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Busso T, Chalencon S. Validity and Accuracy of Impulse-Response Models for Modeling and Predicting Training Effects on Performance of Swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1274-1285. [PMID: 36791017 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of models for practical applications in training planning. METHODS We tested six impulse-response models, including Banister's model (Model Ba), a variable dose-response model (Model Bu), and indirect-response models differing in the way they account or not for the effect of previous training on the ability to respond effectively to a given session. Data from 11 swimmers were collected during 61 wk across two competitive seasons. Daily training load was calculated from the number of pool-kilometers and dry land workout equivalents, weighted according to intensity. Performance was determined from 50-m trials done during training sessions twice a week. Models were ranked on the base of Aikaike's information criterion along with measures of goodness of fit. RESULTS Models Ba and Bu gave the greatest Akaike weights, 0.339 ± 0.254 and 0.360 ± 0.296, respectively. Their estimates were used to determine the evolution of performance over time after a training session and the optimal characteristics of taper. The data of the first 20 wk were used to train these two models and predict performance for the after 8 wk (validation data set 1) and for the following season (validation data set 2). The mean absolute percentage error between real and predicted performance using Model Ba was 2.02% ± 0.65% and 2.69% ± 1.23% for validation data sets 1 and 2, respectively, and 2.17% ± 0.65% and 2.56% ± 0.79% with Model Bu. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that although the two top-ranked models gave relevant approximations of the relationship between training and performance, their ability to predict future performance from past data was not satisfactory for individual training planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Busso
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
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Winwood PW, Keogh JWL, Travis SK, Pritchard HJ. The Tapering Practices of Competitive Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:829-839. [PMID: 35976755 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Winwood, PW, Keogh, JW, Travis, SK, and Pritchard, HJ. The tapering practices of competitive weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 829-839, 2023-This study explored the tapering strategies of weightlifting athletes. Weightlifting athletes ( n = 146) (mean ± SD ; age: 29.2 ± 8.7 years, height: 172.5 ± 10.1 cm, body mass: 84.0 ± 17.2 kg, 4.7 ± 3.4 years of weightlifting training experience, and 3.9 ± 3.3 years of competitive weightlifting experience) completed a self-reported 4-page, 39-item internet survey on tapering practices. Subgroup analysis by sex (male and female) and competitive standard (local or regional, national and international level) was conducted. Ninety-nine percent ( n = 144) of weightlifting athletes reported they used a taper. Athletes stated that their typical taper length was 8.0 ± 4.4 days, with the linear (36%) and step tapers (33%) being the most performed. Training volume decreased during the taper by 43.1 ± 14.6%, and athletes ceased all training 1.5 ± 0.6 days out from competition. Muscular strength, light technique work, and aerobic conditioning were the most common types of training performed in the taper. Athletes typically stated that tapering was performed to achieve rest and recovery, physical preparation for peak performance and mental preparation; training intensity and training duration decreased whereas training frequency remained the same or decreased; traditional exercises were performed further out from competition than weightlifting exercises; assistance exercises and some strength work were reduced; nutritional changes, foam rolling, static stretching, and massage were strategies used in the taper; and poor tapering occurred because of training too heavy, too hard, or too light and life-work circumstances. These results may aid athletes and coaches in strength sports to optimize tapering variables leading to improved performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S Kyle Travis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Department of Exercise and Wellness, Adjunct Academic Staff Member, Faculty of Health and Sciences, UCOL, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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3
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Bachelor FAR, de Carvalho CD, Andreossi JC, Miranda DRM, Papoti M. Effects of Training and Taper on Neuromuscular Fatigue Profile on 100-m Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:329-335. [PMID: 35500602 DOI: 10.1055/a-1841-3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 6-week specific preparatory period and 2-week taper period on neuromuscular fatigue profile in 100-m front crawl swimming performance. Seventeen competitive-level young-adult swimmers performed a 100-m swimming performance at baseline and after 6-week specific preparatory followed by 2-week taper periods. Neuromuscular fatigue profile was assessed through percutaneous electrical stimuli on the femoral nerve during a maximal voluntary contraction performed before and immediately after each 100-m maximal effort. Performance improved (p=0.001) 2.24 and 3.06% after specific and taper, respectively. Potentiated peak force at post-effort condition decreased (p<0.001) 16.26% at baseline, 11.70% at specific, and 12.86% at taper period. Maximal voluntary contraction force also decreased (p<0.001) at post-effort condition by about 6.77 and 9.33% at baseline and specific period, respectively. Both variables did not present significant differences between times. No condition or time effects were observed to superimposed peak force and voluntary activation, both related to central fatigue. In conclusion, neuromuscular fatigue during 100-m swimming performance was exclusively developed by peripheral mechanisms regardless of the training period, and 2-week taper was able to prevent decreases in maximal voluntary contraction induced by 100-m maximal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Alves Ribeiro Bachelor
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Causin Andreossi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Rodrigues Messias Miranda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Wang Z, Wang YT, Gao W, Zhong Y. Effects of tapering on performance in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282838. [PMID: 37163550 PMCID: PMC10171681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the responses to taper in endurance athletes using meta-analysis. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE databases. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of outcome measures were calculated as effect sizes. RESULTS 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Significant improvements were found between pre- and post-tapering in time-trial (TT) performance (SMD = -0.45; P < 0.05) and time to exhaustion (TTE) performance (SMD = 1.28; P < 0.05). However, There were no improvements in maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and economy of movement (EM) (P > 0.05) between pre- and post-tapering. Further subgroup analysis showed that tapering combined with pre-taper overload training had a more significant effect on TT performance than conventional tapering (P < 0.05). A tapering strategy that reduced training volume by 41-60%, maintained training intensity and frequency, lasted ≤7 days, 8-14 days, or 15-21 days, used a progressive or step taper could significantly improve TT performance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The tapering applied in conjunction with pre-taper overload training seems to be more conducive to maximize performance gains. Current evidence suggests that a ≤21-day taper, in which training volume is progressively reduced by 41-60% without changing training intensity or frequency, is an effective tapering strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
- Hubei Sports and Health Research Center, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Yong Tai Wang
- Rochester Institute of Technology, College of Health Sciences and Technology, New York, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Weifeng Gao
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
- Hubei Sports and Health Research Center, Wuhan, HuBei, China
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Physiological Effects of Training in Elite German Winter Sport Athletes: Sport Specific Remodeling Determined Using Echocardiographic Data and CPET Performance Parameters. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9080235. [PMID: 35893224 PMCID: PMC9332285 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine ski mountaineering (Ski-Mo), ten Nordic-cross country (NCC), and twelve world elite biathlon (Bia) athletes were evaluated for cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance and pronounced echocardiographic physiological cardiac remodeling as a primary aim of our descriptive preliminary report. In this context, a multicenter retrospective analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic data including speckle tracking of the left ventricle (LV-GLS) and CPET performance analysis was performed in 31 elite world winter sports athletes, which were obtained during the annual sports medicine examination between 2020 and 2021. The matched data of the elite winter sports athletes (14 women, 17 male athletes, age: 18–32 years) were compared for different CPET and echocardiographic parameters, anthropometric data, and sport-specific training schedules. Significant differences could be revealed for left atrial (LA) remodeling by LA volume index (LAVI, p = 0.0052), LV-GLS (p = 0.0003), and LV mass index (LV Mass index, p = 0.0078) between the participating disciplines. All participating athletes showed excellent performance data in the CPET analyses, whereby significant differences were revealed for highest maximum respiratory minute volume (VE maximum) and the maximum oxygen pulse level across the participating athletes. This study on sport specific physiological demands in elite winter sport athletes provides new evidence that significant differences in CPET and cardiac remodeling of the left heart can be identified based on the individual athlete’s training schedule, frequency, and physique.
