative correlation between GSH and vWF (p<0.02 and p<0.001, in type 1 and type 2, respectively) and GSH and BMI (p<0.02 in type 1 and type 2) was observed. ET-1 was positively correlated to age (p<0.05) and diabetes duration (p<0.03) in type 1, while vWF was correlated to systolic blood pressure (p<0.05) in type 2 diabetic patients. Urinary VEGF was higher in type 2 (p<0.05) in comparison with type 1 diabetic patients and was correlated to glycemia (p<0.05) and systolic blood pressure (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data might indicate that markers of oxidative stress and ED are altered in diabetic patients without clinical macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo De Mattia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Riva CE, Schmetterer L. Microcirculation of the Ocular Fundus. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Jacobovicz J, Tolazzi ARD, Timi JR. Doppler ultrasound evaluation of facial transverse and infraorbital arteries: influence of smoking and aging process. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007; 31:526-31. [PMID: 17659420 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-006-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic surgeons are always concerned about integrity of facial vascularization in smokers and elderly candidates for face-lifting. Using Doppler ultrasound, this study aimed to evaluate influence of chronic smoking and aging on facial transverse and infraorbital artery blood flow. METHODS For this study, 40 healthy volunteer women were submitted to bilateral Doppler ultrasound of facial transverse and infraorbital arteries. Volunteers were divided into three groups: group 1 (13 nonsmoking women ages 18-33 years), group 2 (13 nonsmoking women ages 55-70 years), and group 3 (14 smoking women ages 55-70 years). Blood flow parameters measured were peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistivity index, and pulsatility index. RESULTS Chronic smoking did not cause statistically significant alterations in peak systolic velocity in any of the arteries. However, there was a significant augmentation of end-diastolic velocity and a reduction in resistivity and pulsatility index in both arteries. Aging process did not significantly alter any of the parameters evaluated. Findings in both sides of the face were similar for both arteries. CONCLUSIONS Chronic smoking significantly altered end-diastolic velocity, resistivity, and pulsatility index in regional arterial circulation of the face. Aging process, however, did not significantly influence any of blood flow parameters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Jacobovicz
- Postgraduate Division, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil.
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Orlandi A, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani G, Spagnoli LG. Aging, smooth muscle cells and vascular pathobiology: Implications for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188:221-30. [PMID: 16487530 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and autopsy studies suggest a close link between aging and the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. Several experiments show increased arterial susceptibility to atherogenetic stimuli in aged subjects. All together, these findings support the concept that aging represents an independent atherogenetic risk factor, intimately associated to other parietal, microenvironmental and systemic noxae. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) represent the major arterial cell population. As aging occurs, SMCs progressively migrate from the tunica media and accumulate into the tunica intima. Myointimal thickening may represent the site where low-grade atherogenic stimuli cause early development and more severe lesion progression. Intimal SMC accumulation is characterized from a switch, from a differentiated to a synthetic phenotype, with reduced myocytic cytoskeletal markers and the expression of new proteins. Aging also associates to changes of SMC proliferative and apoptotic behavior and response to growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta1. The alteration of SMC properties represents a crucial event in the pathobiology of arterial wall, since it contributes to the vascular remodeling and decline of function with aging and favors the progression of atherosclerosis. Increased knowledge of biomolecular mechanisms regulating these events helps to develop new strategies aimed at contrasting the adverse effect of vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biopathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, Italy.
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Al-Shaer MH, Choueiri NE, Correia MLG, Sinkey CA, Barenz TA, Haynes WG. Effects of aging and atherosclerosis on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function in humans. Int J Cardiol 2006; 109:201-6. [PMID: 16054252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide is an endothelium dependent dilator, which may protect against atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown a decrease in nitric oxide activity with aging, however none have assessed aging and atherosclerosis separately. We tested the hypothesis that aging blunts both basal and receptor-mediated endothelial nitric oxide release in humans. METHODS We examined whether forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial acetylcholine, and nitroprusside, were altered with aging, with and without co-infusion of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (N(G)-mono-methyl-L-arginine) in three groups of human subjects; a group with clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease (n = 31, 21 M), otherwise healthy elderly (n = 17, 13 M), and healthy young controls (n = 15, 8 M). RESULTS There was no difference in basal flows between the three groups. There was also no difference in the dilatation to either acetylcholine or nitroprusside responses between the AVD and the healthy elderly group; however, aging significantly decreased acetylcholine or nitroprusside responses when compared to the young controls (p < 0.02). Furthermore, the ratio between acetylcholine and nitroprusside, a marker of endothelial NO synthase activity, was significantly greater in the young volunteers (0.816 +/- 0.094% vs. 0.892 +/- 0.146 % vs. 1.389 +/- 0.2%, in atherosclerotic vascular disease, healthy elderly group, and young controls respectively). CONCLUSIONS Forearm blood flow responses to endothelium dependent and independent stimuli are blunted with aging, independent of the presence of atherosclerotic disease. Moreover, the normal aging process may induce significant global vascular dysfunction (involving the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscle); to as great a degree as clinically manifest atherosclerosis.
