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Shi G, Koichi N, Wan R, Wang Y, Reisdorf R, Wilson A, Huang TC, Amadio PC, Meves A, Zhao C, Moran SL. Pentamidine-loaded gelatin decreases adhesion formation of flexor tendon. J Orthop Translat 2024; 45:75-87. [PMID: 38511123 PMCID: PMC10950576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of adhesion formation following flexor tendon repair is essential for restoration of normal finger function. Although many medications have been studied in the experimental setting to prevent adhesions, clinical application is limited due to the complexity of application and delivery in clinical translation. Methods In this study, optimal dosages of gelatin and pentamidine were validated by gelatin concentration test. Following cell viability, cell migration, live and dead cell, and cell adhesion assay of the Turkey tenocytes, a model of Turkey tendon repair was established to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pentamidine-Gelatin sheet. Results Pentamidine carried with gelatin, a Food and drug administration (FDA) approved material for drug delivery, showed good dynamic release, biocompatibility, and degradation. The optimal dose of pentamidine (25ug) was determined in the in vivo study using tenocyte viability, migration, and cell adhesion assays. Further biochemical analyses demonstrated that this positive effect may be due to pentamidine downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway without affecting collagen expression. Conclusions We tested a FDA-approved antibiotic, pentamidine, for reducing adhesion formation after flexor tendon repair in both in vitro and in vivo using a novel turkey animal model. Compared with the non-pentamidine treatment group, pentamidine treated turkeys had significantly reduced adhesions and improved digit function after six weeks of tendon healing. The translational potential of this article This study for the first time showed that a common clinical drug, pentamidine, has a potential for clinical application to reduce tendon adhesions and improve tendon gliding function without interfering with tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guidong Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nakagawa Koichi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rou Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yicun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ramona Reisdorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abigayle Wilson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tony C.T. Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Yadagiri G, Singh A, Arora K, Mudavath SL. Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in combating visceral leishmaniasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1096458. [PMID: 37265481 PMCID: PMC10229823 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1096458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a vector-borne disease, is caused by an obligate intramacrophage, kinetoplastid protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Globally, VL is construed of diversity and complexity concerned with high fatality in tropics, subtropics, and Mediterranean regions with ~50,000-90,000 new cases annually. Factors such as the unavailability of licensed vaccine(s), insubstantial measures to control vectors, and unrestrained surge of drug-resistant parasites and HIV-VL co-infections lead to difficulty in VL treatment and control. Furthermore, VL treatment, which encompasses several problems including limited efficacy, emanation of drug-resistant parasites, exorbitant therapy, and exigency of hospitalization until the completion of treatment, further exacerbates disease severity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and efficacious therapies to control and eliminate this devastating disease. In such a scenario, biotherapy/immunotherapy against VL can become an alternative strategy with limited side effects and no or nominal chance of drug resistance. An extensive understanding of pathogenesis and immunological events that ensue during VL infection is vital for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies against VL. Immunotherapy alone or in combination with standard anti-leishmanial chemotherapeutic agents (immunochemotherapy) has shown better therapeutic outcomes in preclinical studies. This review extensively addresses VL treatment with an emphasis on immunotherapy or immunochemotherapeutic strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Yadagiri
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aakriti Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kanika Arora
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Repurposing Non-antibiotic Drugs Auranofin and Pentamidine in Combination to Combat Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wesseling CMJ, Slingerland CJ, Veraar S, Lok S, Martin NI. Structure-Activity Studies with Bis-Amidines That Potentiate Gram-Positive Specific Antibiotics against Gram-Negative Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3314-3335. [PMID: 34766746 PMCID: PMC8669655 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Pentamidine, an FDA-approved
antiparasitic drug, was recently identified
as an outer membrane disrupting synergist that potentiates erythromycin,
rifampicin, and novobiocin against Gram-negative bacteria. The same
study also described a preliminary structure–activity relationship
using commercially available pentamidine analogues. We here report
the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a broader panel of bis-amidines
inspired by pentamidine. The present study both validates the previously
observed synergistic activity reported for pentamidine, while further
assessing the capacity for structurally similar bis-amidines to also
potentiate Gram-positive specific antibiotics against Gram-negative
pathogens. Among the bis-amidines prepared, a number of them were
found to exhibit synergistic activity greater than pentamidine. These
synergists were shown to effectively potentiate the activity of Gram-positive
specific antibiotics against multiple Gram-negative pathogens such
as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, including polymyxin- and carbapenem-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. J. Wesseling
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. Slingerland
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shanice Veraar
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Lok
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fernandes VDS, da Rosa R, Zimmermann LA, Rogério KR, Kümmerle AE, Bernardes LSC, Graebin CS. Antiprotozoal agents: How have they changed over a decade? Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100338. [PMID: 34661935 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of communicable diseases that are endemic in low- or low-to-middle-income countries located in tropical and subtropical zones. The number and availability of drugs for treating these diseases are low, the administration route is inconvenient in some cases, and most of them have safety, efficacy, or adverse/toxic reaction issues. The need for developing new drugs to deal with these issues is clear, but one of the most drastic consequences of this negligence is the lack of interest in the research and development of new therapeutic options among major pharmaceutical companies. Positive changes have been achieved over the last few years, although the overall situation remains alarming. After more than one decade since the original work reviewing antiprotozoal agents came to light, now it is time to question ourselves: How has the scenario for the treatment of protozoal diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis changed? This review covers the last decade in terms of the drugs currently available for the treatment of these diseases as well as the clinical candidates being currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória de Souza Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara A Zimmermann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla R Rogério