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Kataoka R, Vasenina E, Hammert WB, Ibrahim AH, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL. Is there Evidence for the Suggestion that Fatigue Accumulates Following Resistance Exercise? Sports Med 2021; 52:25-36. [PMID: 34613589 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that improper post-exercise recovery or improper sequence of training may result in an 'accumulation' of fatigue. Despite this suggestion, there is a lack of clarity regarding which physiological mechanisms may be proposed to contribute to fatigue accumulation. The present paper explores the time course of the changes in various fatigue-related measures in order to understand how they may accumulate or lessen over time following an exercise bout or in the context of an exercise program. Regarding peripheral fatigue, the depletion of energy substrates and accumulation of metabolic byproducts has been demonstrated to occur following an acute bout of resistance training; however, peripheral accumulation and depletion appear unlikely candidates to accumulate over time. A number of mechanisms may contribute to the development of central fatigue, postulating the need for prolonged periods of recovery; however, a time course is difficult to determine and is dependent on which measurement is examined. In addition, it has not been demonstrated that central fatigue measures accumulate over time. A potential candidate that may be interpreted as accumulated fatigue is muscle damage, which shares similar characteristics (i.e., prolonged strength loss). Due to the delayed appearance of muscle damage, it may be interpreted as accumulated fatigue. Overall, evidence for the presence of fatigue accumulation with resistance training is equivocal, making it difficult to draw the conclusion that fatigue accumulates. Considerable work remains as to whether fatigue can accumulate over time. Future studies are warranted to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the concept of fatigue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Ecaterina Vasenina
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Adam H Ibrahim
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA.
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Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Pierce KC. Periodization and Block Periodization in Sports: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training-A Provocative and Challenging Narrative. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2351-2371. [PMID: 34132223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - William G Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Sciences Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Dylan G Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Junshi Liu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jose M Gonzalez-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain; and
| | - Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Spilsbury KL, Fudge BW, Nimmo MA, Faulkner SH. Lower volume throughout the taper and higher intensity in the last interval session prior to a 1,500 m time trial improves performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1345-1353. [PMID: 34062089 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eight highly-trained middle-distance runners (1,500 m personal best 4:01.4 ± 0:09.2 min) completed two 7-day tapers, separated by at least 3 weeks of regular training: (i) prescribed using prediction models from elite middle-distance runners, where continuous running volume was reduced by 30% and interval intensity was equal to 1,500 m race pace (RP); and (ii) continuous running volume was reduced by 60% and intensity of the final interval session was completed at 110% of 1,500 m race pace (HI). Performance was assessed using 1,500 m time trials on an indoor 200 m track one day before, and one day after each taper. Performance time was improved after HI by 5.2 ± 3.7 s (mean ± 90% confidence limits, p = 0.03) and by 3.2 ± 3.8 s after RP (p = 0.15). The first and second 300-m segments of the 1,500 m time trial were faster post-taper in RP (p = 0.012 and p = 0.017, respectively) and HI (both p = 0.012). Running faster than race pace late in a low-volume taper is recommended to improve 1,500 m track performance. A positive pacing strategy is adopted after tapering, although care should be taken to avoid an over-fast start. Novel Findings • A large reduction in volume during tapering and an increase in final interval session intensity improves running performance • Athletes adopt a negative pacing strategy before tapering and a positive-pacing strategy after tapering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Spilsbury
- Queensland Academy of Sport, 95809, Nathan, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Barry W Fudge
- LAP 25 Ltd., Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Myra A Nimmo
- University of Birmingham, 1724, Life and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Steve H Faulkner
- Nottingham Trent University, 6122, Department of Engineering, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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Martín-López Á, Mendes RS, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Internal and External Loads in Training Week Before the Competition in U19 High-Level Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1766-1772. [PMID: 30557176 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martín-López, Á, Mendes, RS, and Castillo-Rodríguez, A. Internal and external loads in training week before the competition in U19 high-level soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1766-1772, 2021-Nowadays, the information about the load in training sessions (TRs) and the relationship of these TRs with official competition are necessary to gain the sport success in soccer. The aim of this study was to quantify the different loads in TRs according to days before the competition (P-4, P-2, and P-1) on soccer players U19 based on their playing position and their sport success. Twenty-four male Spanish high-level players (age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.04 m; and body mass: 63.0 ± 6.3 kg) participated in the study. They were grouped according to their playing position: external defenders, internal defenders (ID), external midfielders, internal midfielders (IM), and forwards (FO). To conduct the study, global positioning system technology was used, and a 1-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were performed. The main results revealed that the highest physical and physiological responses in the TRs were shown by ID, IM, and players without sport success (p < 0.05), and during P-2. In addition, sport success is predicted by the mean heart rate (R2 = 0.33; p < 0.001). As conclusion, players covering central positions in the playing field performed higher physical and physiological demands than players covering exterior or forward positions. Furthermore, physical and physiological responses during the TRs P-2 may be similar to the responses produced in competition match and are notably different depending on the sport success of the soccer player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-López
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
| | - Rui Sousa Mendes
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, School of Education of Coimbra, Department of Education, IIA, Robocorp, ASSERT, Portugal
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Batra A, Wetmore AB, Hornsby WG, Lipinska P, Staniak Z, Surala O, Stone MH. Strength, Endocrine, and Body Composition Alterations across Four Blocks of Training in an Elite 400 m Sprinter. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010025. [PMID: 33803237 PMCID: PMC8006296 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce force rapidly has the potential to directly influence sprinting performance through changes in stride length and stride frequency. This ability is commonly referred to as the rate of force development (RFD). For this reason, many elite sprinters follow a combined program consisting of resistance training and sprint training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength, endocrine and body composition adaptations that occur during distinct phases of a block periodized training cycle in a 400 m Olympic level sprinter. The athlete is an elite level 400 m male sprinter (age 31 years, body mass: 74 kg, years of training: 15 and Personal Best (PB): 45.65 s). This athlete completed four distinct training phases of a block periodized training program (16 weeks) with five testing sessions consisting of testosterone:cortisol (T/C) profiles, body composition, vertical jump, and maximum strength testing. Large fluctuations in T/C were found following high volume training and the taper. Minor changes in body mass were observed with an abrupt decrease following the taper which coincided with a small increase in fat mass percentage. Jump height (5.7%), concentric impulse (9.4%), eccentric impulse (3.4%) and power ratio (18.7%) all increased substantially from T1 to T5. Relative strength increased 6.04% from T1 to T5. Lastly, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of a competitive taper in increasing physiological markers for performance as well as dynamic performance variables. Block periodization training was effective in raising the physical capabilities of an Olympic level 400 m runner which have been shown to directly transfer to sprinting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Batra
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee University, Johnson City, TN 36714, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alex B. Wetmore
- Department of Athletics, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT 16172, USA;
| | - W. Guy. Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Patrycja Lipinska
- Institute of Physical Education, University of Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Staniak
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Olga Surala
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee University, Johnson City, TN 36714, USA;
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11
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Stina S, Keijo H. Step vs. Two-Phase Gradual Volume Reduction Tapering Protocols in Strength Training: Effects on Neuromuscular Performance and Serum Hormone Concentrations. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2771-2779. [PMID: 33337705 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Seppänen, S and Häkkinen, K. Step vs. two-phase gradual volume reduction tapering protocols in strength training: Effects on neuromuscular performance and serum hormone concentrations. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study assessed effects of 2 reduced volume tapering protocols on neuromuscular performance and serum hormone concentrations in 14 recreationally strength-trained men (21-30 years). After an 8-week strength training period subjects were divided to the step (54% volume reduction immediately) and 2-phase gradual (38% reduction for the first week and 70% for the second week) tapering groups for 2 weeks. One repetition maximum (1RM) squat, maximal isometric bilateral leg press force (leg press MVIC), electromyography (EMG) of vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis, cross-sectional area of VL, serum testosterone, cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globuline (SHBG) concentrations were measured before and repeatedly during training and tapering periods. Both tapering protocols led to significant increases (p < 0.01) in squat 1RM. However, the increase in the step group (3.4 ± 2.1%) was higher (p < 0.05) than in the gradual group (1.7 ± 0.9%). The maximal integrated EMG of VL increased (p < 0.05) during tapering in the step group. Serum testosterone concentration increased (p < 0.05) and T/SHBG ratio reached the highest level after 1-week tapering in the step group. In the gradual group, T/SHBG ratio was (p < 0.05) higher after the taper than after the training period. Individual changes in T/SHBG ratio in the total group correlated positively (p < 0.05) with individual changes in leg press MVIC during the taper. These results suggest that reducing training volume can be an effective way to peak maximal strength. However, a higher volume reduction rate at the beginning of taper seems to lead to more favorable changes in maximal strength accompanied by positive changes in the neuromuscular system and serum hormone concentrations when taper follows an overreaching period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppänen Stina