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Maeda S, Tanabe T, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, Miyauchi T, Kuno S, Ajisaka R, Matsuda M. Moderate regular exercise increases basal production of nitric oxide in elderly women. Hypertens Res 2005; 27:947-53. [PMID: 15894835 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.27.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells produce nitric oxide (NO), which is a potent vasodilator substance and is thought to have antiatherosclerotic properties. Therefore, it has also been proposed that NO may be useful to regulate vascular tonus and prevent progression of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, NO activity reduces with aging. We previously reported that the plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx: the stable end product of NO) concentration was significantly increased by intense aerobic exercise training in healthy young humans. We hypothesized that lifestyle modification (e.g., even mild regular exercise training) can increase NO production in previously sedentary older humans. We measured the plasma NOx concentration before and after a mild aerobic exercise training regimen (cycling on a leg ergometer at 80% ventilatory threshold for 30 min, 5 days/week) for 3 months in elderly women. In addition, we assessed the plasma concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger of NO, in the same samples. The individual ventilatory threshold increased significantly after the 3-month exercise training. The blood pressure at rest significantly decreased after exercise training. These results suggest that the 3-month exercise training in the older women produced favorable physiological effects. The plasma concentration of NOx significantly increased by the exercise training, and the plasma concentration of cGMP also increased by the exercise training. The present study suggests that even a mild regular aerobic-endurance exercise increases NO production in previously sedentary older humans, which may have beneficial effects (i.e., antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects by endogenous NO) on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Maeda
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
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19
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Ishikawa H, Uga S, Mashimo K, Yoshitomi T, Kusanagi M, Shimizu K. Pharmacological vascular reactivity in isolated hypercholesterolemic rabbit ciliary artery. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:805-13. [PMID: 15037115 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated functional and morphological changes occurring in the wall of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit ciliary artery. A mutant rabbit with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis was created by serial breeding. Ciliary arteries from hypercholesterolemic, age-matched control and young control rabbits' eyes were mounted in a myograph system. The effects of phenylephrine (PE), carbachol and electrical field stimulation on this artery were investigated using isometric tension recording methods. The arteries were also examined morphologically. PE caused dose-dependent contraction in young control, age-matched control and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The EC(50) values were 1.0 microm (0.2-2.1, n = 6), 1.4 microm (0.4-2.4, n = 6) and 4.7 microm (1.8-7.7, n = 8) in the young, age-matched controls and in the Kurosawa and Kusanagi-hypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits, respectively. The EC(50) values of the KHC rabbit were significantly different from those of control. Electrical field stimulation evoked contraction only in the control rabbits. On the other hand, electrical field stimulation evoked relaxation when the ciliary artery was pre-contracted by 10 microm histamine in each type of rabbit equally. Carbachol also induced approximately equal dose-dependent relaxation after pre-contraction. The morphological findings of KHC rabbit ciliary artery revealed irregular contours on the internal elastic lamina and deformation of the shape of the medial smooth muscle cells with irregularity in size and widening of the intercellular spaces. However, the endothelial cells were well preserved. Compared with the ciliary artery, typical atherosclerotic changes existed in the intima, not the media, in the KHC rabbit aorta. In the hypercholesterolemic rabbit ciliary artery, the vasoconstricting function was reduced but vasodilatation was well preserved. Morphological findings supported this. The pharmacological vascular reactivity in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit ciliary artery is quite different from that of the large arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, International University of Health and Welfare, Shizuoka, Japan.