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Arthur E Kümmerle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lilian S C Bernardes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cedric S Graebin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Wu KJ, Ho SH, Dong JY, Fu L, Wang SP, Liu H, Wu C, Leung CH, Wang HMD, Ma DL. Aliphatic Group-Tethered Iridium Complex as a Theranostic Agent against Malignant Melanoma Metastasis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2017-2027. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia-Yi Dong
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shuang-Peng Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Al-Horani RA, Clemons D, Mottamal M. The In Vitro Effects of Pentamidine Isethionate on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. Molecules 2019; 24:E2146. [PMID: 31174390 PMCID: PMC6600542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentamidine is bis-oxybenzamidine-based antiprotozoal drug. The parenteral use of pentamidine appears to affect the processes of blood coagulation and/or fibrinolysis resulting in rare but potentially life-threatening blood clot formation. Pentamidine was also found to cause disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. To investigate the potential underlying molecular mechanism(s) of pentamidine's effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis, we studied its effects on clotting times in normal and deficient human plasmas. Using normal plasma, pentamidine isethionate doubled the activated partial thromboplastin time at 27.5 µM, doubled the prothrombin time at 45.7 µM, and weakly doubled the thrombin time at 158.17 µM. Using plasmas deficient of factors VIIa, IXa, XIa, or XIIa, the concentrations to double the activated partial thromboplastin time were similar to that obtained using normal plasma. Pentamidine also inhibited plasmin-mediated clot lysis with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of ~3.6 μM. Chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assays indicated that pentamidine inhibits factor Xa and plasmin with IC50 values of 10.4 µM and 8.4 µM, respectively. Interestingly, it did not significantly inhibit thrombin, factor XIa, factor XIIIa, neutrophil elastase, or chymotrypsin at the highest concentrations tested. Michaelis-Menten kinetics and molecular modeling studies revealed that pentamidine inhibits factor Xa and plasmin in a competitive fashion. Overall, this study provides quantitative mechanistic insights into the in vitro effects of pentamidine isethionate on coagulation and fibrinolysis via the disruption of the proteolytic activity of factor Xa and plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Daytriona Clemons
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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A novel multi-parametric high content screening assay in ciPTEC-OAT1 to predict drug-induced nephrotoxicity during drug discovery. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3175-3190. [PMID: 30155723 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a major concern in the clinic and hampers the use of available treatments as well as the development of innovative medicines. It is typically discovered late during drug development, which reflects a lack of in vitro nephrotoxicity assays available that can be employed readily in early drug discovery, to identify and hence steer away from the risk. Here, we report the development of a high content screening assay in ciPTEC-OAT1, a proximal tubular cell line that expresses several relevant renal transporters, using five fluorescent dyes to quantify cell health parameters. We used a validation set of 62 drugs, tested across a relevant concentration range compared to their exposure in humans, to develop a model that integrates multi-parametric data and drug exposure information, which identified most proximal tubular toxic drugs tested (sensitivity 75%) without any false positives (specificity 100%). Due to the relatively high throughput (straight-forward assay protocol, 96-well format, cost-effective) the assay is compatible with the needs in the early drug discovery setting to enable identification, quantification and subsequent mitigation of the risk for nephrotoxicity.
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Brilhante RSN, Pereira VS, Oliveira JS, Lopes RGP, Rodrigues AM, Camargo ZP, Pereira-Neto WA, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Cordeiro RA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Pentamidine inhibits the growth of Sporothrix schenckii complex and exhibits synergism with antifungal agents. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1129-1140. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antileishmanials meglumine antimoniate and pentamidine against Sporothrix schenckii complex. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of the two antileishmanials was assessed by broth microdilution. The interaction between the antileishmanials and antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, itraconazole and terbinafine) was evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The effect of prior exposure of Sporothrix spp. yeast cells to antileishmanials was evaluated by broth microdilution. Results: Only pentamidine showed antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp. Synergistic interactions were observed between pentamidine and the antifungals. Also, the pre-exposure to meglumine antimoniate reduced the susceptibility of Sardinella brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto to amphotericin B and itraconazole. Conclusion: Pentamidine showed antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp., indicating it is a possible therapeutic alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda SN Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue S Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas S Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Raissa GP Lopes
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Rodrigues
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 6th floor, Medical Sciences Building, CEP: 04023-062, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo P Camargo