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Rosa JPP, Silva A, Rodrigues DF, Menslin R, Araújo LT, Vital R, Tufik S, Stieler E, de Mello MT. Association Between Hormonal Status, Stress, Recovery, and Motivation of Paralympic Swimmers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:652-661. [PMID: 32004120 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1696929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate associations between hormonal profile (cortisol and testosterone) and the psychobiological aspects of Paralympic athletes during a competitive season. Method: Male Brazilian Paralympic swimmers (n = 11) were evaluated in three Training Camps (TC) during the cycle of training for the Paralympic Games RIO 2016. Questionnaires were used for data collection of stress and recovery, motivation in sport and hormonal status was assessed by salivary samples of cortisol ([Csal]) and testosterone ([Tsal]) concentrations. The Friedman test was used to identify overall significant differences at the three TC for each variable. When the overall p value indicated statistical significance (p < .05), a post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data was used to compare pairs of TC. The Spearman correlation was used to identify associations between the hormonal profile and the psychobiological aspects. Results: There was an association between the [Csal] and the "Conflicts/Pressure" sub-scale (r = 0.60; p = .04) in TC1 and the "Lack of Energy" subscale (r = 0.63; p = .03) in TC2. In the TC3, there were correlations between [Tsal] and "To Know" intrinsic motivation (r = 0.83, p < .01), "Objectives"(r = 0.66, p < .02), "Experiences" (r = 0.65, p < .02) and "Amotivation" (r = -0.70, p = .01). There were also associations between the [Tsal] and the "Social Recovery" (r = 0.77, p < .01), "General Wellness" (r = 0.73, p < .01), "Sleep Quality" (r = 0.63, p = .03) and "Self-efficacy" (r = 0.60, p = .05) subscales. In TC3, there was an association between [Tsal] and the "Success" (r = 0.61, p = .04), "Sleep Quality" (r = 0.62, p = .03), "Personal Accomplish" (r = 0.82, p < .01), "Self-efficacy" (r = 0.82, p < .05), "Self-regulation" (r = 0.85, p < .01) and "Physical Recovery" (r = 0.80, p < .01) subscales. The data demonstrate associations between biomarkers (salivary testosterone and cortisol) and psychobiological domains of Paralympic swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Pereira Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
| | - Dayane Ferreira Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
| | - Rui Menslin
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
| | | | - Roberto Vital
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
| | | | - Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro/Academia Paralímpica Brasileira
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Zacca R, Azevedo R, Chainok P, Vilas-Boas JP, Castro FADS, Pyne DB, Fernandes RJ. Monitoring Age-Group Swimmers Over a Training Macrocycle: Energetics, Technique, and Anthropometrics. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:818-827. [PMID: 30113917 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zacca, R, Azevedo, R, Chainok, P, Vilas-Boas, JP, Castro, FAdS, Pyne, DB, and Fernandes, RJ. Monitoring age-group swimmers over a training macrocycle: energetics, technique, and anthropometrics. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 818-827, 2020-The aim of this study was to quantify changes and contributions of energetic, technique, and anthropometric profiles across the first training macrocycle (16-week) in a traditional 3-peak swimming season. Twenty-four age-group swimmers (10 boys and 14 girls age 14.4 ± 0.9 years) of equal maturational stage were monitored through a 400-m test in front crawl (T400). Energetic, technique, and anthropometric characteristics were compared before (experimental testing 1, E1) and after the preparatory (E2), specific (E3), and competitive (E4) training periods. Sex interaction was not significant for any variable. Multiple linear regressions and principal component analysis were used to identify the most influential variables and the relative contribution of each domain (energetics, technique, and anthropometrics) to changes in swimming performance of T400. The relative contributions for performance of T400 at E1, E2, E3, and E4 were 15, 12, 6, and 13% for energetics, 78, 85, 75, and 70% for technique, and 7, 3, 19 and 17% for anthropometrics, respectively. Technique played the main role during the first 16-week macrocycle in a competitive season, regardless of small fluctuations in the influence of energetics and anthropometrics. Changes and influence of energetics, technique, and anthropometric on age-group swimmers' performance could be described by the T400 swimming test, providing a comprehensive biophysical overview of the main contributors to swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zacca
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rui Azevedo
- CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Phornpot Chainok
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio A de S Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David B Pyne
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia; and.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Pereira LA, Andrade DC, Mendez-Rebolledo G, De La Fuente CI, Castro-Sepulveda M, Garcia-Pinillos F, Freitas TT, Loturco I. Tapering strategies applied to plyometric jump training: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:53-62. [PMID: 32674540 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of plyometric jump training (PJT) applied in conjunction with tapering strategies on the jump performance of team-sport athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The meta-analysis included: 1) randomized-controlled studies that incorporated a PJT program; 2) cohorts of team-sport athletes; 3) jump performance assessments; and 4) studies that incorporated a programmed taper. A systematic search was conducted in distinct electronic databases for relevant studies. Aside from jump performance, the extracted data included characteristics of the participants, PJT, and tapering. Means and standard deviations were used to calculate the effect sizes (ES). To assess the effects of moderator variables, subgroup analyses were performed. The statistical significance level was set as P<0.05. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS From 7020 records initially identified, 14 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Across all included studies, there was a moderate, significant improvement in jump performance (ES=0.73; P<0.001). Additionally, the subgroup analysis demonstrated that the duration and intensity of the taper and the volume of the PJT induced similar improvements in jump performance (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In summary, PJT interventions that included a programmed taper induced significant improvements in jump performance in team-sport athletes. These effects were observed after different tapering strategies in terms of volume, taper duration, and the type of PJT prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Center for Research in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - David C Andrade
- Center for Research in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Physiology and High Altitude Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Antofagasta University, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Carlos I De La Fuente
- Department of Sciences and Health, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Sports Health, Santa Maria Clinic, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Garcia-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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15
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Reis JF, Matias CN, Campa F, Morgado JP, Franco P, Quaresma P, Almeida N, Curto D, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4851. [PMID: 32640533 PMCID: PMC7369706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. METHODS Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 ± 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 ± 1.8 years; undertaking 16-20 h of pool training and 4-5 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 ± 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. RESULTS The results of the Hotelling T2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes (p < 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA (p < 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers' health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Reis
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - José P. Morgado
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Franco
- Federação Portuguesa de Natação, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Quaresma
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Nuno Almeida
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalia Curto
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
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Ryan GA, Snarr RL, Eisenman ML, Rossi SJ. Seasonal Training Load Quantification and Comparison in College Male Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1038-1045. [PMID: 32304515 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ryan, GA, Snarr, RL, Eisenman, ML, and Rossi, SJ. Seasonal training load quantification and comparison in college male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Monitoring and quantification of training load (TL) throughout a competitive soccer season is important to ensure players are able to perform throughout the season. The intent of this study was to examine the positional demands and patterns of select measures of TL during a 14-week season in collegiate male soccer players. Heart rate (HR), running performance (SZ), and perceived recovery data were collected daily using a bioharness for each subject (n = 21). Data were grouped into 2- to 3-week training blocks (Pre1, Pre2, In1, In2, In3, and In4). Continuous variables were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance, with post hoc Least Squared Difference pairwise comparisons. Significant positional differences were observed across the season. During Pre1, center midfielders (CM) spent more time in %HRlow compared to center backs (CB) (p < 0.01), wide midfielders (p < 0.01), and center forwards (p = 0.04). Center midfielders spent greater time in SZlower than CB (p < 0.01) and wide backs (WB) (p = 0.01). Wide backs spent greater time in SZupper compared to other positions (all p < 0.01). During Pre2, WB spent more time in %HRhigh and SZupper compared to other positions (all p < 0.01). Positional differences were more varied throughout in-season comparisons, but generally, WB and CB demonstrated higher intensities in variables compared to other positions. Tracking variations in positional TLs across the season is important for coaching and training staffs to determine player readiness and plan future training sessions, while helping to mitigate overuse injuries during a long competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Ryan
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
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Changes in Renal Parameters during a Training Camp among Handball Players in the Sub-Saharan Environment. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6031763. [PMID: 32149151 PMCID: PMC7054788 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6031763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the changes in kidney parameters induced by 10 days of tapering (TP) during a training camp (TC), where the players were preparing for a group competition, in 15 female handball team members of a Division 1 Amateur of Benin, in the sub-Saharan environment. Measures were taken in all the players before and after the intensive training (IT) and tapering (TP) phases in an intervention study. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the CKD-EPI 4-level race formula, the fractional excretions of sodium (FeNa) and potassium (FeK), the urine potassium-to-sodium ratio (Na/K urine), and the hemoglobin rate [Hb] were determined for all participants. At the end of IT, eGFR and FeNa increased, respectively, by 22.39% (P < 0.01) and 143.85% (P < 0.01), but the variation of FeK is not significant (P > 0.05). The number of abnormally low eGFR values (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2) was reduced from 11 to 5 (P < 0.05). At the end of TP, the eGFR and urine Na-to-K ratio remained on average constant (P > 0.05) but FeNa decreased by 96.32% (P < 0.001) and FeK increased by 144.41% (P < 0.001). The [Hb] rate increased by 9.80% (P < 0.001), and players had inadequate hydration practice. The results suggested that in addition to its already known effects, TP preserves the positive effects of IT on glomerular function in athletes preparing for a competition that presents a major challenge.
