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Hackney AC, Prado RCR, Dolan E. Androgenic Steroid Hormones and Endurance Exercise in Athletic Women. ENDOCRINES 2024; 5:252-260. [PMID: 39006054 PMCID: PMC11242914 DOI: 10.3390/endocrines5030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of intensive endurance exercise on circulating androgenic steroid hormones in women. Fifteen normally menstruating athletic women participated. They completed intensive endurance exercise (treadmill running) until volitional fatigue in their follicular phase, with blood samples collected at pre-exercise, volitional fatigue, 90 min and 24 h into recovery. The steroid hormones (total, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], and DHEA-sulfate [DHEA-S], cortisol) were analyzed in blood sera. Non-parametric statistics were used to assess changes across exercise and recovery. At volitional fatigue, all hormones, except free testosterone, were significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to pre-exercise levels. Most hormones remained elevated through 90 min of recovery, with DHEA, DHEA-S, and total testosterone changes being significant (p < 0.05). At 24 h of recovery, hormonal levels were reduced; specifically, DHEA, DHEA-S, and total testosterone compared to baseline (p < 0.01 to 0.06). Increases in cortisol levels at volitional fatigue and 90 min of recovery were correlated with reductions in total testosterone, DHEA, and DHEA-S observed at 24 h of recovery (rho > -0.62, p < 0.05). In conclusion, in menstruating women performing intensive endurance exercise during their follicular phase, their androgenic steroid hormones remain elevated during early recovery but are suppressed at 24 h of recovery. The latter finding indicates that establishing a resting endocrine equilibrium requires a longer recovery period than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raul Cosme Ramos Prado
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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2
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Furrer R, Handschin C. Molecular aspects of the exercise response and training adaptation in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2024:S0891-5849(24)00572-0. [PMID: 39059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity enables an enormous potential to adapt to various internal and external stimuli and perturbations. Most notably, changes in contractile activity evoke a massive remodeling of biochemical, metabolic and force-generating properties. In recent years, a large number of signals, sensors, regulators and effectors have been implicated in these adaptive processes. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of training adaptation remains rudimentary. Specifically, the mechanisms that underlie signal integration, output coordination, functional redundancy and other complex traits of muscle adaptation are unknown. In fact, it is even unclear how stimulus-dependent specification is brought about in endurance or resistance exercise. In this review, we will provide an overview on the events that describe the acute perturbations in single endurance and resistance exercise bouts. Furthermore, we will provide insights into the molecular principles of long-term training adaptation. Finally, current gaps in knowledge will be identified, and strategies for a multi-omic and -cellular analyses of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity that are engaged in individual, acute exercise bouts and chronic training adaptation discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Furrer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Craddock JC, Wakefield A, Peoples GE, Goldman DM, Larkin TA. Acute Effects of Dairy or Soy Milk on Sex Hormones Following Resistance Exercise in Males: A Randomized, Crossover Pilot Trial. Cureus 2024; 16:e59972. [PMID: 38854281 PMCID: PMC11162160 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance exercise training (RET) can increase muscle mass and strength, and this adaptation is optimized when dietary protein is consumed to enhance muscle protein synthesis. Dairy milk has been endorsed for this purpose; however, allergy and lactose intolerance affect two-thirds of the global population making dairy milk unsuitable for many. Plant-based alternatives such as soy milk have gained popularity and exhibit comparable protein content. However, concerns regarding soy phytoestrogens potentially influencing circulating sex hormones and diminishing the anabolic response to RET have been raised. This study therefore aimed to assess the acute effects of dairy and soy milk consumption on circulating sex hormones (total, free testosterone, free testosterone percentage, total estrogen, progesterone, and sex hormone binding globulin) after RET. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six male participants were recruited for a double-blinded, randomized crossover study with either dairy or soy milk provided post RET. Venous samples were collected before and after milk consumption across seven timepoints (0-120 minutes) where circulating sex hormones were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA analyses were applied for repeated measures for each hormone. The area under the curve (AUC) was also calculated between dairy and soy milk. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in acute circulating serum for free (p=0.95), % free (p=0.56), and total testosterone (p=0.88), progesterone (p=0.67), or estrogen (p=0.21) between milk conditions. Likewise, no significant differences in AUC were observed between any hormones. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that consumption of dairy milk and soy milk have comparable acute effects on circulating sex hormones following RET. Further investigations with expanded sample sizes are needed to strengthen and broaden these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Craddock
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - Amelia Wakefield
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
| | - David M Goldman
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN
- Research and Development, Metabite, Inc., New York, USA
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUS
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Rao A, Clayton P, Briskey D. Libifem® ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) in conjunction with exercise on muscle strength, power, endurance, and body composition in females aged between 25 and 45 years. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1207013. [PMID: 37637219 PMCID: PMC10450923 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1207013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the effects of Libifem® on exercise performance and body composition in females 25-45 years old. Methods Participants were randomized to three equal groups to consume: 600 mg Libifem®/day, 300 mg Libifem®/day or a placebo for 8 weeks. Participants completed a whole-body exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks. At baseline, week 4 and week 8, muscle strength and endurance, functional threshold power, body composition, and sex hormones were measured. At week 8, all three groups increased leg press 1RM compared to baseline. Results A significant difference between group treatment effect was seen for leg press at week 8 (p = 0.045), with the 600 mg Libifem® group significantly increasing their leg press 1RM compared to placebo (p = 0.014). The 600 mg Libifem® group significantly reduced their total fat mass (0.96 kg loss) from baseline compared to placebo group (0.09 kg gain). There was no significant difference in fat mass for the 300 mg Libifem® group (0.23 kg loss). The 600 mg Libifem® group had a significant increase in lean mass compared to both the 300 mg and placebo groups (p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). Discussion Overall, there were significant and dose-related changes in body composition and ergogenic parameters, comparable with previous findings in males. Clinical Trial Registration This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials registry [ACTRN12618001538235].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Clayton
- Department of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Landen S, Hiam D, Voisin S, Jacques M, Lamon S, Eynon N. Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. J Physiol 2023; 601:419-434. [PMID: 34762308 DOI: 10.1113/jp279499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and genetics. Studies investigating exercise physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex differences into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants in exercise research, existing studies have identified sex differences in physiological and molecular responses to exercise training. The observed sex differences in exercise physiology are underpinned by the sex chromosome complement, sex hormones and, on a molecular level, the epigenome and transcriptome. Future research in the field should aim to include both sexes, control for menstrual cycle factors, conduct large-scale and ethnically diverse studies, conduct meta-analyses to consolidate findings from various studies, leverage unique cohorts (such as post-menopausal, transgender, and those with sex chromosome abnormalities), as well as integrate tissue and cell-specific -omics data. This knowledge is essential for developing deeper insight into sex-specific physiological responses to exercise training, thus directing future exercise physiology studies and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Grzędzicka J, Dąbrowska I, Malin K, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Exercise-related changes in the anabolic index (testosterone to cortisol ratio) and serum amyloid A concentration in endurance and racehorses at different fitness levels. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148990. [PMID: 37138908 PMCID: PMC10150884 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased training loads in both human and equine athletes are generally implemented to improve their physical performance. These loads are tolerated only within appropriate training periodization with regard to recovery time. Otherwise, training overload causes failure in the systemic adaptation, which at first leads to overreaching, and progressively to overtraining syndrome (OTS). Exercise endocrinology, and anabolic/catabolic balance as an indicator of athlete performance status and OTS has continued to attract attention. In human medicine, changes in testosterone and cortisol levels, as well as the testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C; anabolic index), are suggested to be sensitive stress markers. However, there is a lack of research investigating these parameters for use in equine sports medicine. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in testosterone, cortisol, and T/C in response to a single training session in two types of equine sports: endurance and race, together with serum amyloid A (SAA), the main acute phase response indicator of physical effort, and the overall health status in horses. Two groups of horses were enrolled in the study: endurance (n = 12) and racehorses (n = 32) of different fitness level. Blood samples were obtained before and after the exercise. On average, T increased 2.5 times after the race training in experienced racehorses and dropped in endurance horses regardless the fitness level (p < 0.05). In endurance horses, a decrease in T/C occurred after training in inexperienced horses (p < 0.05). In racehorses, a T/C decrease occurred in the inexperienced group (p < 0.05) and an increase in the experienced (p < 0.01). In conclusion, T/C ratio was found to be a potentially reliable indicator of fitness status especially in racing horses. These findings provide insight into the physiological response of the horses to different types of exercise and the potential use of hormone levels as markers of performance and adaptation.
