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Francis D, Chacko AM, Anoop A, Nadimuthu S, Venugopal V. Evolution of biosynthetic human insulin and its analogues for diabetes management. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:191-256. [PMID: 39059986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the normal human physiology. By acting as chemical messengers that facilitate the communication between different organs, tissues and cells of the body hormones assist in responding appropriately to external and internal stimuli that trigger growth, development and metabolic activities of the body. Any abnormalities in the hormonal composition and balance can lead to devastating health consequences. Hormones have been important therapeutic agents since the early 20th century, when it was realized that their exogenous supply could serve as a functional substitution for those hormones which are not produced enough or are completely lacking, endogenously. Insulin, the pivotal anabolic hormone in the body, was used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder due to the absence or intolerance towards insulin, since 1921 and is the trailblazer in hormone therapeutics. At present the largest market share for therapeutic hormones is held by insulin. Many other hormones were introduced into clinical practice following the success with insulin. However, for the six decades following the introduction the first therapeutic hormone, there was no reliable method for producing human hormones. The most common source for hormones were animals, although semisynthetic and synthetic hormones were also developed. However, none of these were optimal because of their allergenicity, immunogenicity, lack of consistency in purity and most importantly, scalability. The advent of recombinant DNA technology was a game changer for hormone therapeutics. This revolutionary molecular biology tool made it possible to synthesize human hormones in microbial cell factories. The approach allowed for the synthesis of highly pure hormones which were structurally and biochemically identical to the human hormones. Further, the fermentation techniques utilized to produce recombinant hormones were highly scalable. Moreover, by employing tools such as site directed mutagenesis along with recombinant DNA technology, it became possible to amend the molecular structure of the hormones to achieve better efficacy and mimic the exact physiology of the endogenous hormone. The first recombinant hormone to be deployed in clinical practice was insulin. It was called biosynthetic human insulin to reflect the biological route of production. Subsequently, the biochemistry of recombinant insulin was modified using the possibilities of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering to produce analogues that better mimic physiological insulin. These analogues were tailored to exhibit pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the prandial and basal human insulins to achieve better glycemic control. The present chapter explores the principles of genetic engineering applied to therapeutic hormones by reviewing the evolution of therapeutic insulin and its analogues. It also focuses on how recombinant analogues account for the better management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Aksa Mariyam Chacko
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anagha Anoop
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subramani Nadimuthu
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopal
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Singh A, Afshan N, Singh A, Singh SK, Yadav S, Kumar M, Sarma DK, Verma V. Recent trends and advances in type 1 diabetes therapeutics: A comprehensive review. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151329. [PMID: 37295265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Insulin replacement therapy is the current standard of care for T1D, but it has significant limitations. However, stem cell-based replacement therapy has the potential to restore β-cell function and achieve glycaemic control eradicating the necessity for drugs or injecting insulin externally. While significant progress has been made in preclinical studies, the clinical translation of stem cell therapy for T1D is still in its early stages. In continuation, further research is essentially required to determine the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapies and to develop strategies to prevent immune rejection of stem cell-derived β-cells. The current review highlights the current state of cellular therapies for T1D including, different types of stem cell therapies, gene therapy, immunotherapy, artificial pancreas, and cell encapsulation being investigated, and their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Noor Afshan
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhanshu Yadav
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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Holder M, Kapellen T, Ziegler R, Bürger-Büsing J, Danne T, Dost A, Holl RW, Holterhus PM, Karges B, Kordonouri O, Lange K, Müller S, Raile K, Schweizer R, von Sengbusch S, Stachow R, Wagner V, Wiegand S, Neu A. Diagnosis, Therapy and Follow-Up of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:S49-S79. [PMID: 35913059 DOI: 10.1055/a-1624-3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holder
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Germany
| | - Thomas Kapellen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Ziegler
- Practice for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Focus on Diabetology, Münster, Germany
| | - Jutta Bürger-Büsing