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20
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Tanabe T, Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Iemitsu M, Takanashi M, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Yokota T, Ohmori H, Matsuda M. Exercise training improves ageing-induced decrease in eNOS expression of the aorta. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 178:3-10. [PMID: 12713509 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ageing impairs endothelial function such as the regulation of vascular tone. The release of nitric oxide (NO), which has a potent vasodilator effect and antiatherosclerotic property, is decreased in the aorta of aged rats. Exercise training, however, has been reported to increase the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the aorta of young rats. In aged rats, it is not known whether the expression of eNOS is altered by exercise training. We hypothesized that exercise training would improve the ageing-induced decrease in eNOS expression in vessels, and examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of eNOS in the aorta of sedentary-young rats (sedentary-young group; 4 months old), sedentary-aged rats (sedentary-aged group; 23 months old), and swim-trained aged rats (training-aged group; 23 months old, swimming training for 8 weeks, 5 days week(-1), 90 min day(-1)). RESULTS Body weight was significantly lower, and citrate synthase activity in the epitrochlearis muscle was significantly higher in the training-aged group compared with the sedentary-aged group. The mRNA expression of eNOS in the aorta was significantly higher in the training-aged group than in the sedentary-aged group, while it was significantly lower in both the sedentary-aged and training-aged groups than in the sedentary-young group. The expression of eNOS protein in the aorta was also significantly higher in the training-aged group than in the sedentary-aged group, while it was also significantly lower in the sedentary-aged group, but not in the training-aged group, than in the sedentary-young group. CONCLUSION The present results revealed that the production of eNOS in the aorta decreases with ageing, and that the decreased production is increased by exercise training in aged rats, which may produce beneficial effects on the impaired cardiovascular system caused by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanabe
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Monga M, Rajasekaran M. Erectile dysfunction: current concepts and future directions. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 49:7-17. [PMID: 12647774 DOI: 10.1080/302-01485010290099408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in science and medicine have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. The development of reliable pharmacological therapy for erectile dysfunction has led to heightened awareness in the public and medical communities. This article reviews recent clinical advances and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monga
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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22
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Müller AM, Skrzynski C, Nesslinger M, Skipka G, Müller KM. Correlation of age with in vivo expression of endothelial markers. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37:713-9. [PMID: 11909688 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of endothelial senescence as a pathogenetic factor in age-related vascular alterations has almost exclusively been studied in vitro. However, the in vitro-findings have rarely been compared with histomorphological changes in aging human tissue or in age-related degenerative diseases. Therefore, we compared the expression of the endothelial marker CD34 and the procoagulant protein von Willebrand factor (vWf) in lung endothelium by conventional immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM), taking the age of the patients into consideration. The staining reactions were statistically analysed by covariance analysis. With age the endothelial staining intensity of CD34 increased in arteries and veins, but decreased in arterioles, capillaries and venules. For vWf, on the contrary, the endothelial staining intensity increased with age in all types of vessels. CLSM confirmed a mosaic staining pattern. This study demonstrates age-associated phenotypical alterations of CD34 and vWf. Whether the down-regulation of CD34 correlates with an age-associated reduction of the angiogenetic properties of EC or an age-related over-expression of vWf as a relevant cofactor for the raised coagulatory activity and the increase in thrombotic diseases resp coronary heart disease in older patients, remains subject to debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil-Universitätsklinik, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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23
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Lin CS, Liu X, Tu R, Chow S, Lue TF. Age-related decrease of protein kinase G activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:244-8. [PMID: 11549281 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase G-I (PKG-I) activation is essential for vascular relaxation; however, its quantitative analysis in intact cells has been difficult. To overcome this difficulty, a monoclonal antibody, VASP-16C2, was recently developed that detects phosphorylated serine residue 239 of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a substrate of PKG-I. In this study, we used this antibody to examine (i) possible functional differences between the alpha and beta isoforms of PKG-I, (ii) ability of cAMP to activate PKG-I, as compared to cGMP, the principal PKG-I-activating cyclic nucleotide, and (iii) time course and levels of PKG-I activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) of young and old rats. We created COS-7 cell clones that overexpressed PKG-Ialpha or PKG-Ibeta, treated them with cAMP or cGMP, and analyzed their cell lysates for reactivity with VASP-16C2. The results showed that PKG-Ialpha phosphorylated VASP at a higher level than PKG-Ibeta, and cAMP was slightly weaker than cGMP in PKG-I activation. VSMC of young rats responded to cAMP or cGMP stimulation in a dose-dependent manner with increasing levels of PKG-I activation. The response was detected within 10 min and continued for at least 24 h. In contrast, VSMC of old rats showed no PKG-I activation during the first hour of cAMP or cGMP stimulation and, at 24 h these cells showed only low-level PKG-I activation. We propose that the reduced PKG-I activation may explain why vascular relaxation is decreased in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lin
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1695, USA.