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Viecelli C, Ewald CY. The non-modifiable factors age, gender, and genetics influence resistance exercise. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1005848. [PMID: 36172603 PMCID: PMC9510838 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass and force are key for movement, life quality, and health. It is well established that resistance exercise is a potent anabolic stimulus increasing muscle mass and force. The response of a physiological system to resistance exercise is composed of non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender, genetics) and modifiable factors (i.e., exercise, nutrition, training status, etc.). Both factors are integrated by systemic responses (i.e., molecular signaling, genetic responses, protein metabolism, etc.), consequently resulting in functional and physiological adaptations. Herein, we discuss the influence of non-modifiable factors on resistance exercise: age, gender, and genetics. A solid understanding of the role of non-modifiable factors might help to adjust training regimes towards optimal muscle mass maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Lee JH, Kim S, Heo J, Park DH, Chang E. Differences in the muscle activities of the quadriceps femoris and hamstrings while performing various squat exercises. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:12. [PMID: 35063016 PMCID: PMC8783452 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Knee injuries in the lower limbs frequently occur, and lower limb muscles need to be strengthened to reduce injuries. Activating muscles can help strengthen muscles.. This study aimed to determine the squat exercises [general squat (GS), wall squat (WS), and Spanish squat (SS)] that effectively increased muscle activity using electromyography (EMG). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 22 participants performed three different squat exercises with EMG attached to the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare thigh muscle activities among the various squat exercises. Results During SS, RF showed greater muscle activation compared to WS and GS (RF: χ2 = 21.523, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.333). VL also showed greater muscle activation during SS compared to WS (VL: χ2 = 7.101, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.109). Conclusions The results from this study indicate that SS shows more activation in the RF and VL muscles compared to GS and WS. These findings suggest that SS can provide more muscle activation for the RF and VL muscles and will greatly help those who lack muscle activation in these muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Lee
- College of Arts and Sports, Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, 5W555B, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- College of Arts and Sports, Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, 5W555B, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.,Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, W-440, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jihye Heo
- College of Arts and Sports, Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, 5W555B, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- College of Arts and Sports, Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, 5W555B, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.,Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, W-440, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Eunwook Chang
- College of Arts and Sports, Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, 5W555B, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, W-440, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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9
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Farzane A, Koushkie Jahromi M. The effect of pilates training on hormonal and psychophysical function in older women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022; 62:110-121. [PMID: 33555671 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DHEA-S and cortisol and their ratio are important determinants of some physiological and psychological function during aging. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of pilates training on diurnal salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol to DHEA-S ratio, cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and psychological function in older women. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy older women (aged 60-65 years) participated in the study voluntarily and were divided into two groups of pilates training (N.=15) and control (N.=12), randomly. Before and after the experiment, salivary samples (at wake up and 30-min postawakening, midday, 5 p.m., and 9 p.m.) were taken and the participants completed the questionnaires. Cognitive function was assessed by the MMSE questionnaire. Pilates training was performed three times weekly, in non-consecutive days. RESULTS Pilates training increased V̇O2<inf>max</inf> (48%, P<0.001) and cognitive function (73%, P<0.001) and decreased BMI (16%, P=0.042), anxiety (53%, P<0.001) and depression (67%, P<0.001) compared to the control group. Also, in pilates training group, mean cortisol (16%, P=0.039), CAR (24%, P=0.010), fall after peak of cortisol (15%, P=0.50), morning DHEA-S (43%, P<0.001) and mean DHEA-S (34%, P=0.002) increased compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that pilates training could improve mental and physical function which was accompanied by changes of diurnal cortisol and DHEA as one of the possible effective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezu Farzane
- School of Education and Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Koushkie Jahromi
- School of Education and Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran -
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10
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Huang LT, Wang JH. The Therapeutic Intervention of Sex Steroid Hormones for Sarcopenia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:739251. [PMID: 34760899 PMCID: PMC8573092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.739251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by the excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, is associated with the overall poor muscle performance status of the elderly, and occurs more frequently in those with chronic diseases. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial due to the inherent relationship between muscles and molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial function, inflammatory pathways, and circulating hormones. Age-related changes in sex steroid hormone concentrations, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and their precursors and derivatives, are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. In this review, we provide an understanding of the treatment of sarcopenia through the regulation of sex steroid hormones. The potential benefits and future research emphasis of each sex steroid hormone therapeutic intervention (testosterone, SARMs, estrogen, SERMs, DHEA, and progesterone) for sarcopenia are discussed. Enhanced understanding of the role of sex steroid hormones in the treatment for sarcopenia could lead to the development of hormone therapeutic approaches in combination with specific exercise and nutrition regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mangine GT, Mangine GT, Eggerth A, Gough J, Stratton MT, Feito Y, VanDusseldorp TA. Endocrine and Body Composition Changes Across a Competitive Season in Collegiate Speed-Power Track and Field Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2067-2074. [PMID: 34100783 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mangine, GT, Eggerth, A, Gough, J, Stratton, MT, Feito, Y, and VanDusseldorp, TA. Endocrine and body composition changes across a competitive season in collegiate speed-power track and field athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2067-2074, 2021-Maintaining lean mass is important for track and field (TF) athletes who compete in speed-power events, but little is known about how lean mass and related hormones might change over an 8- to 10-month collegiate season. Therefore, to monitor changes in free testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and body composition in TF athletes across their entire competitive season, 9 female (20.3 ± 1.2 years, 169 ± 5 cm, and 67.6 ± 8.5 kg) and 7 male (21.1 ± 2.0 years, 181 ± 9 cm, and 77.3 ± 5.9 kg) Division I TF athletes provided resting and fasted blood samples at the onset of their indoor season (baseline), before and on returning from the indoor conference championships (ICCs), at the beginning and end of a heavy midseason training week (HVY), and before leaving for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championships. Body composition was also assessed at each of these periods using a 4-compartment model. Except for a 20% reduction (p = 0.030) from ICCs to the onset of HVY in men only, linear mixed models with repeated measures did not reveal any changes in hormone concentrations. Compared with baseline, an overall increase in fat-free mass was observed at HVY (∼2.74%, p = 0.023) before it reduced by 3.81% before the NCAA Championships (p = 0.022). Despite variations in training and competition, resting concentrations of hormones indicative of anabolic status remained relatively consistent over the course of an entire season in speed-power TF athletes. Coaches and athletes may consider monitoring these variables to assess the athlete's response to the changing demands of a competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | | | - Jeremy Gough
- Athletics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
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Yun JH, Kim DH, Chang MC. A Simple Bedside Exercise Method to Enhance Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Patients with Sarcopenia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060680. [PMID: 34200042 PMCID: PMC8227277 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is known to accelerate muscle loss in the elderly due to reduced physical performance, increasing the prevalence and severity of sarcopenia. This study was undertaken to determine whether simple bedside exercise training may facilitate muscle growth and strengthening in moderate-degree AD patients. Methods: This study was conducted on 26 prospectively recruited women admitted to a nursing hospital, who had moderate AD and sarcopenia. They were randomly and evenly divided into the control and exercise groups. For five sessions per week, those in the exercise group underwent 30 min of therapist-supervised exercise by simply kicking a balloon connected to the ceiling by a piece of string while lying on a bed. Additional exercise was encouraged, and isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were measured and calculated after 12 weeks. Results: Through simple exercise training for 12 weeks, MVCs for hip flexion and knee extension significantly increased in the exercise group. However, no significant differences in SMI were found between the two groups. Conclusions: We believe that our simple exercise method can be applied to patients with AD for maintaining and enhancing the strength of the muscles of the lower extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hae Yun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Korea;
| | - Du Hwan Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea;
| | - Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-620-4682
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Militello R, Luti S, Parri M, Marzocchini R, Soldaini R, Modesti A, Modesti PA. Redox Homeostasis and Metabolic Profile in Young Female Basketball Players during in-Season Training. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040368. [PMID: 33806196 PMCID: PMC8066547 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels have been conducted in male athletes, although female participation in sport has increased rapidly in the past few decades. In particular, it could be important to assess oxidative stress markers in relation to the training load because the anaerobic path becomes predominant in high-intensity actions. METHODS Ten female professional basketball players, performing five 2 h-lasting training sessions per week, and 10 sedentary control women were investigated. Capillary blood and saliva samples were collected in the morning before the training session. The antioxidant capacity and the levels of reactive oxygen metabolites on plasma were determined measuring Reactive Oxygen Metabolite and Biological Antioxidant Potential (d-ROMs and the BAP Test). Salivary cortisol was detected by using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS The antioxidant capacity (BAP value) was significantly higher in elite basketball players (21.2%; p < 0.05). Conversely, cortisol (51%; p < 0.009) and the levels of oxidative species (d-ROM, 21.9%; p < 0.05) showed a significant decrease in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Militello
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (S.L.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (S.L.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (S.L.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Riccardo Marzocchini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (S.L.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Riccardo Soldaini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (S.L.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
- Viale G. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Pietro Amedeo Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (P.A.M.)