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 6th floor, Medical Sciences Building, CEP: 04023-062, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro A Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Débora SCM Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana A Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José JC Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos FG Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 – Rodolfo Teófilo – CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Nishikawa H, Sakagami T, Yamada E, Fukuda Y, Hayakawa H, Nomura N, Mitsuyama J, Miyazaki T, Mukae H, Kohno S. T-2307, a novel arylamidine, is transported into Candida albicans by a high-affinity spermine and spermidine carrier regulated by Agp2. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1845-55. [PMID: 27090633 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-2307, a novel arylamidine, exhibits potent broad-spectrum activities against pathogenic fungi, particularly Candida albicans. We previously reported that T-2307 uptake was mainly mediated by a saturable high-affinity carrier at the MIC for C. albicans. Since we hypothesized that the potent anticandidal activity arose from accumulation via the high-affinity carrier, we characterized the specificity and kinetic features of the carrier. METHODS The MICs of T-2307 for C. albicans strains were evaluated in the presence and absence of potential competitive substrates. The cells were exposed to [(14)C]T-2307, [(14)C]spermine or [(14)C]spermidine in the presence of unlabelled T-2307, pentamidine, propamidine, or competitive substrates if necessary, and the radioactivity in the cells was measured. C. albicans gene deletion was performed using a one-step PCR-based technique. RESULTS Coapplication with exogenous spermine or spermidine decreased the antifungal activity and uptake of T-2307 in C. albicans strains. T-2307 competitively inhibited spermine and spermidine uptake with inhibition constants similar to its Km for the high-affinity carrier. The comparison of MICs and kinetic values between T-2307 and other diamidine compounds suggested that the different antifungal properties could be partially attributable to the variations in their affinity with the carrier. Studies of gene deletion mutants revealed that T-2307 was transported into C. albicans by a high-affinity spermine and spermidine carrier regulated by Agp2. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of T-2307 via the high-affinity spermine and spermidine carrier regulated by Agp2 could contribute to its potent antifungal activity. Further investigation is required to identify the high-affinity carrier for potential targeting with novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishikawa
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toru Sakagami
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eio Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fukuda
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Hayakawa
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junichi Mitsuyama
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Hihara T, Yamazaki K, Taniguchi T, Yoshinaga T, Ito M, Sawada K. Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Clusters to Assess Potential for Chronic Treatment with Compounds to Cause QT Prolongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.54044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moll I, Fabbretti A, Brandi L, Gualerzi CO. Inhibitors Targeting Riboswitches and Ribozymes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527659685.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Novel amidines and analogues as promising agents against intracellular parasites: a systematic review. Parasitology 2013; 140:929-51. [PMID: 23561006 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa comprise diverse aetiological agents responsible for important diseases in humans and animals including sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis and others. They are major causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries, and are also responsible for important economic losses. However, up to now, for most of these parasitic diseases, effective vaccines are lacking and the approved chemotherapeutic compounds present high toxicity, increasing resistance, limited efficacy and require long periods of treatment. Many of these parasitic illnesses predominantly affect low-income populations of developing countries for which new pharmaceutical alternatives are urgently needed. Thus, very low research funding is available. Amidine-containing compounds such as pentamidine are DNA minor groove binders with a broad spectrum of activities against human and veterinary pathogens. Due to their promising microbicidal activity but their rather poor bioavailability and high toxicity, many analogues and derivatives, including pro-drugs, have been synthesized and screened in vitro and in vivo in order to improve their selectivity and pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the knowledge on amidines and analogues with respect to their synthesis, pharmacological profile, mechanistic and biological effects upon a range of intracellular protozoan parasites. The bulk of these data may contribute to the future design and structure optimization of new aromatic dicationic compounds as novel antiparasitic drug candidates.
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Comparative Toxicity in Rats and Dogs of Intravenous 1,3-Di(4-Imidazolino-2-Methoxyphenoxy) Propane · Lactate, a Potential Agent for the Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar S, Tiwari A, Suryawanshi SN, Mittal M, Vishwakarma P, Gupta S. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Part IX: synthesis and bioevaluation of aryl substituted ketene dithioacetals as antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6728-30. [PMID: 23031588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of aryl substituted ketene dithioacetals 6a-h was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. Two compounds exhibited significant in vitro activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with IC(50) values 3.56 and 5.12 μM and were found promising as compared with reference drug, miltefosine. On the basis of good Selectivity Indices (S.I.), they were further tested for their in vivo response against L. donovani/hamster model and showed significant inhibition of parasite multiplication 78% and 83%, respectively. These compounds were better than the existing antileishmanials in respect to IC(50) and SI values, but were less active than miltefosine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
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16
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T-2307 causes collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in yeast. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5892-7. [PMID: 22948882 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05954-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2307, an arylamidine compound, has been previously reported to have broad-spectrum in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against clinically significant pathogens, including Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus species, and is now undergoing clinical trials. Here we investigated the mechanism of action of T-2307 using yeast cells and mitochondria isolated from yeast and rat liver. Nonfermentative growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glycerol medium, in which yeasts relied on mitochondrial respiratory function, was inhibited at 0.001 to 0.002 μg/ml (0.002 to 0.004 μM) of T-2307. However, fermentative growth in dextrose medium was not inhibited by T-2307. Microscopic examination using Mitotracker fluorescent dye, a cell-permeant mitochondrion-specific probe, demonstrated that T-2307 impaired the mitochondrial function of C. albicans and S. cerevisiae at concentrations near the MIC in glycerol medium. T-2307 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential in mitochondria isolated from S. cerevisiae at 20 μM. On the other hand, in isolated rat liver mitochondria, T-2307 did not have any effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential at 10 mM. Moreover, T-2307 had little inhibitory and stimulatory effect on mitochondrial respiration in rat liver mitochondria. In conclusion, T-2307 selectively disrupted yeast mitochondrial function, and it was also demonstrated that the fungal mitochondrion is an attractive antifungal target.
