1
|
El-Remaily MAA, Elhady OM, Abdel-Raheem EMM. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of Fused Heterocyclic Pyridines. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - O. M. Elhady
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Sohag University; Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mallat SG. What is a preferred angiotensin II receptor blocker-based combination therapy for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with diabetic and non-diabetic renal impairment? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:32. [PMID: 22490507 PMCID: PMC3351968 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has a major associated risk for organ damage and mortality, which is further heightened in patients with prior cardiovascular (CV) events, comorbid diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria and renal impairment. Given that most patients with hypertension require at least two antihypertensives to achieve blood pressure (BP) goals, identifying the most appropriate combination regimen based on individual risk factors and comorbidities is important for risk management. Single-pill combinations (SPCs) containing two or more antihypertensive agents with complementary mechanisms of action offer potential advantages over free-drug combinations, including simplification of treatment regimens, convenience and reduced costs. The improved adherence and convenience resulting from SPC use is recognised in updated hypertension guidelines. Despite a wide choice of SPCs for hypertension treatment, clinical evidence from direct head-to-head comparisons to guide selection for individual patients is lacking. However, in patients with evidence of renal disease or at greater risk of developing renal disease, such as those with diabetes mellitus, microalbuminura and high-normal BP or overt hypertension, guidelines recommend renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blocker-based combination therapy due to superior renoprotective effects compared with other antihypertensive classes. Furthermore, RAS inhibitors attenuate the oedema and renal hyperfiltration associated with calcium channel blocker (CCB) monotherapy, making them a good choice for combination therapy. The occurrence of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced cough supports the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for RAS blockade rather than ACE inhibitors. In this regard, ARB-based SPCs are available in combination with the diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or the calcium CCB, amlodipine. Telmisartan, a long-acting ARB with preferential pharmacodynamic profile compared with several other ARBs, and the only ARB with an indication for the prevention of CV disease progression, is available in two SPC formulations, telmisartan/HCTZ and telmisartan/amlodipine. Clinical studies suggest that in CV high-risk patients and those with evidence of renal disease, the use of an ARB/CCB combination may be preferred to ARB/HCTZ combinations due to superior renoprotective and CV benefits and reduced metabolic side effects in patients with concomitant metabolic disorders. However, selection of the most appropriate antihypertensive combination should be dependent on careful review of the individual patient and appropriate consideration of drug pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir G Mallat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hagimori M, Mizuyama N, Hisadome Y, Nagaoka J, Ueda K, Tominaga Y. One-pot synthesis of polysubstituted pyridine derivatives using ketene dithioacetals. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
4
|
Währborg P, Booth JE, Clayton T, Nugara F, Pepper J, Weintraub WS, Sigwart U, Stables RH. Neuropsychological Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Circulation 2004; 110:3411-7. [PMID: 15557380 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000148366.80443.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has been associated with a range of neurological and neuropsychological complications from stroke to cognitive problems such as memory and problem solving disturbance. However, little is known about the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on neuropsychological outcome.
Methods and Results—
In the Stent or Surgery Trial (SoS), 988 patients were randomized in equal proportions between PCI supported by stent implantation and CABG. As a substudy of this trial, we undertook an evaluation of neurological and neuropsychological outcomes after intervention. A clinical examination and neuropsychological assessment consisting of 5 tests (Digit Span Forwards and Backwards, Visual Reproduction, Bourdon, and Block Design) were performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months after the procedure. A total of 145 patients were included in the substudy analysis: 77 in the PCI group and 68 in the CABG group. One patient in the PCI arm had a stroke. There was no significant difference between treatment groups at 6 and 12 months for any of the 5 tests. The mean change from baseline was also similar in both groups.