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14
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Sisi SZH, Azarbayjani MA, Vafaeenasab M, Peeri M, Dehghani M. The effect of regular resistance exercise, vitamin D, and calcium supplements on the gastrocnemius muscle in rats in the post-menopausal period: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2021; 19:283-292. [PMID: 33842825 PMCID: PMC8023002 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v19i3.8576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Menopause is the natural termination of menstruation which affects the quality and important aspects of women's life. Objective To evaluate the effect of regular resistance training (Ex) with vitamin D (Vit. D) and calcium (Ca) supplements in the postmenopausal period on muscle tissue in rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 72 female Wistar rats (8-10-wk old) were randomly divided into control, placebo, Vit. D, Ca, Ex, Ca + Vit. D, Ex + Ca, Ex + Vit. D, and Ex + Ca + Vit. D groups. Control and placebo groups were fed with a standard diet and sesame oil, respectively. Two month after the ovariectomy, Ex, Ca (35 mg/kg), and Vit. D (10000 IU) were administred in all groups except the control. The number of muscle and inflammatory cells, fiber diameter, endomysium thickness, and degenerative collagen fiber area were assessed through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results Muscle cell number was increased in the Ex + Vit. D + Ca, Vit. D + Ex, and Vit. D groups compared to the control group; also, inflammatory cell number showed significant increase in the Ex + Vit. D + Ca (12 ± 5.46), Vit. D + Ex (14 ± 3.25), Ex (13 ± 4.08), Vit. D (11 ± 3.26), Ca + Vit. D (10 ± 1.01), and Ca + Ex (9 ± 2.87) groups. Muscle fiber diameter in the Ex + Vit. D + Ca and Vit. D + Ex groups was higher than the other groups. Endomysium thickness was significantly decreased in the Ex + Vit. D + Ca and Vit. D + Ex groups compared to the control and placebo groups (p < 0.001). Degenerative collagen fiber area showed a significant increase in the Ex + Vit. D + Ca and Vit. D + Ex groups (p ≤ 0.001) comparison with the control group. Conclusion Regular resistance exercise, Vit. D, and Ca supplements can improve muscle morphological features in the postmenopausal period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Dehghani
- Yazd Medical Genetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Myllyaho MM, Ihalainen JK, Hackney AC, Valtonen M, Nummela A, Vaara E, Häkkinen K, Kyröläinen H, Taipale RS. Hormonal Contraceptive Use Does Not Affect Strength, Endurance, or Body Composition Adaptations to Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Women. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:449-457. [PMID: 29927884 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Myllyaho, MM, Ihalainen, JK, Hackney, AC, Valtonen, M, Nummela, A, Vaara, E, Häkkinen, K, Kyröläinen, H, and Taipale, RS. Hormonal contraceptive use does not affect strength, endurance, or body composition adaptations to combined strength and endurance training in women. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 449-457, 2021-This study examined the effects of a 10-week period of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training on strength, endurance, body composition, and serum hormone concentrations in physically active women using hormonal contraceptives (HCs, n = 9) compared with those who had never used hormonal contraceptives (NHCs, n = 9). Training consisted of 2 strength training sessions and 2 high-intensity running interval sessions per week. Maximal bilateral isometric leg press (Isom), maximal bilateral dynamic leg press (one repetition maximum [1RM]), countermovement jump (CMJ), a 3,000-m running test (3,000 m), body composition, and serum hormone levels were measured before and after training between days 1-5 of each subject's menstrual cycle. Both groups increased 1RM and CMJ: HC = 13.2% (p < 0.001) and 9.6% (p < 0.05), and NHC = 8.3% (p < 0.01) and 8.5% (p < 0.001). Hormonal contraceptive improved 3,000 m by 3.5% (p < 0.05) and NHC by 1% (n.s.). Never used hormonal contraceptive increased lean mass by 2.1% (p < 0.001), whereas body fat percentage decreased from 23.9 ± 6.7 to 22.4 ± 6.0 (-6.0%, p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in body composition in HC. No significant between-group differences were observed in any of the performance variables. Luteinizing hormone concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) over 10 weeks in NHC, whereas other hormone levels remained statistically unaltered in both groups. It seems that the present training is equally appropriate for improving strength, endurance, and body composition in women using HC as those not using HC without disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona M Myllyaho
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Ari Nummela
- Research Institute for Olympic Sport, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elina Vaara
- JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland ; and
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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16
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Taipale RS, Forssell J, Ihalainen JK, Kyröläinen H, Häkkinen K. A 10-Week Block of Combined High-Intensity Endurance and Strength Training Produced Similar Changes in Dynamic Strength, Body Composition, and Serum Hormones in Women and Men. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:581305. [PMID: 33345149 PMCID: PMC7739745 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.581305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the potential sex differences in adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in recreationally endurance trained (eumenorrheic) women (n = 9) and men (n = 10). Methods: Isometric (ISOMmax) and dynamic bilateral leg press (1RM), countermovement jump (CMJ), running performance (3,000 m time trial), lean mass and body fat % (LEAN and FAT% determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry) as well as serum testosterone and cortisol (TES and COR, respectively, measured using hormone-specific immunoassay kits) were examined before a control period and pre, mid, and post a supervised 10-week combined high-intensity interval endurance training (4 × 4 min intervals and 3 × 3 × 100 m repeated sprints) and mixed maximal and explosive strength training. No more than 2 weeks separated training and testing for either women or men and all women were tested in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle to minimize the possible influence of menstrual cycle phase on performance measures. Results: Absolute and relative changes in 1RM, CMJ, 3,000 m, LEAN, and FAT% were similar between groups. The only statistically significant differences observed between groups were observed at post and included a larger Δ% increase in ISOMmax force in men and a relatively greater Δ% decrease in serum TES in women. Conclusion: Women and men can achieve similar relative adaptations in dynamic maximal strength and CMJ as well as endurance performance gains and body composition over the same high-intensity 10-week combined program, although relative adaptations in TES may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva S Taipale
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Forssell
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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17
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Abstract
Objective To examine the response of testosterone in women to an intensive, prolonged endurance exercise bout that mimicked a competitive event. Methods Ten healthy eumenorrheic women ran to exhaustion at ~100% of their ventilatory threshold in their follicular menstrual cycle phase. Testosterone measures were assessed pre-exercise, immediately, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 24 h post-exercise. Results At exhaustion (75.1 ± 7.0 min), total (56%), free (36%), and bioavailable testosterone (50%) were increased from pre-exercise values (p< 0.05). At 24 h post-exercise, these measures were decreased from pre-exercise values (-21%, -31%, -18%, respectively; p < 0.05). Effect sizes for these changes ranged from medium to large in magnitude. Conclusion Testosterone was elevated in the early recovery period following exhaustive endurance exercise but was reduced by 24 h afterward. These outcomes are comparable to responses seen in men when sex-based concentration differences are considered.