- Association of Diabetic Children and Adolescents, Diabetes Center, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Danne
- Children's and Youth Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Dost
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of General Paediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Germany
| | - Beate Karges
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Section, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Children's and Youth Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Lange
- Department of Medical Psychology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Klemens Raile
- Virchow Hospital, University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Schweizer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone von Sengbusch
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rainer Stachow
- Sylt Specialist Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Westerland, Germany
| | - Verena Wagner
- Joint Practice for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Neu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
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Shiramoto M, Yoshihara T, Schmider W, Takahashi Y, Nowotny I, Kajiwara M, Muto H. Similar Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Biosimilar SAR342434 Insulin Lispro and Japan-Approved Humalog Insulin Lispro in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:754-760. [PMID: 35166054 PMCID: PMC9305226 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This phase 1 study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) and glucose pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of biosimilar SAR342434 insulin lispro and Japan‐reference Humalog insulin lispro. This was a randomized, double‐blind, 2‐period, crossover study. Thirty‐six healthy Japanese male subjects underwent a 10‐hour euglycemic clamp following a single subcutaneous 0.3‐U/kg dose of SAR342434 or Humalog. Insulin lispro concentration and blood glucose were measured, and the glucose infusion rate (GIR) was adjusted to maintain the target blood glucose level. Primary PK end points were maximum plasma insulin lispro concentration and area under the plasma insulin concentration–time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration. Primary PD end points were area under the GIR–time curve from time 0 to 10 hours and maximum GIR. PK exposure (maximum plasma concentration and AUC from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration) and PD activity (GIR‐AUC from time 0 to 10 hours and maximum GIR) were similar between treatments. Geometric mean ratios were close to 1, and the corresponding 90% and 95%CIs (PK and PD activity, respectively) were within the 0.80 to 1.25 equivalence range. SAR342434 and Humalog were well tolerated. In healthy Japanese males, SAR342434 and Humalog showed similar PK exposure profiles and PD potency, in support of SAR342434 use as a biosimilar product.
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Hanif N, Wu H, Xu P, Li Y, Bibi A, Zulfiqar A, Iqbal MZ, Tahir M, Zhang X, Ali A. Proteomic Changes to the Updated Discovery of Engineered Insulin and Its Analogs: Pros and Cons. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:867-888. [PMID: 35723344 PMCID: PMC8929101 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The destruction of β-cells of the pancreas leads to either insulin shortage or the complete absence of insulin, which in turn causes diabetes Mellitus. For treating diabetes, many trials have been conducted since the 19th century until now. In ancient times, insulin from an animal's extract was taken to treat human beings. However, this resulted in some serious allergic reactions. Therefore, scientists and researchers have tried their best to find alternative ways for managing diabetes with progressive advancements in biotechnology. However, a lot of research trials have been conducted, and they discovered more progressed strategies and approaches to treat type I and II diabetes with satisfaction. Still, investigators are finding more appropriate ways to treat diabetes accurately. They formulated insulin analogs that mimic the naturally produced human insulin through recombinant DNA technology and devised many methods for appropriate delivery of insulin. This review will address the following questions: What is insulin preparation? How were these devised and what are the impacts (both positive and negative) of such insulin analogs against TIDM (type-I diabetes mellitus) and TIIDM (type-II diabetes mellitus)? This review article will also demonstrate approaches for the delivery of insulin analogs into the human body and some future directions for further improvement of insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeema Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.H.); (P.X.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hezhou Wu
- Hunan Taohuayuan Agricultural Technologies Co., Ltd., Yueyang 415000, China;
| | - Peizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.H.); (P.X.)
| | - Yun Li
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Amir Bibi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Asma Zulfiqar
- Department of Botany, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of Punjab, Lahore 05422, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zafar Iqbal
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.Z.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.Z.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Branch of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre, Sichuan Tiland Huizhi Biology Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Asif Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.H.); (P.X.)