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24
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Toprakçi M, Ozmen D, Mutaf I, Turgan N, Parildar Z, Habif S, Güner I, Bayindir O. Age-associated changes in nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 2001; 30:83-5. [PMID: 11043501 DOI: 10.1007/bf02874163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an important determinant of vascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction accompanying vascular disease may be related to cardiovascular risk factors such as aging, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Experimental models suggest that endothelium-derived nitric oxide is reduced with aging, and this reduction is implicated in atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether increased age resulted in altered serum nitrite and nitrate levels, end-products of nitric oxide, in healthy subjects. Sixty-nine healthy individuals were divided into five different age groups: group I (6-15 years), group II (16-30 years), group III (31-45 years), group IV (46-60 years), and group V (>61 years). In these subjects, serum nitrite was measured by the Griess reaction and nitrate by the nitrate reductase method. Statistical analysis showed that serum nitrite levels were not significantly different in any of the groups, while serum nitrate concentrations exhibited significant differences (P<0.001). These findings suggest that nitric oxide synthesis and/or secretion is reduced with age and consequently endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toprakçi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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25
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Hamilton CA, Brosnan MJ, McIntyre M, Graham D, Dominiczak AF. Superoxide excess in hypertension and aging: a common cause of endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2001; 37:529-34. [PMID: 11230330 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence in humans that hypertension and aging similarly impair endothelial function, although the mechanism remains unclear. Superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) is a major determinant of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and thus endothelial function. We sought to determine the relationship between endothelial function, O(2)(-), and age in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Aortic rings were removed from female WKY and SHRSP at 3 to 4 months (young) and 9 to 12 months (old). O(2)(-) generation by aortic rings was measured before and after removal of the endothelium or incubation with N(G) nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, diphenyleneiodonium, or apocynin. Levels of p22phox were studied with immunohistochemistry and used as a marker of NAD(P)H oxidase expression. NO bioavailability was significantly lower in old WKY compared with young WKY (P=0.0009) and in old SHRSP compared with young SHRSP (P=0.005). O(2)(-) generation was significantly greater in old WKY compared with young WKY (P=0.0001). Removal of the endothelium and N(G) nitro-L-arginine methyl ester treatment resulted in a significant reduction in O(2)(-) generation in old SHRSP (P=0.009 and 0.001, respectively). Diphenyleneiodonium significantly reduced O(2)(-) generation in 12-month WKY (P=0.008) and 12-month SHRSP (P=0.009). Apocynin attenuated O(2)(-) generation by older WKY (P=0.038) and SHRSP (P=0.028). p22phox was increased in older animals compared with young. We conclude that NO bioavailability decreases with age in female WKY and SHRSP. O(2)(-) generation increases with age in WKY and is higher in SHRSP and may contribute to the reduced NO by scavenging. NAD(P)H oxidase may contribute to the age-related increase in O(2)(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Schutzer WE, Xue H, Reed JF, Roullet JB, Anderson S, Mader SL. Angiotensin II enhances beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated vasorelaxation in aortas from young but not old rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279:H2807-14. [PMID: 11087235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.6.h2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
beta-Adrenergic receptor (beta-AR)-mediated (cAMP-dependent) vasorelaxation declines with advancing age. It has been shown that angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent vasoconstrictor, enhances cAMP-mediated vasorelaxation. Therefore, we questioned whether ANG II could reverse age-related, impaired beta-AR-mediated vasorelaxation and cAMP production. Pretreatment of aortic rings from 6-wk-old or 6-mo-old male Fischer 344 rats with ANG II significantly enhanced vasorelaxation induced by isoproterenol (Iso), a beta-AR agonist, and forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, but not dibutyryl-cAMP or isobutylmethylxanthine. The ANG II effect was blocked by losartan but not PD-123319 and was not observed in the aortas from 12- and 24-mo-old animals. Iso-stimulated cAMP production in the aorta was enhanced in the presence of ANG II in the 6-wk-old and 6-mo-old age groups only. Results suggest ANG II cannot reverse the age-related impairment in beta-AR-dependent vasorelaxation. We conclude aging may affect a factor common to both ANG II-receptors and beta-AR signaling pathways or aging may impair cross-talk between these two receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Schutzer
- Research Service, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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27
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Cavallaro U, Castelli V, Del Monte U, Soria MR. Phenotypic alterations in senescent large-vessel and microvascular endothelial cells. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 4:117-21. [PMID: 11170842 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence likely plays a key role in age-associated vascular diseases. A close relationship between in vitro and in vivo senescence of endothelial cells has been established. Therefore, elucidating the structural and functional changes occurring during long-term cultures of endothelial cells would contribute to clarifying the pathogenesis of vascular disorders in the elderly. We investigated the effects of replicative senescence on the architecture of bovine aortic vs microvascular endothelial cells. A marked increase in cell area was observed in both cell types, whereas dramatic morphological alterations were detected in microvascular endothelial cells only. The latter also showed age-associated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, both aortic and microvascular endothelial cells lost their migratory response to basic fibroblast growth factor with age. Our results highlight dramatic structural and functional alterations in senescent endothelial cells. Such rearrangements might account for in vivo endothelial cell alterations involved in age-associated vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Cavallaro