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17
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Sundaramurthi P, Burcusa MR, Suryanarayanan R. Physical characterization of pentamidine isethionate during freeze-drying-relevance to development of stable lyophilized product. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1732-43. [PMID: 22271285 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform physical characterization of pentamidine isethionate (PI) in frozen and freeze-dried systems and to monitor the phase behavior during all the stages of freeze-drying. Frozen aqueous PI solutions as well as the final lyophiles were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry. The effect of cosolutes, cosolvents, and processing conditions on the PI crystallization behavior during freeze-drying was evaluated. In frozen aqueous solutions, irrespective of the cooling rate and the initial solute concentration, PI readily crystallized as a trihydrate (C(19) H(24) N(4) O(2) ·3H(2) O). It dehydrated to a poorly crystalline anhydrate upon drying at 100 mTorr. The presence of a readily crystallizing cosolute or an organic cosolvent did not influence the physical form of PI in the final lyophile. On the contrary, even in the absence of cosolutes and cosolvents, the crystalline trihydrate was retained when the chamber pressure was increased to 500 mTorr. By altering the drying conditions, it was possible to obtain either a crystalline trihydrate or a poorly crystalline anhydrate. The stability of PI is dependent on its physical form and only the amorphous PI undergoes discoloration. The PI stability can be enhanced by retaining it in a crystalline state in the lyophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Sundaramurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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18
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Jung HJ, Suh SI, Suh MH, Baek WK, Park JW. Pentamidine reduces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in DU145 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 303:39-46. [PMID: 21316841 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine is an aromatic diamine used for the treatment of human protozoa infections. Recently, pentamidine has been reported to exhibit anticancer properties. In this study, we report that pentamidine inhibits expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in cancer cells. Pentamidine decreased HIF-1α protein translation and enhanced its protein degradation in DU145 prostate cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In parallel with reduction of de novo synthesis of HIF-1α, pentamidine was able to suppress global protein translation, an effect accompanied by the reduction of eIF4F complex formation and also the induction of eIF2α phosphorylation. These results show that pentamidine is a potential inhibitor of HIF-1α and its potential as a cancer therapeutic reagent warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jung Jung
- Chronic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Nishikawa H, Yamada E, Shibata T, Uchihashi S, Fan H, Hayakawa H, Nomura N, Mitsuyama J. Uptake of T-2307, a novel arylamidine, in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1681-7. [PMID: 20513704 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-2307, a novel arylamidine synthesized at Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, has in vitro and in vivo broad-spectrum activities against pathogenic fungi. T-2307 particularly exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Candida albicans, suggesting that its uptake might be mediated by a transport system. In this report, we studied the uptake of T-2307 in C. albicans. METHODS C. albicans cells and rat hepatocytes were exposed to 0.02 microM [(14)C]T-2307. After incubation, the reaction mixture was concentrated and layered on a silicon layer (mixture of silicon oil and liquid paraffin) inside a tube. The tube was then centrifuged to transfer cells into the bottom layer (sodium hydroxide) for solubilization. The bottom layer was neutralized and measured for radioactivity. RESULTS T-2307 was concentrated from the extracellular medium by C. albicans cells in 10 mM phosphate buffer solution supplemented with 1% glucose by 3200- to 5100-fold. The accumulation was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that achieved with a rat hepatocyte preparation. T-2307 uptake was sensitive to temperature and extracellular pH, and was reduced in the presence of inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and plasma membrane proton pump, and by an uncoupler. Furthermore, T-2307 uptake was concentration dependent and an Eadie-Hofstee plot suggested the involvement of two transport systems. CONCLUSIONS The considerably higher concentrations of T-2307 were selectively accumulated in C. albicans via transporter-mediated systems, as compared with the concentrations in rat hepatocytes. This transporter-mediated uptake of T-2307 contributes to its potent anticandidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishikawa
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, Japan.
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20
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de Boer TP, Nalos L, Stary A, Kok B, Houtman MJC, Antoons G, van Veen TAB, Beekman JDM, de Groot BL, Opthof T, Rook MB, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG. The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1532-41. [PMID: 20180941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pentamidine is a drug used in treatment of protozoal infections. Pentamidine treatment may cause sudden cardiac death by provoking cardiac arrhythmias associated with QTc prolongation and U-wave alterations. This proarrhythmic effect was linked to inhibition of hERG trafficking, but not to acute block of ion channels contributing to the action potential. Because the U-wave has been linked to the cardiac inward rectifier current (I(K1)), we examined the action and mechanism of pentamidine-mediated I(K1) block. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Patch clamp measurements of I(K1) were made on cultured adult canine ventricular cardiomyocytes, K(IR)2.1-HEK293 cells and K(IR)2.x inside-out patches. Pentamidine binding to cytoplasmic amino acid residues of K(IR)2.1 channels was studied by molecular modelling. KEY RESULTS Pentamidine application (24 h) decreased I(K1) in cultured canine cardiomyocytes and K(IR)2.1-HEK293 cells under whole cell clamp conditions. Pentamidine inhibited I(K1) in K(IR)2.1-HEK293 cells 10 min after application. When applied to the cytoplasmic side under inside-out patch clamp conditions, pentamidine block of I(K1) was acute (IC(50)= 0.17 microM). Molecular modelling predicted pentamidine-channel interactions in the cytoplasmic pore region of K(IR)2.1 at amino acids E224, D259 and E299. Mutation of these conserved residues to alanine reduced pentamidine block of I(K1). Block was independent of the presence of spermine. K(IR)2.2, and K(IR)2.3 based I(K1) was also sensitive to pentamidine blockade. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pentamidine inhibits cardiac I(K1) by interacting with three negatively charged amino acids in the cytoplasmic pore region. Our findings may provide new insights for development of specific I(K1) blocking compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Ghebru M, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of cationic 1,4-diphenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. J Med Chem 2010; 53:254-72. [PMID: 19928900 PMCID: PMC3113660 DOI: 10.1021/jm901178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel dicationic triazoles 1-60 were synthesized by the Pinner method from the corresponding dinitriles, prepared via the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The type and the placement of cationic moieties as well as the nature of aromatic substituents influenced in vitro antiprotozoal activities of compounds 1-60 against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani and their cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. Eight congeners displayed antitrypanosomal IC(50) values below 10 nM. Thirty-nine dications were more potent against P. falciparum than pentamidine (IC(50) = 58 nM), and eight analogues were more active than artemisinin (IC(50) = 6 nM). Diimidazoline 60 exhibited antiplasmodial IC(50) value of 0.6 nM. Seven congeners administered at 4 x 5 mg/kg by the intraperitoneal route cured at least three out of four animals in the acute mouse model of African trypanosomiasis. At 4 x 1 mg/kg, diamidine 46 displayed better antitrypanosomal efficacy than melarsoprol, curing all infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maedot Ghebru