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Diagnostik, Therapie und Verlaufskontrolle des Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter. DIABETOLOGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11428-021-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ovalle F, Segal AR, Anderson JE, Cohen MR, Morwick TM, Jackson JA. Understanding concentrated insulins: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:1029-1043. [PMID: 29166786 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1409426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compile, analyze, and summarize the literature on concentrated insulins (i.e. concentrations >100 units/mL) from randomized controlled trials and derive guidance on appropriate use of these agents. METHODS Searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Trialtrove (through April 2016) and ClinicalTrials.gov (through April 2017) for phase 1-4 clinical studies using concentrated insulins. Selected studies included multiple-arm, randomized controlled trials evaluating subcutaneously administered concentrated insulins. Trial registration numbers (selected studies) were searched in Medline, Embase and Google Scholar (through April 2017). Late-phase studies were graded using guidance from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS Thirty-eight completed trials (7900 participants) and 34 qualifying publications were identified. Four marketed concentrated insulins were evaluated: two long-acting basal (insulin glargine 300 units/mL and insulin degludec 200 units/mL [IDeg200]), one rapid-acting prandial (insulin lispro 200 units/mL [ILis200]), and one prandial/basal (human regular insulin 500 units/mL). Early-phase trials established bioequivalence for IDeg200 and ILis200 with the corresponding 100 units/mL formulations. Efficacy studies showed noninferior glycemic control between comparators for long-acting basal and prandial/basal products with generally low severe hypoglycemia. Six additional concentrated insulins with completed early-phase development were also identified. CONCLUSION Concentrated-insulin products demonstrated efficacious and safe outcomes in appropriate patients. Clinical findings (HbA1c and hypoglycemia) and methodology (initiation and titration), patient factors (insulin experience and dosing requirements) and treatment characteristics (bioequivalence, potency and device features) are important considerations. This overview of these and other factors provides essential information and guidance for using concentrated insulins in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ovalle
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Alissa R Segal
- b Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy , MCPHS University , Boston , MA , USA
- c Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Michael R Cohen
- e Institute for Safe Medication Practices , Horsham , PA , USA
| | - Tina M Morwick
- f Lilly Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Di Lullo L, Mangano M, Ronco C, Barbera V, De Pascalis A, Bellasi A, Russo D, Di Iorio B, Cozzolino M. The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic kidney disease: What to expect from new oral hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 1:S295-S305. [PMID: 28292575 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 200 million people have chronic kidney disease (CKD), whose most common causes include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes. About 40% of patients with diabetes develop CKD and intensive blood glucose control through pharmacological intervention can delay CKD progression. Standard therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus include metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. While these drugs have an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes, only the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone can be used across the spectrum of CKD (stages 2-5) and without dose adjustment. Newer therapies, particularly dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, are increasingly being used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, a major consideration is whether these newer therapies can also be used safely and effectively across the spectrum of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Lullo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Italy.
| | - Michela Mangano
- Department of Health Sciences, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barbera
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Lariana, S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Clinical Nephrology, University Federico II°, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Di Iorio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Landolfi Hospital, Solofra, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
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Kaiserman K, Jung H, Benabbad I, Karges B, Polak M, Rosilio M. 20 Years of insulin lispro in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a review of available evidence. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:81-94. [PMID: 27390032 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin lispro, the first rapid-acting insulin analog, was developed 20 years ago and has been studied in multiple situations and various populations. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the use of insulin lispro in children, adolescents, and young adults. PATIENTS Children, adolescents, and young adults with type-1-diabetes. METHODS One hundred and twenty-two relevant publications, identified by a systematic (MEDLINE) and manual literature search, were reviewed. RESULTS Multiple daily injection (MDI) treatment with insulin lispro or other rapid-acting insulins, mainly using neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin as the basal component, was associated with reduced postprandial glucose excursions, similar or improved HbA1c levels, and similar or reduced risks of severe hypoglycemia when compared with regular human insulin across all age-groups. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)-treatment with insulin lispro also showed similar or improved glycemic control vs. MDI- or other CSII-regimens across all age-groups, without increasing the rate of severe hypoglycemia. The other two more recently developed rapid-acting insulins (aspart, glulisine) demonstrated non-inferiority to lispro on HbA1c. Long-term observational studies and real-life experience indicate that the increasing use of optimized MDI- and CSII-regimens with insulin lispro was associated with improvements in overall glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS For almost 20 years, rapid-acting insulins, in particular insulin lispro as the first-in-class, have contributed to broadening the treatment options for the unique needs of pediatric patients with type-1-diabetes across all age-groups, and have enabled more physiological insulin administration. Now widely used, they have allowed pediatric patients to safely reach better glycemic control, with more flexibility in their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Jung
- Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Medical Department Diabetes, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Imane Benabbad
- Lilly France, Medical Department Diabetes, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Beate Karges
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Rosilio
- Lilly France, Medical Department Diabetes, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
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Davies M, Chatterjee S, Khunti K. The treatment of type 2 diabetes in the presence of renal impairment: what we should know about newer therapies. Clin Pharmacol 2016; 8:61-81. [PMID: 27382338 PMCID: PMC4922775 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s82008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 200 million people have chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common causes of which include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes. Importantly, ~40% of patients with diabetes develop CKD, yet evidence from major multicenter randomized controlled trials shows that intensive blood glucose control through pharmacological intervention can reduce the incidence and progression of CKD. Standard therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. While these drugs have an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes, only the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone can be used across the spectrum of CKD (stages 2–5) and without dose adjustment; there are contraindications and dose adjustments required for the remaining standard therapies. Newer therapies, particularly dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, are increasingly being used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, a major consideration is whether these newer therapies can also be used safely and effectively across the spectrum of renal impairment. Notably, reductions in albuminuria, a marker of CKD, are observed with many of the drug classes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors can be used in all stages of renal impairment, with appropriate dose reduction, with the exception of linagliptin, which can be used without dose adjustment. No dose adjustment is required for liraglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide in CKD stages 2 and 3, although all glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are currently contraindicated in stages 4 and 5 CKD. At stage 3 CKD or greater, the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) either require dose adjustment or are contraindicated. Ongoing trials, such as CARMELINA, MARLINA, CREDENCE, and CANVAS-R, will help determine the position of these new therapy classes and if they have renoprotective effects in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester; Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Sudesna Chatterjee
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester; Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester; Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Emerging therapeutic delivery capabilities and challenges utilizing enzyme/protein packaged bacterial vesicles. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:873-87. [PMID: 26228777 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics are poised to play a critical role in treating disease. These complex multifunctional drug delivery vehicles provide for the passive and active targeted delivery of numerous small molecule, peptide and protein-derived pharmaceuticals. This article will first discuss some of the current state of the art nanoparticle classes (dendrimers, lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic), highlighting benefits/drawbacks associated with their implementation. We will then discuss an emerging class of nanoparticle therapeutics, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, that can provide many of the nanoparticle benefits while simplifying assembly. Through molecular biology techniques; outer membrane vesicle hijacking potentially allows for stringent control over nanoparticle production allowing for targeted protein packaged nanoparticles to be fully synthesized by bacteria.
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Walsh G. Hormones and Growth Factors Used Therapeutically. Proteins 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119117599.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xiong Y, Mei H, Wu L, Han J, Pan Y, Li G. Synthesis of chiral N-phosphinyl α-imino esters and their application in asymmetric synthesis of α-amino esters by reduction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:653-9. [PMID: 24778716 PMCID: PMC3999852 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of chiral N-phosphinyl α-imino esters have been synthesized for the first time from ketoesters and phosphinylamide, which were then reduced by L-selectride to give the corresponding N-phosphinyl-protected α-amino esters. The reduction proceeded very well with excellent chemical yields (88–98%) as well as high diastereoselectivities (96:4 to 99:1). Some of these products could be obtained without column chromatography and recrystallization. The chiral phosphinyl auxiliary could be easily cleaved under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of Coordination, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of Coordination, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China ; Institute for Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lingmin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of Coordination, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of Coordination, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China ; Institute for Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China ; High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of Coordination, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute for Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA