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18
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Botonis PG, Arsoniadis GG, Platanou TI, Toubekis AG. Heart rate recovery responses after acute training load changes in top-class water polo players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:158-165. [PMID: 32101102 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of acute training load changes of elite water polo players on heart rate recovery (HRR) responses after a standardized swimming test. Nine water polo players were tested after a two-day light-load and two-day heavy-load training. Preliminarily, critical swimming speed was calculated. Testing comprised of an intermittent 4 × 100-m swimming separated by 10 s of rest with an intensity corresponding to 85% of their maximum speed previously attained during a 100-m swim test followed immediately by assessment of HRR. Internal training load (ITL) was measured using the rating of perceived exertion and the duration of training sessions. The swimming speed corresponded to 1.43 ± 0.06 m·s-1 and 1.45 ± 0.06 m·s-1 after light-load and heavy-load training, respectively (p = 0.06, d = 0.74). ITL was increased in high-load compared to light-load training (p < 0.001, d = 11.54). The difference in HR at end of exercise (HR-end) and after 60 s rest and the difference in mean HR during last min of exercise and HR after 60 s rest were higher in light-load training (p < 0.05, d = 0.85-1.15). The absolute change in ITL was correlated with the respective change in the percentage change of HR-end at 10 s of recovery (%HRR10s) (r = 0.72, p = 0.03). Significant correlation was observed between the percentage change of ITL with the %HRR10s (r = 0.67, p = 0.05). We conclude that HRR tracks acute changes in training load. The lower HRR following high-load training likely indicates a blunted parasympathetic re-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gavriil G Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros I Platanou
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Performance Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ramirez‐Campillo R, Moran J, Chaabene H, Granacher U, Behm DG, García‐Hermoso A, Izquierdo M. Methodological characteristics and future directions for plyometric jump training research: A scoping review update. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:983-997. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez‐Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group Department of Physical Activity Sciences Universidad de Los Lagos Osorno Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio Universidad Mayor Santiago Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences Research Focus Cognitive Sciences University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Kef University of Jendouba Jendouba Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences Research Focus Cognitive Sciences University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Canada
| | - Antonio García‐Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) IdiSNA Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Pamplona Spain
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN) IdiSNA Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Pamplona Spain
- Grupo GICAEDS. Programa de Cultura Física Deporte y Recreación Universidad Santo Tomás Bogotá Colombia
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20
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Timpka T, Périard JD, Spreco A, Dahlström Ö, Jacobsson J, Bargoria V, Andersson C, Alonso JM, Racinais S. Health complaints and heat stress prevention strategies during taper as predictors of peaked athletic performance at the 2015 World Athletics Championship in hot conditions. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:336-341. [PMID: 31761558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether self-reported health complaints and choice of heat stress prevention strategies during the taper predicted peaking at an athletics championship in hot conditions. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Data on health and heat stress prevention were collected before the 2015 World Athletics Championship in Beijing, China. Peaking was defined using the athlete's pre-competition ranking and final competition rank. Baseline and endpoint data were fitted into multiple logic regression models. RESULTS Two hundred forty-five (29%) of 841 eligible athletes participated. Both sprint/power (Odds ratio (OR) 0.33 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.11 to 0.94), P=0.038) and endurance/combined events (OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.14 to 1.00), P=0.049) athletes having sustained concern-causing health complaints during the taper were less likely to peak. Endurance/combined events athletes who chose pre-cooling to mitigate heat stress were less likely to peak (OR 0.35 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.80), P=0.013), while sprint/power athletes reporting a sudden-onset injury complaint during the taper displayed increased peaking (OR 4.47 (95% CI 1.28 to 15.59), P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Health complaints that caused the athlete concern during the taper were predictive of failure to peak at a major athletics competition. Sprint/power athletes who experienced an acute injury symptom during the taper appeared to benefit from rest. Pre-cooling strategies seem to require further validation during real-world endurance/combined events. It appears that athletics athletes' self-reported health should be monitored during the taper, concerns addressed, and heat stress prevention strategies individually tested before championships in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Julien D Périard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
| | - Armin Spreco
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Swedish Athletics Association, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Juan-Manuel Alonso
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Gibson OR, James CA, Mee JA, Willmott AG, Turner G, Hayes M, Maxwell NS. Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:3-36. [PMID: 32166103 PMCID: PMC7053966 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and post-training to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed. Abbreviations: CWI: Cold water immersion; HA: Heat acclimation; HR: Heart rate; HSP: Heat shock protein; HWI: Hot water immersion; LTHA: Long-term heat acclimation; MTHA: Medium-term heat acclimation; ODHA: Once-daily heat acclimation; RH: Relative humidity; RPE: Rating of perceived exertion; STHA: Short-term heat acclimation; TCORE: Core temperature; TDHA: Twice-daily heat acclimation; TS: Thermal sensation; TSKIN: Skin temperature; V̇O2max: Maximal oxygen uptake; WGBT: Wet bulb globe temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Carl A. James
- Institut Sukan Negara (National Sports Institute), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica A. Mee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Ashley G.B. Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth Turner
- Bisham Abbey National High-Performance Centre, English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Marlow, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S. Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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Vacher P, Filaire E, Mourot L, Nicolas M. Stress and recovery in sports: Effects on heart rate variability, cortisol, and subjective experience. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 143:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kelly DM, Strudwick AJ, Atkinson G, Drust B, Gregson W. Quantification of training and match-load distribution across a season in elite English Premier League soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1651934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Kelly
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony J. Strudwick
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Costa P, Simão R, Perez A, Gama M, Lanchtermacher R, Musialowski R, Braga F, de Mello Coelho V, Palma A. A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Undulatory, Staggered, and Linear Load Manipulations in Aerobic Training on Oxygen Supply, Muscle Injury, and Metabolism in Male Recreational Runners. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31332593 PMCID: PMC6646634 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Taper is considered as a strategy to avoid overtraining and increase peak performance in athletes. Because aerobic exercise increases the level and duration of independence during the lifespan, the participation of recreational athletes has increased in running events around the world. However, the effects of using load reduction in their training and aerobic performance are still not well known. Objectives Our goal was to compare load manipulations, using tapering-like periods in the end of recreational athletes training evaluating alterations in oxygen supply, muscle injury, and metabolism markers. Methods Healthy males (n = 88, 20–35 years old) were randomly distributed in groups using a combination of two mesocycles of 4 weeks, undulatory and staggered, with two daily microcycles, undulatory and linear. Undulatory-undulatory (Und-Und) and undulatory-linear (Und-Lin) groups had load reduction in the final week of training while the staggered-undulatory (Sta-Und) and staggered-linear (Sta-Lin) groups did not. Cardiorespiratory capacity (V̇O2max), body mass index (BMI), and body fat % were evaluated. Blood samples were also collected to analyze hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), circulating levels of hemoglobin (Hb), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea (U), cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT), and free T/C ratio. Results After 8 weeks of training, Und-Und had the highest trend to increase V̇O2max. Both Und-Und and Sta-Lin reduced body fat %. Und-Und showed a significant increase in MCHC, T and Free T/C ratio, a positive trend to increase Ht% and Hb levels, and a trend to decrease CK, LDH, and C circulating levels. Sta-Lin presented a trend to decrease Ht% and Hb levels, a significant increase in CK, LDH, AST, ALT circulating levels, and a decrease in Free T/C ratio. Conclusion The use of daily undulatory training load provides better gains for aerobic fitness while the use of staggered load, mainly associated with linear load, promotes inadequate recovery in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Simão
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Perez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gama
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Rogério Lanchtermacher
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Musialowski
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Fábio Braga
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Mello Coelho
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Palma
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil.