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
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22
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McGrath AP, Hilmer KM, Collyer CA, Shepard EM, Elmore BO, Brown DE, Dooley DM, Guss JM. Structure and inhibition of human diamine oxidase. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9810-22. [PMID: 19764817 DOI: 10.1021/bi9014192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans have three functioning genes that encode copper-containing amine oxidases. The product of the AOC1 gene is a so-called diamine oxidase (hDAO), named for its substrate preference for diamines, particularly histamine. hDAO has been cloned and expressed in insect cells and the structure of the native enzyme determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.8 A. The homodimeric structure has the archetypal amine oxidase fold. Two active sites, one in each subunit, are characterized by the presence of a copper ion and a topaquinone residue formed by the post-translational modification of a tyrosine. Although hDAO shares 37.9% sequence identity with another human copper amine oxidase, semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase or vascular adhesion protein-1, its substrate binding pocket and entry channel are distinctly different in accord with the different substrate specificities. The structures of two inhibitor complexes of hDAO, berenil and pentamidine, have been refined to resolutions of 2.1 and 2.2 A, respectively. They bind noncovalently in the active-site channel. The inhibitor binding suggests that an aspartic acid residue, conserved in all diamine oxidases but absent from other amine oxidases, is responsible for the diamine specificity by interacting with the second amino group of preferred diamine substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P McGrath
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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23
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Bridges AS, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Properties of Pentamidine Congeners Bearing the Benzofuran Motif. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5763-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9006406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525
| | - Arlene S. Bridges
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525
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24
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Bakunova SM, Bakunov SA, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Pyridyl Analogues of Pentamidine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4657-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900805v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
| | - Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−7525
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25
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Bakunova SM, Bakunov SA, Patrick DA, Kumar EVKS, Ohemeng KA, Bridges AS, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Jones SK, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Structure-activity study of pentamidine analogues as antiprotozoal agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2016-35. [PMID: 19267462 DOI: 10.1021/jm801547t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diamidine 1 (pentamidine) and 65 analogues (2-66) have been tested for in vitro antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani, and for cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Dications 32, 64, and 66 exhibited antitrypanosomal potencies equal or greater than melarsoprol (IC(50) = 4 nM). Nine congeners (2-4, 12, 27, 30, and 64-66) were more active against P. falciparum than artemisinin (IC(50) = 6 nM). Eight compounds (12, 32, 33, 44, 59, 62, 64, and 66) exhibited equal or better antileishmanial activities than 1 (IC(50) = 1.8 microM). Several congeners were more active than 1 in vivo, curing at least 2/4 infected animals in the acute mouse model of trypanosomiasis. The diimidazoline 66 was the most promising compound in the series, showing excellent in vitro activities and high selectivities against T. b. rhodesiense, P. falciparum, and L. donovani combined with high antitrypanosomal efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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26
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Yokoyama H, Nakamura Y, Iwasaki H, Nagayama Y, Hoshiai K, Mitsumori Y, Sugiyama A. Effects of Acute Intravenous Administration of Pentamidine, a Typical hERG-Trafficking Inhibitor, on the Cardiac Repolarization Process of Halothane-Anesthetized Dogs. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:476-82. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09071fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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27
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Cationic 2-Phenylbenzofurans. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6927-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800918v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Turabekova MA, Vinogradova VI, Rasulev BF, Levkovich MG, Werbovetz K, Capers J, Abdullaev ND. Antiparasitic activity of certain isoquinoline alkaloids and their hypothetical complexes with oligonucleotides. Chem Nat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-008-9057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Sun T, Zhang Y. Pentamidine binds to tRNA through non-specific hydrophobic interactions and inhibits aminoacylation and translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:1654-64. [PMID: 18263620 PMCID: PMC2275129 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective and potent inhibition of mitochondrial translation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pentamidine suggests a novel antimicrobial action for this drug. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay, T1 ribonuclease footprinting, hydroxyl radical footprinting and isothermal titration calorimetry collectively demonstrated that pentamidine non-specifically binds to two distinct classes of sites on tRNA. The binding was driven by favorable entropy changes indicative of a large hydrophobic interaction, suggesting that the aromatic rings of pentamidine are inserted into the stacked base pairs of tRNA helices. Pentamidine binding disrupts the tRNA secondary structure and masks the anticodon loop in the tertiary structure. Consistently, we showed that pentamidine specifically inhibits tRNA aminoacylation but not the cognate amino acid adenylation. Pentamidine inhibited protein translation in vitro with an EC(50) equivalent to that binds to tRNA and inhibits tRNA aminoacylation in vitro, but drastically higher than that inhibits translation in vivo, supporting the established notion that the antimicrobial activity of pentamidine is largely due to its selective accumulation by the pathogen rather than by the host cell. Therefore, interrupting tRNA aminoacylation by the entropy-driven non-specific binding is an important mechanism of pentamidine in inhibiting protein translation, providing new insights into the development of antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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30
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Nastruzzi C, Pastesini C, Menegatti E, Scalia S. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Aromatic Poly-Amidines: Formulatory and Preclinical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nastruzzi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , I-44100, Ferrara , Italy
| | - C. Pastesini
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , I-44100, Ferrara , Italy
| | - E. Menegatti
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , I-44100, Ferrara , Italy
| | - S. Scalia
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Catania , I-95100, Catania , Italy
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31