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Curtis BH, Rees TM, Gaskins KA, Sierra-Johnson J, Liu R, Jiang HH, Holcombe JH. Efficacy and safety of insulin lispro in geriatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of seven randomized controlled clinical trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014; 26:77-88. [PMID: 23959960 PMCID: PMC3897866 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Glycemic control in geriatric patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains clinically challenging. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of insulin lispro in patients ≥65 years (geriatric) to those <65 years (non-geriatric), using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT). Methods This is a retrospective analysis of predefined endpoints from an integrated database of seven RCTs of T2DM patients treated with insulin lispro. The primary efficacy measure tested the non-inferiority of insulin lispro (geriatric vs. non-geriatric; non-inferiority margin 0.4 %) in terms of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change from baseline to Month 3 (N = 1,525), with change from baseline to Month 6 as a supportive analysis (N = 885). Changes in HbA1c from baseline were evaluated with an analysis of covariance model. Secondary measures included incidence and rate of hypoglycemia, and incidence of cardiovascular events. Results Mean change in HbA1c from baseline to Month 3 was similar for geriatric (−0.97 %) and non-geriatric patients (−1.05 %); least-square (LS) mean difference (95 % CI) was 0.02 % (−0.11, 0.15 %; p = 0.756). Similar results were observed in patients treated up to Month 6; LS mean difference (95 % CI) was 0.07 % (−0.12, 0.26 %; p = 0.490). Decrease in HbA1c from baseline to Months 3 and 6 was non-inferior in geriatric compared with non-geriatric patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence and the rate of hypoglycemia, incidence of cardiovascular events, or other serious adverse events including malignancy, post-baseline between the two cohorts. Conclusion Key measures of efficacy and safety in geriatric patients with T2DM were not significantly different from non-geriatric patients when utilizing insulin lispro. Insulin lispro may be considered a safe and efficacious therapeutic option for the management of T2DM in geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley H. Curtis
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Tina M. Rees
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | | | | | - Rong Liu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Mannucci E, Cremasco F, Romoli E, Rossi A. The use of insulin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:2865-81. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.633512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Verrotti A, Chiuri RM, Blasetti A, Mohn A, Chiarelli F. Treatment options for paediatric diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:2483-95. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.506479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This review examines glycemia management practices in hospitalized patients. Optimal glycemic control remains a challenge among hospitalized patients. Recent studies have questioned the benefit of tight glycemic control and have raised concerns regarding the safety of this approach. As a result, medical societies have updated glycemic targets and have published new consensus guidelines for management of glycemia in hospitalized patients. This review highlights recent inpatient glycemic trials, the new glycemic targets and recommended strategies for management of glycemia in hospitalized patients. METHODS Medline and PubMed searches (diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, intensive therapy insulin, tight glycemic control, and hospital patients) were performed for English-language articles on treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients published from 2004 to present. Earlier works cited in these papers were surveyed. Clinical studies, reviews, consensus/guidelines statements, and meta-analyses relevant to the identification and management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients were included and selected. This is not an exhaustive review of the published literature. RESULTS Insulin remains the most appropriate agent for a majority of hospitalized patients. In critically ill patients insulin is given as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion and in non-critically ill inpatients hyperglycemia is best managed using scheduled subcutaneous (SC) basal-bolus insulin regimens supplemented with correction doses as needed and adjusted daily with the guidance of frequent blood glucose monitoring. Prevention of hypoglycemia is equally as important to patient outcomes and is an equally necessary part of any effective glucose control program. Modern insulin analogs offer advantages over the older human insulins (e.g., regular and neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH] insulin) because their time-action profiles more closely correspond to physiological basal and prandial insulin requirements, and have a lower propensity for inducing hypoglycemia than human insulin formulations. Long-acting basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) are suitable and preferred for the basal component of therapy; rapid-acting insulin analogs (aspart, lispro, glulisine) are recommended for bolus and correction doses. Sliding-scale insulin (SSI) regimens are not effective and should not be used, especially as this excludes a basal insulin component from the therapy. CONCLUSIONS Optimal glycemic management in the hospital setting requires judicious treatment of hyperglycemia while avoiding hypoglycemia. Insulin is the most appropriate agent for management of hyperglycemia for the majority of hospitalized patients. Intravenous insulin infusion is still preferred during and immediately after surgery, but s.c. basal insulin analogs with prandial or correction doses should be used after the immediate post-operative period, and also should be used in non-critically ill patients. Frequent and effective glucose monitoring is critical for avoiding wide deviations from acceptable glucose levels, which under a recently promulgated consensus guideline currently range between 140 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL. Glucose targets near 140 mg/dL are recommended as being the most appropriate for all hospitalized patients.