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18
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Can IGF-1 Serum Levels Really be Changed by Acute Physical Exercise? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:575-584. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise plays an important role in metabolic health, especially in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of a single endurance and resistance exercise session on IGF-1 serum. Methods: The systematic review was performed in SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. All analyses are based on random-effect models. The study identified 249 records of which 21 were included. Results: There was an effect of endurance exercise on total IGF-1 (P = .01), but not for free IGF-1 (P = .36). Resistance exercise similarly only affected total IGF-1 (P = .003) and not free IGF-1 (P = .37). The effect size indicated that total IGF-1 is more affected (ES = 0.81) by endurance than by resistance exercise (ES = 0.46). The present study showed that IGF-1 serum concentrations are altered by exercise type, but in conditions which are not well-defined. Conclusions: The systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that there is no determinant in serum IGF-1 changes for the exercise load characteristic. Therefore, physical exercise may be an alternative treatment to control changes in IGF-1 metabolism and blood concentration.
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19
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Ramezani Ahmadi A, Mohammadshahi M, Alizadeh A, Ahmadi Angali K, Jahanshahi A. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1355-1367. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1713218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Alizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of sports sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahanshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Golestan Hospital & Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Yoon JR, Ha GC, Kang SJ, Ko KJ. Effects of 12-week resistance exercise and interval training on the skeletal muscle area, physical fitness, and mental health in old women. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:839-847. [PMID: 31938707 PMCID: PMC6944885 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938644.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance exercise and interval training on the visceral fat to skeletal muscle area, physical fitness, cognitive functions, and mental health in old women. The study was conducted among 30 older women enrolled in the National Fitness Center in Seoul. They were randomly sampled into the resistance exercise and interval training group (RI group: n=10, aged 64.10±3.35), the resistance and aerobic exercise group (RA group: n=10, aged 65.20± 5.10), and the control group (n=10, aged 63.20±2.62). Twelve weeks of exercise involving 30-min resistance exercise followed by 30-min interval training or aerobic exercise, 3 times a week, were performed by each group. A computed topography was used to the measure visceral fat area and the thigh skeletal muscle area. For physical fitness, maximum oxygen uptake, knee isokinetics muscle functions, ankle range of motion, and functional fitness of the elderly (muscle strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, balance, and agility) were measured. For blood test, the metabolic syndrome risk factors, growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure cognitive functions and quality of sleep. The 12-week RA and RI groups were effective in changing the thigh skeletal muscle area, IGF-1, knee joint extension and flexion, ankle range of motion, functional fitness, and quality of sleep. In conclusion, resistance exercise, followed by interval training or aerobic exercise, was effective in improving the skeletal muscle function indexes, physical fitness, and quality of sleep for the elderly. However, no difference was found between the two types of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ryang Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Chul Ha
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol-Jung Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Jun Ko
- Department of Sports Medicine, National Fitness Center, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Brockman NK, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Riddell MC, Perkins BA, Yardley JE. Sex-Related Differences in Blood Glucose Responses to Resistance Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Secondary Data Analysis. Can J Diabetes 2019; 44:267-273.e1. [PMID: 31623995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In adults with type 1 diabetes, resistance exercise (RE) is associated with more stable blood glucose (BG) levels than aerobic exercise, both during and after exercise. In individuals without diabetes, growth hormone and epinephrine responses to RE differ between the sexes. These hormones are known to affect BG levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we explored whether sex-related differences may exist in BG responses to RE in individuals with type 1 diabetes. METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted on pooled data from 2 studies with identical RE protocols for individuals with type 1 diabetes (13 males, age range 16 to 63 years; 10 females, age range 19 to 45 years). The RE session consisted of 7 resistance-based exercises performed at 5 pm. Plasma glucose samples were collected before, immediately after and 1 h after exercise. Interstitial glucose levels were recorded through blinded continuous glucose monitoring 24 h before, during and 24 h after exercise. RESULTS There was a significant sex-by-time interaction (p<0.001) in plasma glucose responses to RE. Plasma glucose decreased significantly in males from 8.6±2.5 to 6.3±2.1 mmol/L (p<0.001) during exercise, whereas females experienced no significant change (7.2±1.3 to 7.3±1.3 mmol/L, p=0.999). In the 6 h after RE, males developed significantly more hypoglycemia, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring (p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS Males may have a greater risk of hypoglycemia with an acute bout of RE than females. Further research is needed to examine this phenomenon more closely, as sex-specific recommendations for preventing hypoglycemia around RE may be necessary in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Perkins
- Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane E Yardley
- Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, Alberta, Canada; Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Sarma MS, Gettler LT, Childs G, Quinn EA. When women work: Endocrine reactivity in women during everyday physical activity at high altitude. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23154. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mallika S Sarma
- Department of Anthropology University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Lee T Gettler
- Department of Anthropology University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Geoff Childs
- Department of Anthropology Washington University St. Louis Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Quinn
- Department of Anthropology Washington University St. Louis Missouri
- Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
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Nascimento MAD, Gerage AM, Silva DRPD, Ribeiro AS, Machado DGDS, Pina FLC, Tomeleri CM, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Mayhew JL, Cyrino ES. Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, and testosterone in older women. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:199-207. [PMID: 30016192 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1496145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. METHODS Forty-five physically independent older women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12 weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10-15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre-training, post-training, and after detraining (12 weeks). RESULTS Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post-training (G2X = +5.5% and G3X = +5.8%, P < .0001) with no differences between groups, and gains were retained after detraining (G2X = 100% and G3X = 99%, P < .0001). IGF-1 and dietary intake did not change for the groups during the study. Testosterone did not change post-training but significantly decreased after detraining (G2X = -21% and G3X = -50%, P < .0001). CONCLUSION We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF-1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community-dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Amarante Do Nascimento
- a Paranavaí Campus, Paraná State University - UNESPAR , Paranavaí , Paraná , Brazil.,b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes Gerage
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,c Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Danilo Rodrigues Pereira Da Silva
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,d Center for Research in Health Science , University of Northern Paraná - UNOPAR , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Da Silva Machado
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,e Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Cheche Pina
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Crisieli Maria Tomeleri
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Danielle Venturini
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Décio Sabbatini Barbosa
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- g Exercise Science Program , Truman State University , Kirksville , MO , USA
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
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Brockman NK, Yardley JE. Sex-related differences in fuel utilization and hormonal response to exercise: implications for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:541-552. [PMID: 29420905 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in metabolic and neuroendocrine response to exercise in individuals without diabetes have been well established. Men and women differ in fuel selection during exercise, in which women rely to a greater extent on fat oxidation, whereas males rely mostly on carbohydrate oxidation for energy production. The difference in fuel selection appears to be mediated by sex-related differences in hormonal (including catecholamines, growth hormone, and estrogen) response to different types and intensities of exercise. In general, men exhibit an amplified counter-regulatory response to exercise, with elevated levels of catecholamines compared with women. However, women exhibit greater sensitivity to the lipolytic action of the catecholamines and deplete less of their glycogen stores than men during exercise, which suggests that women may experience a greater defense in blood glucose control after exercise than men. Conversely, little is known about sex-related differences in response to exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A single study investigating sex-related differences in response to moderate aerobic exercise in individuals with T1D found sex-related differences in catecholamine response and fuel selection, but changes in blood glucose were not measured. To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sex-related differences in blood glucose responses to different types and intensities of exercise in individuals with T1D. This review summarizes sex-related differences in exercise responses that could potentially impact blood glucose levels during exercise in individuals with T1D and highlights the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Brockman
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada
| | - Jane E Yardley
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada.,b Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, 8602-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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25
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Resting Hormone Alterations and Injuries: Block vs. DUP Weight-Training among D-1 Track and Field Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010003. [PMID: 29910307 PMCID: PMC5969203 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily undulating periodization (DUP), using daily alterations in repetitions, has been advocated as a superior method of resistance training, while traditional forms of programming for periodization (Block) have been questioned. Nineteen Division I track and field athletes were assigned to either a 10-week Block or DUP training group. Year and event were controlled. Over the course of the study, there were four testing sessions, which were used to evaluate a variety of strength characteristics, including maximum isometric strength, rate of force development, and one repetition maximum (1RM). Although, performance trends favored the Block group for strength and rate of force development, no statistical differences were found between the two groups. However, different (p ≤ 0.05) estimated volumes of work (VL) and amounts of improvement per VL were found between groups. Based upon calculated training efficiency scores, these data indicate that a Block training model is more efficient in producing strength gains than a DUP model. Additionally, alterations in testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and the T:C ratio were measured. Although there were no statistically (p ≤ 0.05) different hormone alterations between groups, relationships between training variables and hormone concentrations including the T:C ratio, indicate that Block may be more efficacious in terms of fatigue management.