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Hermassi S, Ghaith A, Schwesig R, Shephard RJ, Souhaiel Chelly M. Effects of short-term resistance training and tapering on maximal strength, peak power, throwing ball velocity, and sprint performance in handball players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214827. [PMID: 31276499 PMCID: PMC6611564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of short-term resistance training and two weeks of tapering on physical performances in handball players. Following a ten-week progressive resistance training program, subjects were divided between an experimental (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The experimental group completed a resistance training program, followed by a two-week period when the training intensity was tapered by 60%, while the control group maintained their typical pattern of training. Muscle power (force-velocity test and squat and counter-movement jump tests), sprinting ability (10m and 30m), ability to change direction (T-half test) and throwing velocity (a 3-step throw with a run, and a jump throw) were evaluated before training, at the end of training and after tapering. The experimental group showed significantly larger interaction effects for the 10-week training period (12/15, 80%), than for the following 2 weeks of tapering (10/15, 67%), with the largest gains being in 15 m sprint times (d = 3.78) and maximal muscular strength in the snatch (d = 3.48). Although the performance of the experimental group generally continued to increase over tapering, the mean effect size for the training period was markedly higher (d = 1.92, range: 0.95-3.78) than that seen during tapering (d = 1.02, range: -0.17-2.09). Nevertheless the ten weeks of progressive resistance training followed by two weeks of tapering was an effective overall tactic to increase muscle power, sprint performance and ball throwing velocity in handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Aloui Ghaith
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Roy J. Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Biological Sciences Applied for Physical Activities and Sport, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
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Rano J, Fridén C, Eek F. Effects of acute psychological stress on athletic performance in elite male swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1068-1076. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Skalenius M, Mattsson CM, Dahlberg P, Bergfeldt L, Ravn-Fischer A. Performance and cardiac evaluation before and after a 3-week training camp for 400-meter sprinters - An observational, non-randomized study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217856. [PMID: 31150507 PMCID: PMC6544373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the performance and cardiovascular function after a 3-week training camp in athletes competing in an anaerobically dominant sport. Methods Twenty-three competitive 400-m athletes were enrolled in this non-randomized study, 17 took part in a 3-week training camp in South-Africa (intervention), but one declined follow-up assessment, while 6 pursued in-door winter training in Sweden and served as controls. Electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, blood test analyses, maximal exercise tolerance test, and a 300-m sprint test with lactate measurements ([La]peak) were performed before and after the training camp period. Results At baseline, there were no clinically significant pathological findings in any measurements. The training period resulted in improved 300m-sprint performance [n = 16; running time 36.71 (1.39) vs. 35.98 (1.13) s; p<0.01] and higher peak lactate values. Despite 48% more training sessions than performed on home ground (n = 6), myocardial biomarkers decreased significantly (NT-pro BNP -38%; p<0.05, troponin T -16%; p<0.05). Furthermore, resting heart rate (-7%; p<0.01) and left ventricular systolic and diastolic volumes decreased -6% (p<0.01) and -10% (p<0.05), respectively. Conclusions Intense physical activity at training camp improved the performance level, likely due to improved anaerobic capacity indicated by higher [La]peak. There were no clinically significant adverse cardiac changes after this period of predominantly anaerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Skalenius
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - C. Mikael Mattsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics (SVExA), Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Pia Dahlberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergfeldt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annica Ravn-Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
We investigated the effectiveness of a short-duration training period including an overloaded (weeks 1 and 2) and a reduced training load period (weeks 3 and 4) on wellness, swimming performance and a perceived internal training load in eight high-level water-polo players preparing for play-offs. The internal training load was estimated daily using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session duration (session-RPE). Perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality, stress level and mood) were assessed daily. Swimming performance was evaluated through 400-m and 20-m tests performed before (baseline) and after the end of weeks 2 and 4. In weeks 3 and 4, the internal training load was reduced by 19.0 ± 3.8 and 36.0 ± 4.7%, respectively, compared to week 1 (p = 0.00). Wellness was improved in week 4 (20.4 ± 2.8 AU) compared to week 1 and week 2 by 16.0 ± 2.2 and 17.3 ± 2.9 AU, respectively (p =0.001). At the end of week 4, swimming performance at 400-m and 20-m tests (299.0 ± 10.2 and 10.2 ± 0.3 s) was improved compared to baseline values (301.4 ± 10.9 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05) and the overloading training period (week 2; 302.9 ± 9.0 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05). High correlations were observed between the percentage reduction of the internal training load from week 4 to week 1 (-25.3 ± 5.5%) and the respective changes in 20-m time (-2.1 ± 2.2%, r = 0.88, p < 0.01), fatigue perception (39.6 ± 27.1%), muscle soreness (32.5 ± 26.6%), stress levels (25.6 ± 15.1%) and the overall wellness scores (28.6 ± 21.9%, r = 0.74-0.79, p < 0.05). The reduction of the internal training load improved the overall perceived wellness and swimming performance of players. The aforementioned periodization approach may be an effective training strategy in the lead-up to play-off tournaments.
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Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Vancini RL, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Training and Body Composition during Preparation for a 48-Hour Ultra-Marathon Race: A Case Study of a Master Athlete. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060903. [PMID: 30871153 PMCID: PMC6466448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the acute effects of ultra-endurance exercise on body composition have been well studied, limited information exists about the chronic adaptations of body composition to ultra-endurance training. The aim of the present study was to examine the day-by-day variation of training and body composition of a master athlete during the preparation for a 48-hour ultra-marathon race. For all training sessions (n = 73) before the race, the running distance, duration, and pace were recorded, and body mass, body fat (BF), body water (%), visceral fat, fat-free mass (FFM), four circumferences (i.e., waist, upper arm, thigh and calf), and eight skinfolds (i.e., chest, mid-axilla, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, iliac crest, thigh and calf) were measured accordingly in a 53-year-old experienced ultra-endurance athlete (body mass 80.1 kg, body height 177 cm, body mass index 25.6 kg·m−2). The main findings of the present study were that (a) the training plan of the ultra-endurance master athlete followed a periodization pattern with regard to exercise intensity and training volume, which increased over time, (b) the body mass, BF, and FFM decreased largely during the first 30 training sessions, and (c) the circumferences and skinfolds reflected the respective decrease in BF. The findings of this case study provided useful information about the variation of training and body composition during the preparation for an ultra-marathon race in a male master ultra-marathoner. The preparation for an ultra-endurance race seems to induce pronounced changes in body mass and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celina Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory of the Center of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Spilsbury KL, Nimmo MA, Fudge BW, Pringle JSM, Orme MW, Faulkner SH. Effects of an increase in intensity during tapering on 1500-m running performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:783-790. [PMID: 30608885 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of completing the final interval training session during a taper at either (i) race pace (RP) or (ii) faster than RP on 1500-m running performance and neuromuscular performance. Ten trained runners (age, 21.7 ± 3.0 years; height, 182.9 ± 7.0 cm; body mass, 73.4 ± 6.8 kg; and personal best 1500-m time, 4:17.5 ± 0:26.9 min) completed 2 conditions consisting of 7 days of regular training and a 7-day taper, separated by 3 weeks of training. In 1 condition, the taper was prescribed using prediction models based on the practices of elite British middle-distance runners, with the intensity of the final interval session being equal to 1500-m RP. The taper was repeated in the high-intensity (HI) condition, with the exception that the final interval session was completed at 115% of 1500-m RP. A 1500-m treadmill time trial and measures of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were completed before and after regular training and tapering. Performance was most likely improved after RP (mean ± 90% confidence limits, 10.1 ± 1.6 s), and possibly beneficial after HI (4.2 ± 12.0 s). Both MVC force (p = 0.002) and RFD (p = 0.02) were improved after tapering, without differences between conditions. An RP taper based on the practices of elite middle-distance runners is recommended to improve performance in young, subelite runners. The effect of this strategy with an increase in interval intensity is highly variable and should be implemented with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Spilsbury
- a English Institute of Sport, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.,b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Myra A Nimmo
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | | | - Mark W Orme
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Steve H Faulkner
- b School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Padilhas OP, Pereira RDA, Marques RCS, Silva DC, Guimarães KSDL, Costa DDO, Lima FFD, Silva AS. INTER SEASON PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BRAZILIAN BEACH HANDBALL TEAM. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182406153471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The Brazilian national women's beach handball team traditionally holds intense pre-competition training with several daily sessions in the weeks before major matches. This can cause excessive physical strain, but physiological monitoring can guide the coaching staff to modulate the training load, preventing this excessive strain. Objective: To monitor the physiological responses of members of the Brazilian national women's beach handball team in a pre-competition training program with loads modulated according to individual physiological response. Methods: Seventeen athletes (27.1 ± 3.8 years) were assessed before the start of the pre-competition training period (E1), on Day 8 (E2) and Day 18 (E3). Blood samples were taken for subsequent analysis of muscular damage markers (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). An ECG test was performed to assess cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was applied to assess mood. The results were reported to the coaching staff, who made training adjustments according to the individual status of each athlete. Results: CK increased significantly from E1 to E2 (131.1 ± 80.9 vs 212.9 ± 131.7) and remained unchanged (212.9 ± 185.6) up to E3, while LDH was significantly reduced from E2 to E3 (590.7 ± 120.2 vs 457.8 ± 86.6), finishing the pre-competition training program with values similar to E1 (512.7 ± 190.6). The only change noted was the subjective sensation of fatigue from the POMS questionnaire that was significantly higher in E2 (4.82 ± 4.05) and E3 (5.5 ± 4.8) compared to E1 (2.06 ± 2.61), but no changes in total mood disturbance were detected in this instrument. Conclusion: With the modulation of training loads based on results of physiological tests, the members of the Brazilian national women's beach handball team responded in a physiologically adequate manner, even when faced with a sudden increase in training load for 18 consecutive days. Level of evidence III; Diagnostic study-investigation of a diagnostic test.