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Hesk D, Jones JR, Lockley WJS, Wilkinson DJ. Synthesis of pentamidine labelled with tritium and carbon-14. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580281111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Mukherjee A, Padmanabhan PK, Sahani MH, Barrett MP, Madhubala R. Roles for mitochondria in pentamidine susceptibility and resistance in Leishmania donovani. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 145:1-10. [PMID: 16219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine resistant Leishmania donovani was raised in the laboratory by stepwise exposure to increasing drug pressure until a line capable of growth in 8 microM pentamidine (R8) had been selected. An IC(50) value of 40 microM was determined for this line, some 50-fold higher than that recorded for the parental wild-type line. The pentamidine resistant promastigotes were cross-resistant to other toxic diamidine derivatives but not to antimonials or substrates of multidrug resistance pumps. Decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential was observed in pentamidine resistant promastigotes. A substantial net decrease in accumulation of [(3)H]-pentamidine accompanied the resistance phenotype. Inhibitors of P-glycoprotein pumps, including prochlorperazine and trifluoperazine, did not reverse this decreased drug uptake, which distinguishes the L. donovani resistant line studied here from L. mexicana promastigotes previously studied for pentamidine resistance. Kinetic analysis identified a carrier with an apparent K(m) value of 6 microM for pentamidine. No significant difference between wild-type and resistant parasites could be detected with respect to this transporter in rapid uptake experiments. However, in longer-term uptake experiments and also using concentrations of pentamidine up to 1mM, it was demonstrated that wild-type cells, but not resistant cells, could continue to accumulate pentamidine after apparent saturation via the measured transporter had been reached. Agents that diminish the mitochondrial membrane potential inhibited this secondary route. A fluorescent analogue of pentamidine, 2,5-bis-(4-amidophenyl)-3,4-dimethylfuran (DB99), accumulated in the kinetoplast of wild-type but not resistant parasites indicating that uptake of this cationic compound into mitochondria of wild-type cells was more pronounced than in the resistant line. These data together indicate that resistance to pentamidine in L. donovani is associated with alterations to the mitochondria of the parasites, which lead to reduced accumulation of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Mukherjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Atsriku C, Watson DG, Grant MH, Skellern GG. The effect of inducing agents on the metabolism of trypanocidal diamidines by isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 146:297-305. [PMID: 14642741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study has investigated the effect of phenobarbitone (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), and deltamethrin (DM) on the metabolism of two trypanocidal diamidines; pentamidine isethionate and diminazene aceturate in freshly isolated Sprague-Dawley rat hepatocytes. There were significant increases in the total cytochrome p450 content of hepatocytes obtained from rats pre-treated with PB and 3-MC, whereas pre-treatment with DM did not produce any significant induction of cytochrome p450. However, pre-treatment of rats with each of the three agents led to inhibition of pentamidine metabolism following a 3h incubation of pentamidine (100 microM) with freshly isolated rat hepatocytes (5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1)). Pre-treatment with 3-MC caused the highest inhibitory effect on pentamidine metabolism (8-fold inhibition), compared with PB (4.8-fold) and DM (2.2-fold). Six previously reported phase I metabolites of pentamidine were identified in cells from all the pre-treated animals as well as controls. When compared to the control group, there were significant differences between the profiles of the three major metabolites of pentamidine, 1,5-di(4'-amidinophenoxy)-2-pentanol, 1,5-di(4'-amidinophenoxy)-3-pentanol and 5-(4'-amidinophenoxy) pentanoic acid, in hepatocytes from the DM and 3-MC pre-treated rats, whereas no significant differences were observed in the cells from the PB pre-treated group. In contrast, diminazene was not metabolised with the same experimental conditions. Differences in the metabolic profiles of pentamidine and its metabolites as a result of concomitant exposure to environmental xenobiotics could have important toxicological and pharmacological implications for patients that receive the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Atsriku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, UK
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Bray PG, Barrett MP, Ward SA, de Koning HP. Pentamidine uptake and resistance in pathogenic protozoa: past, present and future. Trends Parasitol 2003; 19:232-9. [PMID: 12763430 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diamidines, and pentamidine in particular, have a long history as valuable chemotherapeutic agents against infectious disease. Their selectivity is due mostly to selective accumulation by the pathogen, rather than the host cell; and acquired resistance is frequently the result of changes in transmembrane transport of the drug. Here, recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms of diamidine transport in three important protozoan pathogens, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania and Plasmodium falciparum, is reviewed, and the implications for drug resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Bray
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QS, UK
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35
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Genestra M, Echevarria A, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Vignólio-Alves L, Leon LL. Effect of amidine derivatives on nitric oxide production by Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Nitric Oxide 2003; 8:1-6. [PMID: 12586535 DOI: 10.1016/s1089-8603(02)00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pentamidine isethionate (reference drug) and N,N'-diphenyl-4-methoxy-benzamidine (test compound) on NO. production by Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were investigated by measuring nitrite, a by-product of nitric oxide released into culture supernatants. The NO. production by infective promastigotes was inhibited by OCH(3)-amidine in about 23.53% and by pentamidine in only 3.78%. In axenic amastigotes, the inhibition of NO. production by OCH(3)-amidine was significantly higher (52.94%; p=0.01) than that by pentamidine, which inhibited this radical production nonsignificantly (25.29%; p=0.1). The mechanism of amidine derivatives, as an antimicrobial agent, is unknown. However, other amidines, such as a diamidine (pentamidine), contain chemical structures shared by the guanidino group of the nitric oxide synthase substrate L-arginine, suggesting the possibility of an interaction with this enzyme or electronic factors (substituent constant) that alter physical and chemical properties significant for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Genestra
- Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-CEP 926, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
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36