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Yardley JE, Brockman NK, Bracken RM. Could Age, Sex and Physical Fitness Affect Blood Glucose Responses to Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 30524371 PMCID: PMC6262398 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop systems for patients with type 1 diabetes are progressing rapidly. Despite these advances, current systems may struggle in dealing with the acute stress of exercise. Algorithms to predict exercise-induced blood glucose changes in current systems are mostly derived from data involving relatively young, fit males. Little is known about the magnitude of confounding variables such as sex, age, and fitness level-underlying, uncontrollable factors that might influence blood glucose control during exercise. Sex-related differences in hormonal responses to physical exercise exist in studies involving individuals without diabetes, and result in altered fuel metabolism during exercise. Increasing age is associated with attenuated catecholamine responses and lower carbohydrate oxidation during activity. Furthermore, higher fitness levels can alter hormonal and fuel selection responses to exercise. Compounding the limited research on these factors in the metabolic response to exercise in type 1 diabetes is a limited understanding of how these variables affect blood glucose levels during different types, timing and intensities of activity in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, there is currently insufficient information to model a closed-loop system that can predict them accurately and consistently prevent hypoglycemia. Further, studies involving both sexes, along with a range of ages and fitness levels, are needed to create a closed-loop system that will be more precise in regulating blood glucose during exercise in a wide variety of individuals with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Yardley
- Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, AB, Canada
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jane E. Yardley
| | | | - Richard M. Bracken
- Diabetes Research Unit and School of Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Kim S, Ju S. Effects of silver gymnastic exercises on aging-related hormones in elderly women living alone. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1957-1959. [PMID: 29200633 PMCID: PMC5702823 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silver gymnastic
exercises on aging-related hormones in elderly women living alone. [Subjects and Methods]
The study group consisted of 20 elderly women living alone who performed the silver
gymnastic exercises for 12 weeks. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of
aging-related hormones (human growth hormone [HGH] and estrogen). [Results] HGH and
estrogen levels increased significantly after the exercise program as compared to before
the program. [Conclusion] The silver gymnastic exercises helped to induce positive changes
in aging-related hormone levels in elderly women living alone. These positive effects on
aging-related hormones might help to slow down aging in elderly women living alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsoo Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbum Ju
- Department of Sport and Health Care, Namseoul University: 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonaan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-707, Republic of Korea
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Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F, González-Badillo JJ. Enhanced Strength and Sprint Levels, and Changes in Blood Parameters during a Complete Athletics Season in 800 m High-Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:637. [PMID: 28912725 PMCID: PMC5583192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in sprint, strength, hematological, and hormonal parameters in high-level 800 m athletes during a complete athletics season. Thirteen male athletes of national and international level in 800 m (personal best ranging from 1:43 to 1:58 min:ss) participated in this study. A total of 5 tests were conducted during a complete athletics season. Athletes performed sprint tests (20 and 200 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), jump squat (JS), and full squat (SQ) tests. Blood samples (red and white blood profile) and hormones were collected in test 1 (T1), test 3 (T3), and test 5 (T5). A general increase in the performance of the strength and sprint parameters analyzed (CMJ, JS, SQ, 20 m, and 200 m) during the season was observed, with a significant time effect in CMJ (P < 0.01), SQ (P < 0.01), and 200 m (P < 0.05). This improvement was accompanied by a significant enhancement of the 800 m performance from T3 to T5 (P < 0.01). Significant changes in some hematological variables: hematocrit (Hct) (P < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P < 0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) (P < 0.001), white blood cells count (WBC) (P < 0.05), neutrophils (P < 0.05), monocytes (P < 0.05), and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P < 0.05) were observed throughout the season. The hormonal response and creatin kinase (CK) did not show significant variations during the season, except for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest the importance of strength levels in middle-distance athletes. On the other hand, variations in some hematological parameters and a depression of the immune system occurred during the season. Therefore, monitoring of the mechanical, hematological and hormonal response in athletes may help coaches and athletes to optimize the regulation of training contents and may be useful to diagnose states of overreaching or overtraining in athletes throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J González-Badillo
- Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
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Ramires VV, Dumith SC, Wehrmeister FC, Hallal PC, Menezes AMB, Gonçalves H. Physical activity throughout adolescence and body composition at 18 years: 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:105. [PMID: 27716326 PMCID: PMC5045609 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescence is a period of accelerated development and increases in body composition. Physical activity (PA) practice has been associated with the development of major components of body composition (bone, muscle and fat). However, the longitudinal effects of PA of different intensities during adolescence are still not well understood. Thus, the main goal this study has investigate the association between practice of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity throughout adolescence and body composition, specifically lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM), at age 18. Methods In this cohort study, physical activity was measured at 11, 15 and 18 years, using questionnaires. Thresholds of 300, 150 and 75 min per week, were used for MVPA, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity, respectively. Consistent physical activity was defined as reaching the thresholds at the three follow-ups. FM and LM at age 18 were assessed by DXA and expressed as fat mass (FMI) and lean mass (LMI) indexes. To verify the association between the trajectories of MVPA, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity in adolescence and FM and LM at 18, multivariate analyses were performed through multiple linear regressions adjusted for co-variables. Results A total of 3,176 adolescents were evaluated. The consistent practice of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity according to thresholds during adolescence were directly related to the LMI in boys (moderate-intensity - β = 0.40 and CI95 % 0.13; 0.68 and vigorous-intensity - β = 0.95 and CI95 % 0.69; 1.21) and girls (Moderate-intensity - β = 0.23 and CI95 % 0.02; 0.45 and vigorous-intensity - β = 0.80 and CI95 % 0.29; 1.32). Practice of vigorous-intensity physical activity alone showed to be inversely associated with the FMI in boys (β = -0.53 and CI95 % -0.96;–0.10). Conclusion Consistent physical activity practice during adolescence was associated with greater lean mass in both sexes. In boys, vigorous-intensity physical activity was associated with less fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio Viana Ramires
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 - 3 Piso, 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando Cesar Wehrmeister
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 - 3 Piso, 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Curi Hallal
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 - 3 Piso, 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Baptista Menezes
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 - 3 Piso, 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 - 3 Piso, 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Bertram S, Brixius K, Brinkmann C. Exercise for the diabetic brain: how physical training may help prevent dementia and Alzheimer's disease in T2DM patients. Endocrine 2016; 53:350-63. [PMID: 27160819 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of developing dementia/Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review, which is based on recent studies, presents a molecular framework that links the two diseases and explains how physical training could help counteract neurodegeneration in T2DM patients. Inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic changes in T2DM patients cause cerebrovascular complications and can lead to blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown. Peripherally increased pro-inflammatory molecules can then pass the BBB more easily and activate stress-activated pathways, thereby promoting key pathological features of dementia/AD such as brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers, leading to synaptic loss, neuronal dysfunction, and cell death. Ceramides can also pass the BBB, induce pro-inflammatory reactions, and disturb brain insulin signaling. In a vicious circle, oxidative stress and the pro-inflammatory environment intensify, leading to further cognitive decline. Low testosterone levels might be a common risk factor in T2DM and AD. Regular physical exercise reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase brain capillarization. Physical training can further counteract dyslipidemia and reduce increased ceramide levels. It might also improve Aβ clearance by up-regulating Aβ transporters and, in some cases, increase basal testosterone levels. In addition, regular physical activity can induce neurogenesis. Physical training should therefore be emphasized as a part of prevention programs developed for diabetic patients to minimize the risk of the onset of neurodegenerative diseases among this specific patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bertram