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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28
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Asai K, Kudej RK, Shen YT, Yang GP, Takagi G, Kudej AB, Geng YJ, Sato N, Nazareno JB, Vatner DE, Natividad F, Bishop SP, Vatner SF. Peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis in old monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1493-9. [PMID: 10845863 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effects of aging on vasoactivity in a primate model (Macaca fascicularis), 13 young male monkeys (aged 7.1+/-0.4 years) and 9 old male monkeys (aged 19.8+/-0.6 years) were chronically instrumented for measurement of left ventricular and aortic pressures and cardiac output. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar levels were not different between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in baseline mean aortic pressure and total peripheral resistance (TPR) in the young monkeys versus the old monkeys. TPR fell less (P<0.05) with acetylcholine (1 microg/kg) in old monkeys (-25+/-1%) than in young monkeys (-34+/-2%), whereas decreases in TPR with sodium nitroprusside were similar in old and young monkeys. There was no evidence of atherosclerosis, but apoptosis of endothelial cells was enhanced (P<0.05) in the aortas and femoral arteries, but not in the media, of the old monkeys. There was a relationship (r=0.62, P=0.013) between the incidence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive endothelial cells and endothelial cell density in the femoral artery. The reduced endothelial cell density was also correlated (r=0.82, P<0.01) with depressed TPR responses to acetylcholine. Thus, vascular endothelial dysfunction was present in old monkeys without evidence of atherosclerosis, which may be due to endothelial apoptosis and reduced endothelial cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asai
- Weis Center for Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Danville 17822-2601, USA
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29
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Rubino A, Loesch A, Burnstock G. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in coronary and pulmonary circulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 189:59-93. [PMID: 10333578 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the vasorelaxant properties of nitric oxide and the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1, there have been many studies of the distribution and functional significance of these agents in various vascular beds. In the coronary and pulmonary circulation nitric oxide and endothelin-1 actions have been largely investigated in terms of an imbalance between the opposing effects of these vasoactive agents leading to pathophysiological conditions. This article review functional and immunocytochemical studies with emphasis on the ultrastructural localization of nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 in the coronary and pulmonary vascular beds. Localization of nitric oxide synthase (type III or I or II) has been shown in endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and perivascular nerves of the coronary and pulmonary vascular beds and in the neurons, nerve fibers, and the small granule-containing cells within cardiac ganglia. Endothelin-1 was mainly localized in subpopulations of coronary and pulmonary endothelial cells. These immunocytochemical studies provide information about the sources of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 that contribute to the vasomotor control of cardiac and pulmonary circulation under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rubino
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Feleder EC, Peredo HA, Mendizábal VE, Adler-Graschinsky E. Effects of aging on ATP sensitive K(+) channels and on prostanoid production in the rat mesenteric bed. AGE 1998; 21:183-188. [PMID: 23604379 PMCID: PMC3455460 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-998-0027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate, in the rat isolated mesenteric bed, whether increasing age is associated with alterations in the ATP sensitive K(+) channels functionality. Moreover, studies were performed in order to evaluate the effects of aging on the synthesis of vascular prostanoids as well as on its possible contribution to the pressor responses of this vascular bed. Male Wistar rats of 3 month (adults) and 24 month (aged) were used. Although no differences were found among adult and aged rats in pressor responses to 2-30 nmol noradrenaline and to 40-160 nmol KCl, the relaxant responses to the K(+) channel opener, 10(-6) M cromakalim, were significantly diminished in the aged group compared to the adults. On the other hand, whereas PGF2α and 6-keto PGF1α production was not modified with age, the thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 production in the mesenteric bed from 24 month old rats was significantly increased compared to the adult group. Furthermore, the cyclooxigenase synthesis inhibitor, 10(-5) M indomethacin reduced the pressor responses induced by noradrenaline in the mesenteric beds from adults but not from aged rats. It is concluded that there is an age related reduction in the functionality of the ATP sensitive K(+) channels in the rat mesenteric bed. In addition, aging produces an increase in the release of vasoconstrictor as well as of vasodilator prostanoids, whose contribution to noradrenaline induced pressor responses appears to be less relevant in the older animals.