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Brendle JJ, Outlaw A, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Patrick DA, Tidwell RR, Werbovetz KA. Antileishmanial activities of several classes of aromatic dications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:797-807. [PMID: 11850264 PMCID: PMC127500 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.3.797-807.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic dicationic molecules possess impressive activity against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens, including Pneumocystis carinii, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Candida albicans. In this work, 58 aromatic cations were examined for inhibitory activity against axenic amastigote-like Leishmania donovani parasites. In general, the most potent of the compounds were substituted diphenyl furan and thiophene dications. 2,5-Bis-(4-amidinophenyl)thiophene was the most active compound. This agent displayed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.42 +/- 0.08 microM against L. donovani and an in vitro antileishmanial potency 6.2-fold greater than that of the clinical antileishmanial dication pentamidine and was 155-fold more toxic to the parasites than to a mouse macrophage cell line. 2,4-Bis-(4-amidinopheny)furan was twice as active as pentamidine (IC50), 1.30 +/- 0.21 microM), while 2,5-bis-(4-amidinopheny)furan and pentamidine were essentially equipotent in our in vitro antileishmanial assay. Carbazoles, dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes, and benzimidazoles containing amidine or substituted amidine groups were generally less active than the diphenyl furans and thiophenes. In all cases, aromatic dications possessing strong antileishmanial activity were severalfold more toxic to the parasites than to a cultured mouse macrophage cell line. These structure-activity relationships demonstrate the potent antileishmanial activity of several aromatic dications and provide valuable information for the future design and synthesis of more potent antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Brendle
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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37
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Gerdes D, Wehling M, Leube B, Falkenstein E. Cloning and tissue expression of two putative steroid membrane receptors. Biol Chem 1998; 379:907-11. [PMID: 9705155 DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1998.379.7.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned two human putative steroid binding membrane proteins, termed Hpr6.6 and Dg6. Hpr6.6 is the human homolog of a previously cloned porcine progesterone binding protein. Both proteins contain a putative transmembrane domain and a highly conserved stretch of 58 amino acids. Hpr6.6 mRNA is expressed predominantly in liver and kidney, whereas Dg6 mRNA is preferentially expressed in placenta. Hpr6.6 is located on the X chromosome and dg6 on chromosome 4. The two proteins are the first putative steroid membrane receptors cloned from man.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine at Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM, Cubría JC, Ordóñez D. The pharmacology of leishmaniasis. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:435-43. [PMID: 9580315 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new strategies on chemotherapy of parasitic protozoan diseases is one of the most exciting research fields of recent years. World Health Organization (WHO) reports have recognized that the physiology and biochemistry of protozoan parasites and the host-parasite relation are the main targets for the design of new drugs that can be used in the future against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Balaña-Fouce
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology (INTOXCAL), University of León, Spain
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Hall JE, Kerrigan JE, Ramachandran K, Bender BC, Stanko JP, Jones SK, Patrick DA, Tidwell RR. Anti-Pneumocystis activities of aromatic diamidoxime prodrugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:666-74. [PMID: 9517949 PMCID: PMC105515 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.3.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic dicationic compounds, such as pentamidine, have potent antimicrobial activities. Clinical use of these compounds has been restricted, however, by their toxicity and limited oral activity. A novel approach, using amidoxime derivatives as prodrugs, has recently been proposed to overcome these limitations. Although results were presented for amidoxime derivatives of only one diamidine, pentamidine, the authors in the original proposal claimed that amidoxime derivatives would work as effective prodrugs for all pharmacologically active diamidines. Nine novel amidoxime derivatives were synthesized and tested in the present study for activity against Pneumocystis carinii in corticosteroid-suppressed rats. Only three of the nine compounds had significant oral anti-Pneumocystis activity. The bisbenzamidoxime derivatives of three direct pentamidine analogs had excellent oral and intravenous activities and reduced acute host toxicity. These compounds are not likely candidates for future drug development, however, because they have chronic toxic effects and the active amidine compounds have multiple sites susceptible to oxidative metabolism, which complicates their pharmacology and toxicology. Novel diamidoximes from three other structural classes, containing different groups linking the cationic moieties, lacked significant oral or intravenous anti-Pneumocystis activity, even though the corresponding diamidines were very active intravenously. Both active and inactive amidoximes were readily metabolized to the corresponding amidines by cell-free liver homogenates. Thus, the amidoxime prodrug approach may provide a strategy to exploit the potent antimicrobial and other pharmacological activities of selected, but certainly not all, aromatic diamidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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40
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Pillai RS, Yeates DB, Miller IF, Hickey AJ. Controlled dissolution from wax-coated aerosol particles in canine lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:717-25. [PMID: 9475885 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.2.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of pulmonary and systemic diseases may be improved and toxicity reduced by pulmonary deposition of drug-containing aerosols exhibiting delayed dissolution. Aqueous disodium fluorescein and pentamidine aerosols were dried, concentrated, and condensation coated with paraffin wax. The apparent mass median aerodynamic diameters of the coated fluorescein particles were 2.8-4.0 microns. Wax-to-fluorescein ratios were 0.38-1.05. The dissolution half times determined using a single-pass flow system were 1.5 min for uncoated fluorescein and 0.8 min for uncoated pentamidine. These increased over threefold when the aerosols were coated with paraffin wax to maxima of 5.3 and 2.6 min, respectively. Wax-coated aerosols generated from fluorescein mixed with 99mTc-labeled iron oxide colloid delivered to the canine lungs demonstrated a 3.4-fold increase in the absorption half time of disodium fluorescein compared with uncoated fluorescein (11.2 vs. 38.4 min). The absence of changes in pulmonary function on inhalation of these wax-coated aerosols, together with a high drug load and delayed release, establishes a foundation for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pillai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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41
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Ubukata E, Mokuda O, Nagata M, Ogino Y, Sakamoto Y, Tanaka K, Shimizu N. A pentamidine-treated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient associated with sudden onset diabetes mellitus and high tumor necrosis factor alpha level. J Diabetes Complications 1997; 11:256-8. [PMID: 9201604 DOI: 10.1016/1056-8727(95)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Ubukata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Ichihara Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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42
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Tuttle RH, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay detects pentamidine metabolism by Fisher rat liver microsomes. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:319-24. [PMID: 9061470 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fisher rat liver microsomes metabolized the antimicrobial drug pentamidine to four new compounds detected by gradient elution reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with variable wavelength detection. Coelution experiments with pentamidine metabolite standards determined the new peaks to be previously identified hydroxylated metabolites of pentamidine, with 1,5-bis(4'-amidinophenoxy)-3-pentanol and 1,5-di-(4'-amidinophenoxy)-2-pentanol formed in the greatest amount. The data contradict a previous report that Fisher rat liver homogenates do not metabolize pentamidine. Pentamidine and its known primary metabolites have almost identical absorption spectra; thus, pentamidine metabolism must be evaluated using gradient elution HPLC to resolve pentamidine from its metabolites. The current assay has now been used to demonstrate that Fisher and Sprague-Dawley rat, mouse, rabbit and human liver microsomes all metabolize pentamidine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Tuttle