Conclusions—
We were not able to demonstrate an important and significant difference in neuropsychological outcome in patients treated with different revascularization strategies. This important finding needs to be examined in further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Währborg
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Gothenburg. Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cleary L, Vandeputte C, Kelly JG, Docherty JR. Actions of R- and S-verapamil and nifedipine on rat vascular and intestinal smooth muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 24:63-7. [PMID: 15541013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1 We have investigated the actions of the calcium entry blockers nifedipine, R-verapamil and S-verapamil in rat aorta, colon and vas deferens. 2 In aorta and colon, these agents produced concentration-dependent relaxations of KCl (80 mM)-induced contractions. In both tissues, the order of potency was nifedipine > S-verapamil > R-verapamil. However, nifedipine showed selectivity for aorta (potency ratio, colon/aorta: 4.36), S-verapamil showed no selectivity (0.62), but R-verapamil showed selectivity for colon (0.19). 3 In prostatic portions of rat vas deferens, nifedipine (10 microM) abolished the contraction to a single electrical stimulus, but R- and S-verapamil were without effect. In epididymal portions of rat vas deferens, R- and S-verapamil inhibited alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions to a single electrical stimulus at concentrations of 10 microM and above. 4 In conclusion, R-verapamil may prove useful as an intestinal selective calcium entry blocker in the treatment of intestinal disease with a hypermotility component, e.g. irritable bowel syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cleary
- Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amenta F, Tomassoni D. Treatment with Nicardipine Protects Brain in an Animal Model of Hypertension‐Induced Damage. Clin Exp Hypertens 2004; 26:351-61. [PMID: 15195689 DOI: 10.1081/ceh-120034139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Control of blood pressure protects from the development of cerebrovascular lesions and vascular dementia (VaD). This study has assessed the influence of treatment with the dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ antagonist nicardipine on brain microanatomical changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR were treated from 16th to 26th week of age with hypotensive (3 mg/Kg/day) or non-hypotensive (0.1 mg/Kg/day) doses of nicardipine, with the non-dihydropyridine-type vasodilator hydralazine (10 mg/kg/day) or with vehicle (control group). Untreated age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as a normotensive reference group. Brain volume, number of neurons, glial fibrillary-acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes and neurofilament 200 KDa (NFP)-immunoreactivity (IR) were assessed in frontal and occipital cortex, hippocampus and striatum. A decrease of volume and number of nerve cells and a loss of NFP-IR was found in the frontal and occipital cortex and in the CA1 subfield of hippocampus and in the striatum of SHR. Treatment with nicardipine countered microanatomical changes occurring in SHR, whereas hydralazine displayed a less pronounced effect. Comparatively, the non-hypotensive dose of nicardipine was less active than the hypotensive one. The observation that equihypotensive doses of nicardipine or hydralazine did not protect brain in the same way from hypertensive brain damage suggests that lowering blood pressure is per se not enough for affording neuroprotection. The demonstration of neuroprotective effect of nicardipine suggests an use of the compound in situations in which hypertension is accompanied by the risk of brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amenta
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dijkstra JB, Strik JJMH, Lousberg R, Prickaerts J, Riedel WJ, Jolles J, van Praag HM, Honig A. Atypical cognitive profile in patients with depression after myocardial infarction. J Affect Disord 2002; 70:181-90. [PMID: 12117630 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the cognitive profile of 48 patients with major depression following their first myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS The cognitive performance of the patients was compared with the performance of 48 non-depressed MI patients and 48 healthy controls. RESULTS Depressed MI patients performed slower on a simple cognitive speed related measure compared with non-depressed MI patients and healthy controls. Attention and speed-related aspects of cognitive functioning were not affected. Surprisingly, (depressed) MI patients showed even better performances with respect to memory function. LIMITATION No patients with non-MI-related depression were included. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive profile of major depression after MI differs from that of non-cardiac-related depressive disorder, as described in the literature. This may reflect a different etiology of post MI depression from non-cardiac-related depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette B Dijkstra