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Winwood PW, Dudson MK, Wilson D, Mclaren-Harrison JKH, Redjkins V, Pritchard HJ, Keogh JWL. Tapering Practices of Strongman Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1181-1196. [PMID: 29373426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Winwood, PW, Dudson, MK, Wilson, D, Mclaren-Harrison, JKH, Redjkins, V, Pritchard, HJ, and Keogh, JWL. Tapering practices of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1181-1196, 2018-This study provides the first empirical evidence of how strongman athletes taper for strongman competitions. Strongman athletes (n = 454) (mean ± SD: 33.2 ± 8.0 years, 178.1 ± 10.6 cm, 108.6 ± 27.9 kg, 12.6 ± 8.9 years general resistance training, 5.3 ± 5.0 years strongman implement training) completed a self-reported 4-page internet survey on tapering practices. Analysis by sex (male and female), age (≤30 and >30 years), body mass (≤105 and >105 kg), and competitive standard (local/regional amateur, national amateur and professional) was conducted. Eighty-seven percent (n = 396) of strongman athletes reported that they used a taper. Athletes stated that their typical taper length was 8.6 ± 5.0 days, with the step taper the most commonly performed taper (52%). Training volume decreased during the taper by 45.5 ± 12.9%, and all training ceased 3.9 ± 1.8 days out from competition. Typically, athletes reported that training frequency and training duration stayed the same or decreased and training intensity decreased to around 50% in the last week. Athletes generally stated that tapering was performed to achieve recovery, rest, and peak performance; the deadlift, yoke walk, and stone lifts/work took longer to recover from than other lifts; assistance exercises were reduced or removed in the taper; massage, foam rolling, nutritional changes, and static stretching were strategies used in the taper; and, poor tapering occurred when athletes trained too heavy/hard or had too short a taper. These data will assist strongman athletes and coaches in the optimization of tapering variables leading to more peak performances. Future research could investigate the priming and preactivation strategies strongman athletes use on competition day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Mike K Dudson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Justice K H Mclaren-Harrison
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Vladislav Redjkins
- Department of Hospitality, Tourism and Sport Industry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,World Strongman Federation, Belorussian Information Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health & Science, University College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Puce L, Marinelli L, Pierantozzi E, Mori L, Pallecchi I, Bonifazi M, Bove M, Franchini E, Trompetto C. Training methods and analysis of races of a top level Paralympic swimming athlete. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:612-620. [PMID: 30276182 PMCID: PMC6165978 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836254.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Training methods for Paralympic swimmers must take into account different pathologies, competitions classes, athlete’s individual circumstances and peculiar physical adaptation mechanisms, hence general guidelines cannot be found in literature. In this study we present a training program, implemented for the physical preparation of a top level Paralympic swimmer. The athlete under study, affected by infantile cerebral palsy within a clinical picture of a spastic tetraparesis, by the end of 2016 was holder of Italian, European, world and Paralympic titles in the 400-m freestyle competition, S6 class. The training macrocycle was structured in a 3-fold periodization (three mesocycles), in view of the preparation to three international competitions. The 4-month training mesocycles prior to each competition differed substantially in terms of mileage load, intensity and recovery times. The first mesocycle was characterized by a sizeable low-intensity mileage load, the second one was shifted to lower mileage load, carried out at middle-to-high intensity levels, the third one entailed increased effort intensity, counterbalanced by lower mileage load. In all cases, recovery times were balanced to obtain optimized performance through physical adaptation to training stimuli, keeping into account the physiopatological response. Tapering phases were adjusted to maximize performance at competition. As an assessment of the effectiveness of the training method, correspondence between chronometric and technical parameters in the three competitions and the respective mesocycle training programs was found. The results of the present study may support the development of training guidelines for athletes affected by upper motor neuron lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Sport Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Méline T, Mathieu L, Borrani F, Candau R, Sanchez AM. Systems model and individual simulations of training strategies in elite short-track speed skaters. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:347-355. [PMID: 30071185 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1504375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated training strategies on performance potential in elite short-track speed skaters. Training load and field-based criterion performances from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were collected over a 3-month training period and the relationship between training loads and performance was computed with a variable dose-response model using a genetic algorithm. Individual simulations of tapers preceded or not preceded by an overload training (OT) were assessed. We obtained a significant correlation between actual and modelled performances (R2 = 0.76 ± 0.07). Regarding model parameters, no significant difference was found between males and females but the time to recover performance tended to be lower in females. Simulations in which the taper parameters were free highlighted that an exponential or a step taper were the most effective for increasing performance compared to a linear taper (p < 0.05). Optimal exponential taper duration after OT was 10.7 ± 2.4d and the optimal load reduction was 75.9 ± 3.7%. OT intensity had the greatest influence on the predicted performance, followed by OT duration, taper decay, and to a lesser extent load reduction during taper and taper duration. Thus, a variable dose-response systems model allows the evaluation of different taper strategies and their potential effect on performance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Méline
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604, Department of Sports Sciences , University of Perpignan Via Domitia , Font-Romeu , France.,b Fédération Française des Sports de Glace , CREPS/CNEA , Font-Romeu , France.,c Centre de Ressources, d'Expertise et de Performance Sportives (CREPS) - Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude (CNEA) , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Ludovic Mathieu
- b Fédération Française des Sports de Glace , CREPS/CNEA , Font-Romeu , France.,c Centre de Ressources, d'Expertise et de Performance Sportives (CREPS) - Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude (CNEA) , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- d Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Robin Candau
- e Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , University of Montpellier, INRA UMR 866 , Montpellier , France
| | - Anthony Mj Sanchez
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604, Department of Sports Sciences , University of Perpignan Via Domitia , Font-Romeu , France
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An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:538-561. [PMID: 29848161 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sports periodization has traditionally focused on the exercise aspect of athletic preparation, while neglecting the integration of other elements that can impact an athlete's readiness for peak competition performances. Integrated periodization allows the coordinated inclusion of multiple training components best suited for a given training phase into an athlete's program. The aim of this article is to review the available evidence underpinning integrated periodization, focusing on exercise training, recovery, nutrition, psychological skills, and skill acquisition as key factors by which athletic preparation can be periodized. The periodization of heat and altitude adaptation, body composition, and physical therapy is also considered. Despite recent criticism, various methods of exercise training periodization can contribute to performance enhancement in a variety of elite individual and team sports, such as soccer. In the latter, both physical and strategic periodization are useful tools for managing the heavy travel schedule, fatigue, and injuries that occur throughout a competitive season. Recovery interventions should be periodized (ie, withheld or emphasized) to influence acute and chronic training adaptation and performance. Nutrient intake and timing in relation to exercise and as part of the periodization of an athlete's training and competition calendar can also promote physiological adaptations and performance capacity. Psychological skills are a central component of athletic performance, and their periodization should cater to each athlete's individual needs and the needs of the team. Skill acquisition can also be integrated into an athlete's periodized training program to make a significant contribution to competition performance.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Álvarez C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P, Asadi A, Chaabene H, Moran J, Meylan C, García-de-Alcaraz A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Nakamura FY, Granacher U, Kraemer W, Izquierdo M. Methodological Characteristics and Future Directions for Plyometric Jump Training Research: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1059-1081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lobigs LM, Sharpe K, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Peeling P, Dawson B, Schumacher YO. The athlete's hematological response to hypoxia: A meta-analysis on the influence of altitude exposure on key biomarkers of erythropoiesis. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:74-83. [PMID: 29027252 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training is associated with changes in blood markers, which can confound results of the Athlete?s Biological Passport (ABP). This meta-analysis aims to describe the fluctuations during- and post-altitude in key ABP variables; hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), square-root transformed reticulocyte percentage (sqrt(retic%)) and the OFF-score. Individual de-identified raw data were provided from 17 studies. Separate linear mixed effects analyses were performed for delta values from baseline for [Hb], sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score, by altitude phase (during and post). Mixed models were fitted with the hierarchical structure: study and subject within study as random effects. Delta values as response variables and altitude dose (in kilometer hours; km.hr = altitude (m) / 1000 x hours), sex, age, protocol and baseline values as fixed effects. Allowances were made for potential autocorrelation. Within two days at natural altitude [Hb] rapidly increased. Subsequent delta [Hb] values increased with altitude dose, reaching a plateau of 0.94 g/dL [95%CI (0.69, 1.20)] at ~1000 km.hr. Delta sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score were the first to identify an erythrocyte response, with respective increases and decreases observed within 100 to 200 km.hr. Post-altitude, [Hb] remained elevated for two weeks. Delta sqrt(retic%) declined below baseline, the magnitude of change was dependent on altitude dose. Baseline values were a significant covariate (p<0.05). The response to altitude is complex resulting in a wide range of individual responses, influenced primarily by altitude dose and baseline values. Improved knowledge of the plausible hematological variations during- and post-altitude provides fundamental information for both the ABP expert and sports physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M. Lobigs