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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Garzón MJ, Rabanal B, Ortiz AI, Negro A. Determination of pentamidine in serum and urine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:135-42. [PMID: 9029323 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)88065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of parameters influencing the electrokinetic processing of pentamidine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were studied in order to develop an analytical method for this compound. The parameters considered were: pH, ionic strength, and SDS concentration of electrolyte, temperature and working voltage. On the basis of the results obtained, the best analytical conditions for the detection of pentamidine in serum and urine by MEKC were determined. Analysis by MEKC permitted determination of the drug in 10 min. Good linearity, reproducibility and accuracy were obtained in the range 0-30 micrograms/ml for both samples, with a correlation coefficient r > or = 0.9998 and a recovery of 87-92% in serum and 90-108.9% in urine. We examined the metabolism of pentamidine using rat liver homogenates in order to exclude any possible interference of metabolites in the analysis of pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garzón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular, Universidad de León, Spain
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44
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45
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Basselin M, Lawrence F, Robert-Gero M. Pentamidine uptake in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Biochem J 1996; 315 ( Pt 2):631-4. [PMID: 8615840 PMCID: PMC1217243 DOI: 10.1042/bj3150631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A transport system for pentamidine in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes has been identified and characterized. Pentamidine is not metabolized by these parasites. Its uptake process is saturable, carrier-mediated and energy-dependent. This drug does not inhibit purine or pyrimidine uptake, whereas it inhibits uptake of several amino acids non-competitively and that of putrescine and spermidine competitively. The results suggest that pentamidine shares polyamine-carrier systems in these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basselin
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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46
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Pépin J, Khonde N. Relapses following treatment of early-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness with a combination of pentamidine and suramin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:183-6. [PMID: 8761585 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
616 patients with early Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis (no trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and a CSF white cell count [WCC] of 1-5/mm3) were treated with a combination of pentamidine (6 intramuscular [i.m.] injections of 4 mg/kg) and suramin (2 intravenous [i.v.] injections of 20 mg/kg) in Nioki hospital, Zaire, between 1983 and 1992; 46 (7.5%) of them subsequently relapsed. There was no increase in the frequency of treatment failure during this 10 years' period. Relapses were more frequent in children aged 0-17 years (19/163 [11.7%]) than in adults (26/420 [6.2%] (relative risk [RR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-3.31, P = 0.04). Even within this small range of CSF WCC, the risk of treatment failure increased in parallel with the WCC count and reached 10/36 (27.8%) in patients with a CSF WCC of 5/mm3. Treatment failures were more frequent (5/30 [16.7%]) in a small group of patients treated with a combination of diminazene (3 i.m. injections of 7 mg/kg) and suramin (one i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg) than in the pentamidine/suramin group (RR = 2.23, 95% CI 0.96-5.21, P = 0.08). Our data support the view that central nervous system involvement occurs early in Gambian trypanosomiasis, which in turn raises doubts about the usefulness of adding suramin to pentamidine, as the former drug, which is more expensive than pentamidine and has to be administered intravenously, penetrates poorly into the CSF and may potentially decrease free pentamidine levels in blood and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pépin
- Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
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47
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Bronner U, Ericsson O, Nordin J, Wikström I, Abdi YA, Hall JE, Tidwell RR, Gustafsson LL. Metabolism is an important route of pentamidine elimination in the rat: disposition of 14C-pentamidine and identification of metabolites in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1995; 77:114-20. [PMID: 8584501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the contribution of metabolism for the disposition of pentamidine in the rat. With the use of 14C-labelled compound, the excretion of radioactivity in urine and faeces has been studied in four rats during 44 days after a single intravenous injection of the drug. The urinary and faecal excretion of the radioactivity were of equal importance; 22 +/- 2% (mean +/- S.D.) and 25 +/- 4% being detected in urine and faeces, respectively. The activity in organs and tissues at 44 days after drug administration was also measured and amounted to 21 +/- 5% of the administered dose. Using HPLC the proportion of metabolites in urine in relation to unchanged pentamidine increased with time after dose, being 76 +/- 15% (mean +/- S.D.) of the total excreted radioactivity on day 1 and 97 +/- 1% on day 6. HPLC--tandem mass spectometry was used for identification of metabolites in urine obtained from four rats given unlabelled pentamidine. Using synthetic reference compounds and the selective MS/MS mode four oxidized metabolites of pentamidine were identified either by direct injection into the system or by analyses of extracted urine. Thus, a substantial part of pentamidine is excreted as metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bronner
- Unit of Tropical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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48
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Liegl U, Bogner JR, Goebel FD. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following pentamidine therapy in a patient with AIDS. THE CLINICAL INVESTIGATOR 1994; 72:1027-9. [PMID: 7711409 DOI: 10.1007/bf00577749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pentamidine is known to cause severe dysglycaemia by damaging beta-cell function of the pancreas. The exact mechanism still remains unclear. We report the case of a 53-year-old man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who developed insulin-dependent permanent diabetes mellitus 3 days after starting intravenous treatment with pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Discharged from hospital the daily need of insulin increased continuously over one year now requiring an average dose of 80 units per day. So far, a number of cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following pentamidine therapy has been reported, but long-term observations are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Liegl
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Universität München, Germany
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49
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Bourgeade A, Nosny Y. Leishmaniose viscérale : actualités thérapeutiques. Med Mal Infect 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Gambari R, Nastruzzi C. DNA-binding activity and biological effects of aromatic polyamidines. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:599-610. [PMID: 8129738 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gambari
- Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
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