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Hospital, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prisant LM. Verapamil revisited: a transition in novel drug delivery systems and outcomes. HEART DISEASE (HAGERSTOWN, MD.) 2001; 3:55-62. [PMID: 11975770 DOI: 10.1097/00132580-200101000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Verapamil, the oldest calcium-channel blocker, is now being rediscovered and reevaluated in the light of new novel drug delivery systems and new evidence-based trials. Verapamil, a phenylalkylamine, is useful in the treatment of hypertension, stable angina, and narrow QRS supraventricular arrhythmias. This calcium antagonist is effective in both young and old, and both black and white hypertensive patients, and is free of metabolic side effects. Verapamil has a well-documented history as an effective antianginal agent when directly compared with a beta-blocker, and is more effective in reducing myocardial ischemia compared with amlodipine monotherapy. Because of the short half-life of verapamil, drug delivery systems are used to prolong the duration of action. Novel drug delivery systems using encapsulated beads or a modified osmotic pump have been designed to be taken at nighttime to provide maximal blood pressure reduction in the early morning hours and effective 24-hour blood pressure control, and to avoid excessive blood pressure reduction during sleep. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study has documented equivalent effectiveness of verapamil compared with chlorthalidone, but showed superior plaque regression and reduced events in subjects with the greatest plaques with verapamil treatment. The Angina Prognosis Study in Stockholm, comparing verapamil and metoprolol for stable angina, found no difference in total cardiovascular mortality or combined cardiovascular events. Other large ongoing randomized, multicenter trials, including Controlled-Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints and the International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study, will expand our knowledge of the role of verapamil in the treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Prisant
- Hypertension Unit, Section of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-3105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
AIMS We set out to examine the evidence for an association between cognitive impairment or dementia and the presence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We also sought evidence of potential mechanisms for such an association. METHODS A literature search of three databases was performed and the reference lists of the papers so identified were examined, using English language papers only. RESULTS We found evidence of cross-sectional and prospective associations between Type 2 DM and cognitive impairment, probably both for memory and executive function. There is also evidence for an elevated risk of both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Type 2 DM albeit with strong interaction of other factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and apolipoprotein E phenotype. Both vascular and non-vascular factors are likely to play a role in dementia in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Current classification structures for dementia may not be adequate in diabetes, where mixed pathogenesis is likely. Further research into the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in Type 2 DM may allow us to challenge the concept of dementia, at least in these patients, as an irremediable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stewart
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bakris GL, Copley JB, Vicknair N, Sadler R, Leurgans S. Calcium channel blockers versus other antihypertensive therapies on progression of NIDDM associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1641-50. [PMID: 8914031 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of hypertension with ACE inhibitors in diabetic patients reduces proteinuria and slows progression of nephropathy compared with agents that do not maintain declines in proteinuria. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have variable effects on proteinuria; their long-term effects on progression of diabetic nephropathy are not known. The current study examines the hypothesis that CCBs that maintain reductions in proteinuria slow progression of nephropathy associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by a degree comparable to ACE inhibitors, given similar levels of blood pressure control. To test this hypothesis we randomized 52 patients with NIDDM associated nephropathy and hypertension, mean age of 63 +/- 8 years, to either the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril (N = 18), nondihydropyridine CCBs (NDCCBs), verapamil SR (N = 8) or diltiazem SR (N = 10), or the beta blocker, atenolol (N = 16). Goal blood pressure was < or = 140/90 mm Hg. Patients were followed for a mean period of 63 +/- 7 months. The primary end point was change in creatinine clearance (CCr) slope in each group. There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressure reduction among the groups over the study period (P = 0.14). The mean rate of decline in CCr was greatest in the atenolol group (-3.48 ml/min/year/1.73 m2; P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the CCr slopes between lisinopril and NDCCBs groups (P = 0.36). Proteinuria was reduced to a similar extent in the lisinopril and NDCCBs groups (P > 0.99). Therefore, in persons with renal insufficiency secondary to NIDDM, similar levels of blood pressure control with either lisinopril or NDCCBs slowed progression of renal disease to a greater extent than atenolol. Moreover, this enhanced slowing of renal disease progression correlated with sustained and significant reductions in proteinuria, findings not observed in the atenolol group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|