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New insulin analogues and insulin delivery devices for the perioperative management of diabetic patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21:401-5. [PMID: 18458562 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3282faa2f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the rising incidence of diabetes mellitus in the United States today, more and more patients with this comorbidity will present for surgical or interventional procedures. Treatments are becoming more varied and complex so anesthesiologists must be familiar with new drugs and delivery modalities used in the treatment of this patient population. RECENT FINDINGS New types of insulin have revolutionized diabetic care. The introduction of rapid acting and long acting insulin has enabled more precise glucose control to be achieved. New delivery modes of insulin both by the inhaled/buccal route and premeasured pen have been introduced. The newer oral hypoglycemic agents are also in use and have mechanisms of action that differ from the older treatments. SUMMARY Anesthesiologists must keep themselves updated with the rapidly changing treatment options for diabetic patients with both type 1 and type 2 diseases. The mechanism of action and duration of newer drugs are important for clinicians to know when managing intraoperative serum glucose control.
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&NA;. Insulin lispro Mix25: a guide to its use in diabetes mellitus. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2008. [DOI: 10.2165/00042310-200824080-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Razzoli E, Esposito K. Defining the role of insulin lispro in the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Investig 2008; 28:199-210. [PMID: 18345710 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200828040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of postprandial hyperglycaemia in contributing to the risk of both micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus is being increasingly recognized. In type 2 diabetes, there is a progressive shift in the relative contributions of postprandial and fasting hyperglycaemia to the overall glycaemic control as the disease progresses. For patients with fairly good glycaemic control (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA(1c)] <8.5%), postprandial hyperglycaemia makes a relatively greater contribution to the overall glycaemic load than fasting hyperglycaemia, but in patients with poorer control, the relative contribution of the two states to the overall glycaemic load is reversed. This finding, coupled with epidemiological evidence that elevated postprandial glucose concentration is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and is associated with a greater CVD risk than elevated fasting glucose, points to the need to monitor and target postprandial glucose, as well as fasting glucose and HbA(1c) levels, when optimizing insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. When insulin therapy becomes necessary in patients with type 2 diabetes who can no longer be controlled with oral antihyperglycaemic therapy, use of short-acting insulin analogues with a rapid onset of action and capable of controlling postprandial glycaemic excursions when injected immediately before a meal, has advantages over regular human insulin in that they provide a more favourable time-action profile that mimics normal physiological insulin secretion. Among the available rapid-acting insulin analogues, insulin lispro has been shown to reduce postprandial glucose concentrations to a significantly greater degree than regular human insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, premixed combinations of insulin lispro with the longer acting analogue neutral insulin lispro protamine suspension in 25% : 75% or 50% : 50% combinations are significantly more effective in lowering postprandial blood glucose concentrations than premixed regular human insulin plus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) 30% : 70%. The premixed insulin lispro combinations offer the advantage of fewer daily injections than intensive insulin therapy, and the convenience of not having to mix insulin preparations manually. Although it has yet to be conclusively established that targeting postprandial hyperglycaemia reduces CVD risk, the potential benefits of improved postprandial and interprandial hyperglycaemia favour the use of newer insulin analogues, such as insulin lispro and insulin lispro mixes, over conventional insulin therapy, whenever insulin therapy becomes necessary in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giugliano
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Division, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy.
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Pires AC, Chacra AR. [Insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: past and present]. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA E METABOLOGIA 2008; 52:268-78. [PMID: 18438537 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of insulin can be considered the milestone of diabetes mellitus history and a great achievement for its treatment. The first insulin available was the regular. Afterwards, Hagedorn added the protamine to the insulin, thus, creating the NPH insulin. In the 1950s an insulin free of protamine was synthesized: the lente insulin. With the advent of molecular biology, synthetic human insulin was synthesized using recombinant DNA technology. Most recently several types of insulin analogues were available, providing the patients with better metabolic control. Type 1 diabetes mellitus treatment includes plain substitution and individualization for short-acting plus long-acting insulin according to the physician's assistance, besides regular practice of physical activities and diet orientations. In type 1 diabetes mellitus the insulin of low variability is the best choice since basal/bolus insulin therapy or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump can mimetize the physiological release of insulin by beta cells.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:193-207. [PMID: 18316957 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282fba8b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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