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222; Doha Qatar
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Melbourne; Vic 3010 Australia
| | - Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Australian Institute of Sport; Canberra 2617 Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont; WA 6010 Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
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Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Zieliński J. Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1859-1866. [PMID: 29072032 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of training on hematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in training loads within consecutive phases of the training cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to training loads in consecutive phases of the annual training cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24±3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24±4 years) who competed at the national and international level. METHODS Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). RESULTS Our main findings are that: 1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual training cycle; 2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters; and 3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all hematological parameters in four characteristic training phases. CONCLUSIONS Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most hematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual training cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of hematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual training cycle should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland -
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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McKenzie E. Foundations of performance – factors that contribute to excellence in equine exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Horses are renowned for their incredible capacity for a range of athletic activities, and participation in athletic events arguably represents the most critical strut of the equine industry. Successful performance is typically a primary focus during participation in competitive athletic events, and relies upon a variety of innate physiological and structural factors of the athlete. However, a wide range of external factors also influence performance, and many of these can be readily manipulated. Therefore, thorough assessment of the individual’s inherent capacity for a specific athletic discipline must be combined with optimisation of external factors including nutrition and training to promote excellent performance. Recent progress in methods of athlete selection and monitoring of training responses are assisting continued improvements in equine performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Ritchie D, Allen JB, Kirkland A. Where science meets practice: Olympic coaches' crafting of the tapering process. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1145-1154. [PMID: 28782993 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1362717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there is research providing physiologically-based guidance for the content of the taper, this study was the first to examine how coaches actually implement the taper. The purpose of this study was to examine the taper planning and implementation processes of successful Olympic coaches leading up to major competitions and how they learned about tapering. Seven track and field coaches participated in semi-structured interviews exploring their tapering processes. To be considered for inclusion, coaches were required to have coached one or more athletes to an Olympic or Paralympic medal. Through a process of axial and open coding interview transcripts were analysed and lower and higher order themes developed describing the coaches' tapering processes. Our findings indicate that the strategies employed to achieve the desired physiological adaptions of the taper were consistent with research (e.g., reduction in volume whilst maintaining intensity and frequency). However, our findings also suggest that tapering is far from a straight forward "textbook" process. The taper was not restricted to physiological outcomes with coaches considering athletes' psychological as well as physical state. Coaches also involved the athlete in the process, adapted the taper to the athlete, continually monitored its progress, and adapted it further as required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justine B Allen
- b Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport , University of Stirling , Stirling , Scotland
| | - Andrew Kirkland
- b Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport , University of Stirling , Stirling , Scotland
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Nässi A, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M. Psychological tools used for monitoring training responses of athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mason BRJ, Argus CK, Norcott B, Ball NB. Resistance Training Priming Activity Improves Upper-Body Power Output in Rugby Players: Implications for Game Day Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:913-920. [PMID: 27386962 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Billy R J Mason
- 1Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia; 2Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia; and 3Brumbies Rugby, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Silva RPM, dos Santos RO, Matildes NE, Mundim AV, Garrote MDS, Rodrigues PF, Penha-Silva N. Influence of the use of testosterone associated with physical training on some hematologic and physical parameters in older rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 61:62-69. [PMID: 27598977 PMCID: PMC10522118 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the possible blood changes in wistar rats elderly with and without treatment with anabolic steroids submitted physical training. MATERIALS AND METHODS Elderly rats (32) were divided into four groups: normal (N), treated normal (NT), diabetic (D) and treated diabetic (DT). They were submitted to 20 sessions of swimming with overload (5% body weight), 40 min/day for four weeks. The NT and DT groups received application of testosterone twice a week. At the end of the sessions, the animals were subjected to swimming until exhaustion and then killed for removal of blood and visceral fat. We evaluated maximum swim time, weight of visceral fat, erythrogram, leukogram, lipidogram and serum levels of glucose, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase. The results were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS In elderly diabetic rats, the use of anabolic associated with physical training in older rats resulted in improvement in erythrogram, lipidogram and physical performance for high-intensity aerobic exercise. However, it was related to changes in leukocyte count, probably associated with inflammation. CONCLUSION The combination of the use of testosterone with physical training, followed by maximal effort test caused changes hematological and biochemical can be associated with improvement in physiological characteristics, with increase of the swimming time and decrease of visceral fat levels, improvement in aerobic metabolism of fatty acids and glucose in normal and diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeu Paulo Martins Silva
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e DesportoUniversidade Federal do AcreRio BrancoACBrasilCentro de Ciências da Saúde e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
- Centro Universitário do Planalto de AraxáAraxáMGBrasilCentro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá (Uniaraxá), Araxá, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio dos Santos
- Centro Universitário do Planalto de AraxáAraxáMGBrasilCentro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá (Uniaraxá), Araxá, MG, Brasil
| | - Nelson Eurípedes Matildes
- Centro Universitário do Planalto de AraxáAraxáMGBrasilCentro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá (Uniaraxá), Araxá, MG, Brasil
| | - Antônio Vicente Mundim
- Instituto de Genética e BioquímicaUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândiaMGBrasilInstituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Mario da Silva Garrote
- Instituto de Genética e BioquímicaUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândiaMGBrasilInstituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Pâmella Ferreira Rodrigues
- Centro Universitário do Planalto de AraxáAraxáMGBrasilCentro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá (Uniaraxá), Araxá, MG, Brasil
| | - Nilson Penha-Silva