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Kim MJ, Kim JH. Comparison of lower limb muscle activation with ballet movements (releve and demi-plie) and general movements (heel rise and squat) in healthy adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:223-6. [PMID: 26957762 PMCID: PMC4756008 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to demonstrate therapeutic grounds for rehabilitation
exercise approach by comparing and analyzing muscular activities of Ballet movements: the
releve movement (RM) and the demi-plie movement (DM). [Methods] Four types of movements
such as RM vs. heel rise (HM) and DM vs. squat movement (SM) were randomized and applied
in 30 healthy male and female individuals while measuring 10-s lower limb muscular
activities (gluteus maximus [GMa], gluteus medius [GMe], rectus femoris [RF], adductor
longus [AL], medial gastrocnemius [MG], and lateral gastrocnemius [LG]) by using surface
electromyography (EMG). [Results] Significant differences were found in GMa, GMe, AL and
MG activities for DM and in all of the six muscles for RM, in particular when the two
groups were compared (RM vs HM and DM vs SM). [Conclusion] The RM and DM have a greater
effect on lower limb muscular force activities compared to HM and SM and could be
recommended as clinical therapeutic exercises for lower limb muscle enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Catholic University of Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Collomp K, Buisson C, Lasne F, Collomp R. DHEA, physical exercise and doping. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:206-12. [PMID: 24704255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations during acute and chronic exercise (training) have been investigated only fairly recently. DHEA is generally preferred to DHEA-S for exploring the acute exercise repercussions in laboratory or field tests because of its shorter elimination half-life. Conversely, DHEA-S is preferred to estimate chronic adaptations. Both can be measured noninvasively in saliva, and it is therefore possible to follow these hormone responses in elite athletes during competitive events and in healthy and pathological populations, without imposing additional stress. Indeed, the correlation between saliva and serum concentrations is high for steroid hormones, both at rest and during exercise. In this review, we will first summarize the current knowledge on the DHEA/DHEA-S responses to exercise and examine the potential modulating factors: exercise intensity, gender, age, and training. We will then discuss the ergogenic effects that athletes expect from the exogenous administration of DHEA and the antidoping methods of analysis currently used to detect this abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Collomp
- Laboratoire CIAMS, EA 4532, Université Paris Sud - Université Orléans, France; Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - C Buisson
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - F Lasne
- Département des Analyses, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - R Collomp
- Laboratoire de Soins Pharmaceutiques et de Santé Publique, Pôle Pharmacie, CHU Nice, France
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Taipale RS, Mikkola J, Salo T, Hokka L, Vesterinen V, Kraemer WJ, Nummela A, Häkkinen K. Mixed maximal and explosive strength training in recreational endurance runners. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:689-99. [PMID: 23860287 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a16d73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Supervised periodized mixed maximal and explosive strength training added to endurance training in recreational endurance runners was examined during an 8-week intervention preceded by an 8-week preparatory strength training period. Thirty-four subjects (21-45 years) were divided into experimental groups: men (M, n = 9), women (W, n = 9), and control groups: men (MC, n = 7), women (WC, n = 9). The experimental groups performed mixed maximal and explosive exercises, whereas control subjects performed circuit training with body weight. Endurance training included running at an intensity below lactate threshold. Strength, power, endurance performance characteristics, and hormones were monitored throughout the study. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Increases were observed in both experimental groups that were more systematic than in the control groups in explosive strength (12 and 13% in men and women, respectively), muscle activation, maximal strength (6 and 13%), and peak running speed (14.9 ± 1.2 to 15.6 ± 1.2 and 12.9 ± 0.9 to 13.5 ± 0.8 km Ł h). The control groups showed significant improvements in maximal and explosive strength, but Speak increased only in MC. Submaximal running characteristics (blood lactate and heart rate) improved in all groups. Serum hormones fluctuated significantly in men (testosterone) and in women (thyroid stimulating hormone) but returned to baseline by the end of the study. Mixed strength training combined with endurance training may be more effective than circuit training in recreational endurance runners to benefit overall fitness that may be important for other adaptive processes and larger training loads associated with, e.g., marathon training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva S Taipale
- 1Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; 2KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland; and 3Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Sawada S, Kon M, Wada S, Ushida T, Suzuki K, Akimoto T. Profiling of circulating microRNAs after a bout of acute resistance exercise in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70823. [PMID: 23923026 PMCID: PMC3726615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a new aspect of physiological regulation in which microRNAs (miRNAs) play fundamental roles in diverse biological and pathological processes. Furthermore, it was recently discovered that miRNAs are stably secreted into blood and that circulating miRNAs may play important roles in cell-cell communication. Here, we examined whether the circulating miRNA profile is affected by acute resistance exercise. Twelve males performed a resistance exercise session (bench press and leg press), consisting of five sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of maximum strength, with a 1 min rest between sets. Blood samples were taken before exercise, and at 0 and 60 min, 1 day, and 3 days after exercise. The circulating miRNA profile was determined by microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that the miR-149* level increased three days after resistance exercise. In contrast, the miR-146a and miR-221 levels decreased three days after resistance exercise. Our findings suggest that circulating miRNA levels change in response to acute resistance exercise, and miRNAs may play important roles in resistance-exercise-induced adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sawada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology/Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kon
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Wada
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushida
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology/Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Colleran HL, Wideman L, Lovelady CA. Effects of energy restriction and exercise on bone mineral density during lactation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:1570-9. [PMID: 22460469 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318251d43e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Modest energy restriction combined with resistance training (RT) has been shown in nonlactating women to protect bone during periods of weight loss. However, there is a paucity of research on dietary interventions and exercise in lactating women aimed at promoting bone health and weight loss. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of energy restriction and exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) and hormones during lactation. METHODS At 4 wk postpartum, participants were randomized to either a 16-wk intervention (diet restricted by 500 kcal and RT 3 d·wk) group (IG = 14) or minimal care group (CG = 13). Measurements included BMD by DXA, three 24-h dietary recalls, and hormones. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test for group differences over time. RESULTS Energy intake decreased more in IG (613 ± 521 kcal) than CG (171 ± 435 kcal) (P = 0.03). IG lost more weight (5.8 ± 3.5 kg vs CG = 1.6 ± 5.4 kg, P = 0.02). BMD decreased over time, P < 0.01, with no group differences in lumbar spine (IG = 3.4% ± 2.5%, CG = 3.7% ± 3.3%) or hip (IG and CG = 3.1 ± 1.8%). Prolactin and estradiol decreased over time in both groups, P < 0.01. Basal growth hormone remained stable; however, there was a significant increase in growth hormone response to exercise in IG. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that moderate energy restriction combined with RT promotes weight loss with no adverse effects on BMD during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Colleran
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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Timon R, Corvillo M, Brazo J, Robles MC, Maynar M. Strength training effects on urinary steroid profile across the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1469-75. [PMID: 23266510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Some studies suggest that performing strength training may cause alterations on the hypothalamic pituitary axis, resulting in steroid hormone variations. Intense training has been associated to slow the concentrations of estrogens and progesterone in women. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of strength training on the urinary steroid concentrations across the menstrual cycle phases. Twenty healthy women, regularly menstruating and not using pharmacologic contraceptives, performed a strength training during 8 weeks. Participants worked out 3 sets × 10 repetitions, with 2 min recovery time between sets, at 70-75 % of one maximum strength repetition. Urine samples were taken in three different phases of the menstrual cycle (menstrual, follicular and luteal) and they were collected both before and after training. Testosterone, DHEA, cortisol, cortisone, estradiol and progesterone concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a significant decline after training in the urinary excretion of estradiol, during the menstrual and follicular phase, and progesterone, during the menstrual and luteal phase. No significant difference was observed for other steroid hormones. These data demonstrated that strength training can play an important role in the estrogen and progesterone metabolism in women, decreasing their levels across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Timon
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Extremadura, Av de La Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain.