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31
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Atkinson J. Cardiovascular Ageing. Physiology, Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics. IUPHAR Satellite Symposium, Nancy, France, July 23?24, 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.1998.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Dallinger S, Findl O, Strenn K, Eichler HG, Wolzt M, Schmetterer L. Age dependence of choroidal blood flow. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:484-7. [PMID: 9560073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the age dependence of choroidal blood flow. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna University. PARTICIPANTS A total of 130 healthy volunteers between the ages of 19 and 83 years. MEASUREMENTS Fundus pulsation amplitude (FPA) with a recently developed laser interferometric method, mean arterial pressure (MAP) with an automated oscillometric device, intraocular pressure (IOP) with an applanation tonometer, and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) as calculated from MAP and IOP. RESULTS There was a significant correlation of FPA with age r = -0.242 (P = .005). MAP, IOP, and OPP showed a significant positive correlation with age. Multiple regression analysis showed that FPA is associated with age but not with MAP, IOP, or OPP. CONCLUSION Choroidal blood flow is reduced in older subjects, which argues in favor of an increase in ocular vascular resistance with age. This may be a risk factor in the development of common ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration or glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna University, Austria
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33
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Yamashita S, Dohi Y, Kinoshita M, Kojima M, Miyagawa K, Sato K. Occult extraadrenal pheochromocytoma treated as diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Sci 1997; 314:276-8. [PMID: 9332269 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199710000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma usually is associated with a combination of various manifestations caused by overproduction of catecholamines. We encountered a case of an occult, catecholamine-secreting pheochromocytoma. A 70-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of anorexia. He had been treated for diabetes mellitus for 4 years; during this period he did not have any other symptoms related to pheochromocytoma. At admission, serum epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose levels and urinary excretion of total metanephrine were elevated. A tumor was detected in the left adrenal region and diagnosed as pheochromocytoma. After tumor resection, the increased levels of catecholamines and glucose and the decreased urinary C-peptide were normalized. This suggests that the pheochromocytoma caused hyperglycemia without other manifestations for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoyashi Kohseiin Geriatric Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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34
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Yamashita S, Dohi Y, Kinoshita M, Kojima M, Miyagawa K, Sato K. Occult Extraadrenal Pheochromocytoma Treated as Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Med Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Dohi Y, Kojima M, Sato K. Benidipine improves endothelial function in renal resistance arteries of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996; 28:58-63. [PMID: 8675265 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment on endothelial function in renal resistance arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were used as a normotensive reference. Adult SHR were treated with benidipine (a calcium antagonist) or ecarazine (a vasodilator) for 10 weeks; the drugs caused similar reductions in blood pressure. Changes in isometric tension of rings prepared from the third-order branches of the renal arteries were recorded. Endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by acetylcholine in rings contracted with norepinephrine were smaller in SHR than in WKY. The impaired relaxation was improved by benidipine treatment, but ecarazine had no significant effect. In vitro treatment with meclofenamic acid, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, did not alter the differences in the relaxations. In the presence of meclofenamic acid, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester slightly reduced the relaxations; the relaxation was smaller in SHR than in WKY and was not affected by benidipine treatment. In rings contracted with 40 mmol/L. KCI, the relaxations induced by acetylcholine in the presence of meclofenamic acid were smaller than those in rings contracted with norepinephrine. The relaxation was smaller in SHR than in WKY but was normalized by benidipine treatment. Thus, acetylcholine relaxes rat renal resistance arteries by releasing nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor from the endothelium, which is impaired in SHR. Long-term benidipine treatment improves the impaired relaxation in SHR by enhancing nitric oxide-mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dohi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya City University Hospital, Japan
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