- Instituto de Genética e BioquímicaUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândiaMGBrasilInstituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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Pritchard HJ, Tod DA, Barnes MJ, Keogh JW, McGuigan MR. Tapering Practices of New Zealand's Elite Raw Powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1796-804. [PMID: 26670988 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pritchard, HJ, Tod, DA, Barnes, MJ, Keogh, JW, and McGuigan, MR. Tapering practices of New Zealand's elite raw powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1796-1804, 2016-The major aim of this study was to determine tapering strategies of elite powerlifters. Eleven New Zealand powerlifters (28.4 ± 7.0 years, best Wilks score of 431.9 ± 43.9 points) classified as elite were interviewed, using semistructured interviews, about their tapering strategies. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analyzed. Total training volume peaked 5.2 ± 1.7 weeks from competition while average training intensity (of 1 repetition maximum) peaked 1.9 ± 0.8 weeks from competition. During tapering, volume was reduced by 58.9 ± 8.4% while intensity was maintained (or slightly reduced) and the final weight training session was performed 3.7 ± 1.6 days out from competition. Participants generally stated that tapering was performed to achieve full recovery; that accessory work was removed around 2 weeks out from competition; and deadlifting takes longer to recover from than other lifts. Typically participants stated that trial and error, and changes based on "feel" were the sources of tapering strategies; equipment used and movements performed during tapering are the same as in competition; nutrition was manipulated during the taper (for weight cutting or performance aims); and poor tapering occurred when too long (1 week or more) was taken off training. These results suggest that athletes may benefit from continuing to strength train before important events with reduced volume and maintained intensity. Only exercises that directly assist sports performance should remain in the strength program during tapering, to assist with reductions in fatigue while maintaining/improving strength expression and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden J Pritchard
- 1Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Science at the Universal College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; 3School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 4School of Sport and Exercise at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 5Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine at Bond University, Queensland, Australia; and 6Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Sampson JA, Fullagar HHK, Murray A. Evidence is needed to determine if there is a better way to determine the acute:chronic workload. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:621-622. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Mitochondrial adaptations to high-volume exercise training are rapidly reversed after a reduction in training volume in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2016; 30:3413-3423. [PMID: 27402675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased mitochondrial content and respiration have both been reported after exercise training. However, no study has directly compared how different training volumes influence mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Ten healthy men performed high-intensity interval cycling during 3 consecutive training phases; 4 wk of normal-volume training (NVT; 3/wk), followed by 20 d of high-volume training (HVT; 2/d) and 2 wk of reduced-volume training (RVT; 5 sessions). Resting biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained at baseline and after each phase. No mitochondrial parameter changed after NVT. After HVT, mitochondrial respiration and citrate synthase activity (∼40-50%), as well as the protein content of electron transport system (ETS) subunits (∼10-40%), and that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), NRF1, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), PHF20, and p53 (∼65-170%) all increased compared to baseline; mitochondrial specific respiration remained unchanged. After RVT, all the mitochondrial parameters measured except citrate synthase activity (∼36% above initial) were not significantly different compared to baseline (all P > 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that training volume is an important determinant of training-induced mitochondrial adaptations and highlight the rapid reversibility of human skeletal muscle to a reduction in training volume.-Granata, C., Oliveira, R. S. F., Little, J. P., Renner, K., Bishop, D. J. Mitochondrial adaptations to high-volume exercise training are rapidly reversed after a reduction in training volume in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodrigo S F Oliveira
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Fessi MS, Zarrouk N, Di Salvo V, Filetti C, Barker AR, Moalla W. Effects of tapering on physical match activities in professional soccer players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2189-2194. [PMID: 27065344 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1171891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine: (i) the effect of decreasing training load (TL) during taper weeks on physical match activities in professional soccer players, and (ii) to disclose the relationship between weekly TL and physical match activities. Rating of perceived exertion was collected after each training session and match to quantify the TL in 19 professional players over 17 standard and 7 taper weeks during the season. Physical match activities were quantified by a computerised match analysis system and compared between standard training and taper weeks. Compared to standard weeks, the duration and frequency of training sessions during the taper weeks decreased (-21.7% and -18.8%, respectively; P < 0.01) with no change in intensity (-4.8%; P = 0.09). Consequently, the weekly TL decreased during the taper weeks (-25.5%; P < 0.01). Increases in distance covered by intense running (+15.1%; P < 0.05), high-intensity running (HIR) (+15.7%; P < 0.01), number of sprints (+17.8%; P < 0.05) and number of high-speed runs (+15.7%; P < 0.05) were observed during the seven matches played after the taper weeks. High relationships were observed between TL and HIR distance covered, number of HIR and number of sprints (r = -0.53; r = -0.55; r = -0.65, respectively; P < 0.01). Decreasing TL during taper weeks by reducing training duration and frequency but maintaining intensity was associated with an increase in physical activities during matches. However, it needs to be determined whether tapering or other match factors led to the changes in match activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saifeddin Fessi
- a UR 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Nidhal Zarrouk
- b National Sports Medicine Programme (NSMP), Excellence in Football Project , Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- c Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,d Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome Foro Italico , Roma , Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- e Department of Sports Science and Exercise , University of Rome Torvergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Alan R Barker
- f Sports and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , England , UK
| | - Wassim Moalla
- a UR 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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Karimi M, Yazdani Noori A. Serotonin and Mood State Changes in Response to a Period of Yoga Training in Well-Trained Wrestlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21615667.2015.1116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schelling X, Calleja-González J, Torres-Ronda L, Terrados N. Using testosterone and cortisol as biomarker for training individualization in elite basketball: a 4-year follow-up study. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:368-78. [PMID: 25144130 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the responses of testosterone and cortisol, with special reference to playing positions, playing time (PT), and phase of the season. We performed a follow-up study during 4 consecutive seasons to investigate the effects of PT, positional role, and phase of the season on anabolic-catabolic biomarkers (plasma total testosterone -TT- and cortisol -C-) on 20 professional male basketball players (27.0 ± 4.2 years; 24.4 ± 1.2 kg·m). First blood samples were collected right after the off-season period and considered as baseline. Samples were taken periodically every 4-6 weeks, always after a 24- to 36-hour break after the last game played. Statistical procedures were nonparametric mainly. Hormonal status was playing position-dependent, power forward (PF) showed the lowest TT values (median ± interquartile range [IQR]; PF: 18.1 ± 4.9; nmol·L), and small forwards showed the highest ones of cortisol (0.55 ± 0.118 μmol·L). Players who played between 13 and 25 minutes per game showed the highest values of TT (22.8 ± 6.9 nmol·L) and TT/C (47.1 ± 21.2). March and April showed the most catabolic or stressed hormonal state (low TT/C values and high ones of cortisol) and that is necessary to take into account according to PT (>25-minute per game) and specific playing position. Monitoring plasma TT and cortisol is recommended to prevent excessive stress caused by professional basketball season requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Schelling
- 1Bàsquet Manresa SAD, Manresa, Spain; 2University of Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; 3National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Lleida, Spain; and 4University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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50
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Zaras ND, Stasinaki ANE, Krase AA, Methenitis SK, Karampatsos GP, Georgiadis GV, Spengos KM, Terzis GD. Effects of tapering with light vs. heavy loads on track and field throwing performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:3484-95. [PMID: 24910954 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of power training with light vs. heavy loads during the tapering phases of a double periodized training year on track and field throwing performance. Thirteen track and field throwers aged 16-26 years followed 8 months of systematic training for performance enhancement aiming at 2 tapering phases during the winter and the spring competition periods. Athletes performed tapering with 2 different resistance training loads (counterbalanced design): 7 athletes used 30% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) light-load tapering (LT), and 6 athletes used the 85% of 1RM heavy-load tapering (HT), during the winter tapering. The opposite was performed at the spring tapering. Before and after each tapering, throwing performance, 1RM strength, vertical jumping, rate of force development (RFD), vastus lateralis architecture, and rate of perceived exertion were evaluated. Throwing performance increased significantly by 4.8 ± 1.0% and 5.6 ± 0.9% after LT and HT, respectively. Leg press 1RM and squat jump power increased more after HT than LT (5.9 ± 3.2% vs. -3.4 ± 2.5%, and 5.1 ± 2.4% vs. 0.9 ± 1.4%, respectively, p ≤ 0.05). Leg press RFD increased more in HT (38.1 ± 16.5%) compared with LT (-2.9 ± 6.7%), but LT induced less fatigue than HT (4.0 ± 1.5 vs. 6.7 ± 0.9, p ≤ 0.05). Muscle architecture was not altered after either program. These results suggest that performance increases similarly after tapering with LT or HT in track and field throwers, but HT leads to greater increases in strength, whole body power, and RFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Zaras
- 1Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Greece; and 2First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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