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Taipale RS, Mikkola J, Vesterinen V, Nummela A, Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular adaptations during combined strength and endurance training in endurance runners: maximal versus explosive strength training or a mix of both. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:325-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1361-8. [PMID: 20853205 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supra-maximal exercise on circulating concentrations of salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A in female adolescents. Nineteen apparently healthy females aged 15-16 years participated in this study. All participants completed 668 s sprints, interspersed with 30 s recovery intervals on a cycle ergometer. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A samples were taken before and 5 min after exercise. Experimental procedures continued over two mornings, at least 3 h after a light breakfast. Participants refrained from performing any strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to the exercise test. None of the participants were engaged in a structured training programme. The group mean (± s) for peak power output was 562 ± 113.0 W. Female adolescents recruited for this study showed no changes in salivary testosterone, cortisol or immunoglobulin A following repeated bouts of supra-maximal cycling (P > 0.05). To date, there has been a paucity of information concerning adolescents' hormonal and mucosal immune function responses to supra-maximal exercise. Our data provide further guidance with regard to physical activities and sports prescription for female adolescents. Further research, on a larger sample of females, is required to elucidate the physiological significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Thomas
- Centre for Children and Young People's Health and Well-Being, School of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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NAKAMURA YUKI, AIZAWA KATSUJI, IMAI TOMOKO, KONO ICHIRO, MESAKI NOBORU. Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise during Different Menstrual Cycle States. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:967-73. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182019774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Resistance exercise training-induced muscle hypertrophy was associated with reduction of inflammatory markers in elderly women. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:171023. [PMID: 21253481 PMCID: PMC3022197 DOI: 10.1155/2010/171023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with low-grade inflammation. The benefits of regular exercise for the elderly are well established, whereas less is known about the impact of low-intensity resistance exercise on low-grade inflammation in the elderly. Twenty-one elderly women (mean age ± SD,
85.0 ± 4.5 years) participated in 12 weeks of resistance exercise training. Muscle thickness and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), heat shock protein (HSP)70, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured before and after the exercise training. Training reduced the circulating levels of CRP, SAA (P < .05), HSP70, IGF-I, and insulin (P < .01). The training-induced reductions in CRP and TNF-α were significantly (P < .01, P < .05) associated with increased muscle thickness (r = −0.61, r = −0.54), respectively. None of the results were significant after applying a Bonferroni correction. Resistance training may assist in maintaining or improving muscle volume and reducing low-grade inflammation.
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Hormonal response to Taekwondo fighting simulation in elite adolescent athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1283-90. [PMID: 20803154 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training efficiency depends on the training load, as well as on the athlete's ability to tolerate it. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fighting simulation (3 fights, 6 min each, 30 min rest between fights) on anabolic (IGF-I, LH, FSH, estradiol, and testosterone) and catabolic hormones (cortisol) in elite, male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) adolescent (12-17 years) Taekwondo fighters. Blood samples were collected before the first and immediately after the third fight. The fighting simulation practice led to significant (p < 0.05) decreases in IGF-I (males -27.1 ± 25.6, females -22.4 ± 36.3 ng/ml), LH (males -0.7 ± 1.2, females -2.3 ± 3.3 U/L), and FSH (males -0.9 ± 0.5, females -1.5 ± 1.1 U/L), and to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in cortisol (males 141.9 ± 30.1, females 64.1 ± 30.6 mcg/dL) in both genders. Fighting simulation decreases in testosterone (males -1.9 ± 1.6, females -0.02 ± 0.06 ng/mL), and free androgen index (males -20.1 ± 21.5, females -0.3 ± 0.5) were significant (p < 0.05) only in male fighters. Exercise had no significant effect on estradiol, sex-hormone-binding globulins or thyroid function tests. Our data demonstrate that the physiologic and psychologic strain of a Taekwondo fighting simulation day led to a catabolic-type circulating hormonal response.
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Ferraz G, Teixeira-Neto A, Pereira M, Linardi R, Lacerda-Neto J, Queiroz-Neto A. Influência do treinamento aeróbio sobre o cortisol e glicose plasmáticos em equinos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudou-se a resposta do cortisol e da glicemia em 12 equinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe destreinados (T0) por oito meses e submetidos a um período de 90 dias de treinamento aeróbio (T90). Para avaliação dos efeitos do treinamento, empregou-se teste ergométrico constituído de exercício progressivo em esteira rolante, acompanhado por colheitas de sangue 15 segundos antes do término de cada etapa de esforço. A velocidade (intensidade) do treino foi definida como sendo 80% da V4 (velocidade na qual a lactacidemia atinge 4mmol/L). Adicionalmente, no último mês de treinamento, foi instituído, uma vez por semana, exercício com velocidades variáveis, chamado "fartlek". Após 90 dias de treinamento, a concentração plasmática de cortisol elevou-se e após o teste de esforço (20min), houve aumento da glicemia. Este resultado reflete a possibilidade de adaptação ao treinamento. Conclui-se que o cortisol plasmático pode ser utilizado como ferramenta na avaliação de um programa de treinamento em equinos.
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Eliakim A, Portal S, Zadik Z, Rabinowitz J, Adler-Portal D, Cooper DM, Zaldivar F, Nemet D. The Effect of a Volleyball Practice on Anabolic Hormones and Inflammatory Markers in Elite Male and Female Adolescent Players. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:1553-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aa1bcb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Haff GG, Jackson JR, Kawamori N, Carlock JM, Hartman MJ, Kilgore JL, Morris RT, Ramsey MW, Sands WA, Stone MH. Force-time curve characteristics and hormonal alterations during an eleven-week training period in elite women weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:433-46. [PMID: 18550958 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816191be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of an 11-week training period performed by female weightlifters. Two weeks before this investigation, baseline measures for total testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol ratio were collected. The 11-week training program consisted of the core exercises (i.e., clean, clean and jerk, and snatch) and other supplemental exercises (i.e., clean pull, snatch pull, squat, and front squat). Hormonal, isometric, and dynamic middle thigh pull force-time curve characteristics were assessed biweekly throughout the duration of the investigation, whereas volume load and training intensity were assessed weekly throughout the investigation. The testosterone:cortisol ratio of the baseline (1.19 +/- 0.64) was significantly different from the ratio of weeks 1 (0.67 +/- 0.36) and 9 (0.94 +/- 0.66). When the week-to-week values were compared, week 1 (0.67 +/- 0.36) was significantly different (P < 0.05; eta = 0.84) from week 3 (1.06 +/- 0.54). A very strong correlation (r = -0.83; r = 0.69) was found between the percentage change of the testosterone:cortisol ratio and volume load from weeks 1 to 11. Moderate to very strong correlations were noted between the percentage change in volume load and isometric peak force, peak force during the 30% isometric peak force trial, and peak force during the 100-kg trial during the 11 weeks of training. The primary finding of this study was that alterations in training volume load can result in concomitant changes in the anabolic-to-catabolic balance, as indicated by the testosterone:cortisol ratio, and the ability to generate maximal forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gregory Haff
- Division of Exercise Science, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention : pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med 2008; 38:271-96. [PMID: 18348589 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established epidemiological risk factor for many cancers, has risen steadily for the past several decades in the US and many other countries. Particularly alarming are the increasing rates of obesity among children, portending continuing increases in the rates of obesity and obesity-related cancers for many years to come. Modulation of energy balance, via increased physical activity, has been shown in numerous comprehensive epidemiological reviews to reduce cancer risk. Unfortunately, the effects and mechanistic targets of physical activity interventions on the carcinogenesis process have not been thoroughly characterized. Studies to date suggest that exercise can exert its cancer-preventive effects at many stages during the process of carcinogenesis, including both tumour initiation and progression. As discussed in this review, exercise may be altering tumour initiation events by modifying carcinogen activation, specifically by enhancing the cytochrome P450 system and by enhancing selective enzymes in the carcinogen detoxification pathway, including, but not limited to, glutathione-S-transferases. Furthermore, exercise may reduce oxidative damage by increasing a variety of anti-oxidant enzymes, enhancing DNA repair systems and improving intracellular protein repair systems. In addition to altering processes related to tumour initiation, exercise may also exert a cancer-preventive effect by dampening the processes involved in the promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis, including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS); altering cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation; decreasing inflammation; enhancing immune function; and suppressing angiogenesis. A paucity of data exists as to whether exercise may be working as an anti-promotion strategy via altering ROS in initiated or preneoplastic models; therefore, no conclusions can be made about this possible mechanism. The studies directly examining cell proliferation and apoptosis have shown that exercise can enhance both processes, which is difficult to interpret in the context of carcinogenesis. Studies examining the relationship between exercise and chronic inflammation suggest that exercise may reduce pro-inflammatory mediators and reduce the state of low-grade, chronic inflammation. Additionally, exercise has been shown to enhance components of the innate immune response (i.e. macrophage and natural killer cell function). Finally, only a limited number of studies have explored the relationship between exercise and angiogenesis; therefore, no conclusions can be made currently about the role of exercise in the angiogenesis process as it relates to tumour progression. In summary, exercise can alter biological processes that contribute to both anti-initiation and anti-progression events in the carcinogenesis process. However, more sophisticated, detailed studies are needed to examine each of the potential mechanisms contributing to an exercise-induced decrease in carcinogenesis in order to determine the minimum dose, duration and frequency of exercise needed to yield significant cancer-preventive effects, and whether exercise can be used prescriptively to reverse the obesity-induced physiological changes that increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie J Rogers
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Maruti SS, Willett WC, Feskanich D, Rosner B, Colditz GA. A prospective study of age-specific physical activity and premenopausal breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:728-37. [PMID: 18477801 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has been consistently associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, but its relationship with premenopausal breast cancer is unclear. We investigated whether physical activity is associated with reduced incidence of premenopausal breast cancer, and, if so, what age period and intensity of activity are critical. METHODS A total of 64,777 premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II reported, starting on the 1997 questionnaire, their leisure-time physical activity from age 12 to current age. Cox regression models were used to examine the relationship between physical activity, categorized by age period (adolescence, adulthood, and lifetime) and intensity (strenuous, moderate, walking, and total), and risk of invasive premenopausal breast cancer. RESULTS During 6 years of follow-up, 550 premenopausal women developed breast cancer. The strongest associations were for total leisure-time activity during participants' lifetimes rather than for any one intensity or age period. Active women engaging in 39 or more metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/wk) of total activity on average during their lifetime had a 23% lower risk of premenopausal breast cancer (relative risk = 0.77; 95% confidence interval = 0.64 to 0.93) than women reporting less activity. This level of total activity is equivalent to 3.25 h/wk of running or 13 h/wk of walking. The age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer for the highest (> or = 54 MET-h/wk) and lowest (< 21 MET-h/wk) total lifetime physical activity categories were 136 and 194 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. High levels of physical activity during ages 12-22 years contributed most strongly to the association. CONCLUSIONS Leisure-time physical activity was associated with a reduced risk for premenopausal breast cancer in this cohort. Premenopausal women regularly engaging in high amounts of physical activity during both adolescence and adulthood may derive the most benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S Maruti
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Campbell KL, Westerlind KC, Harber VJ, Bell GJ, Mackey JR, Courneya KS. Effects of aerobic exercise training on estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:731-9. [PMID: 17416764 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity may alter estrogen metabolism, a proposed biomarker of breast cancer risk, by shifting metabolism to favor production of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1). Few studies, however, have examined this question using a randomized controlled trial. PURPOSE To examine the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training on 2-OHE1 and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) in premenopausal women. METHODS Participants were healthy, regularly menstruating, Caucasian women, 20 to 35 years, body mass index of 18 to 29.9, not using pharmacologic contraceptives, with average or below average fitness [maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)), <40 mL/kg/min]. Following a baseline menstrual cycle, participants (N = 32) were randomly assigned to a 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention (n = 17) or usual lifestyle (n = 15). Height, body mass, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and VO(2max) were measured at baseline and following the intervention. Urine samples were collected in the luteal phase of four consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS The exercise group increased VO(2max) by 14% and had significant, although modest, improvements in fat and lean body mass. No significant between-group differences were observed, however, for the changes in 2-OHE1 (P = 0.944), 16alpha-OHE1 (P = 0.411), or the ratio of 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 (P = 0.317). At baseline, there was an inverse association between body fat and 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio (r = -0.40; P = 0.044); however, it was the change in lean body mass over the intervention that was positively associated with a change in 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio (r = 0.43; P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS A 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention significantly improved aerobic fitness and body composition but did not alter estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Interestingly, an increase in lean body mass was associated with a favorable change in 2-OHE1 to 16alpha-OHE1 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Campbell
- E-488 Van Vliet Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9
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de Graaf‐Roelfsema E, Keizer H, van Breda E, Wijnberg I, van der Kolk J. Hormonal responses to acute exercise, training and overtraining a review with emphasis on the horse. Vet Q 2007; 29:82-101. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Heavey PM, McKenna D, Rowland IR. Colorectal cancer and the relationship between genes and the environment. Nutr Cancer 2005; 48:124-41. [PMID: 15231447 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4802_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the etiology and progression of the disease. Several risk factors have been identified, including positive family history, red meat intake, smoking, and alcohol intake. Protective factors include vegetables, calcium, hormone replacement therapy, folate, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical activity. The interaction between these environmental factors, in particular diet and genes, is an area of growing interest. Currently, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mismatch repair genes are believed to play an essential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. When considering the genetics of CRC, only 10% of cases are inherited and only 2-6% can be ascribed to the highly penetrant genes, such as APC, hMLH and hMSH2. Lower penetrance genes combined with a Western-style diet contribute to the majority of sporadic CRCs. The purpose of this article is to give a brief overview of the epidemiologic studies that have been conducted and present the major findings. Here, we examine the molecular events in CRC, with particular focus on the interaction between genes and environment, and review the most current research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Heavey
- Northern Ireland Center for Diet and Health, Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA.
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Leidy HJ, Gardner JK, Frye BR, Snook ML, Schuchert MK, Richard EL, Williams NI. Circulating ghrelin is sensitive to changes in body weight during a diet and exercise program in normal-weight young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2659-64. [PMID: 15181038 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is directly involved with short-term regulation of energy balance. Although circulating levels of ghrelin are elevated in anorexia nervosa and reduced in obesity, the role of ghrelin in regulating long-term energy balance in healthy women has not been investigated. We examined the effects of a 3-month energy deficit-imposing diet and exercise intervention on circulating ghrelin in normal-weight, healthy women. Body composition, resting metabolic rate, and serum ghrelin were measured at pre-, mid-, and postintervention in controls (n = 7), who performed no exercise, and exercising women who remained weight stable (n = 5) or lost weight (n = 10). Exercise training occurred five times per week, and subjects were fed a specific diet. Ghrelin significantly increased over time (770 +/- 296 to 1322 +/- 664 pmol/liter) in the weight-loss group compared with the controls and the weight-stable group (P < 0.05). Changes in ghrelin were negatively correlated with changes in body weight (r = -0.61; P < 0.05). Body fat, body weight, and resting metabolic rate significantly decreased in the weight-loss group before the increase in ghrelin. These findings suggest that ghrelin responds in a compensatory manner to changes in energy homeostasis in healthy young women, and that ghrelin exhibits particular sensitivity to changes in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Leidy
- Noll Physiological Research Center and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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