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Guo Z, Du X, Zhou Y, Xu D, Xu X, Lu S, Ran F. Melatonin Alleviates Venous Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Iliac Vein Occlusion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870981. [PMID: 35585973 PMCID: PMC9108156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The iliac vein can be severely stenosed and occluded due to thrombosis, tumor compression, or an anatomical abnormality. Such occlusion could result in limb swelling, venous claudication, and persistent leg ulcers. Its devastating sequelae heavily impact patients lifestyles and the social economy. Due to a lack of a stable and easy-to-operate iliac vein occlusion (IVO) model, its underlying molecular mechanism and pathophysiological process has not been completely understood. Melatonin (MLT) plays a critical role in anti-inflammation, but the potential protective effect of melatonin on venous dysfunction induced by IVO has not been revealed. In this study, a mouse model of IVO was established to study the effects of MLT on injured veins. The results of laser speckle images and Evans blue showed that MLT inhibited venous permeability in an IVO mouse model. Furthermore, MLT suppressed inflammation of surrounding tissues close to the affected vein by inhibiting the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1α, and MCP-1. In addition, endothelial injury was inhibited by MLT using zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) staining. Taken together, we elucidated the therapeutic effect of MLT on vascular dysfunction induced by IVO, mainly by inhibiting the TNF-α, IL-1α, and MCP-1 mRNA levels, improving endothelial function, and inhibiting vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Ran, ; Shan Lu,
| | - Feng Ran
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Ran, ; Shan Lu,
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Zou J, Yuan D, Yang J, Yu Y. Effects of Diosmin on Vascular Leakage and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Venous Obstruction. Front Nutr 2022; 9:831485. [PMID: 35273990 PMCID: PMC8903897 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.831485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) plagues countless people, posing a significant economic and social burden. The progress of current IVCS-related research is slow owing to the limitations of animal models. In this study, we generated a mouse model of iliac vein stenosis (IVS) to monitor the effects of IVCS on venous function, such as increased vascular leakage, the expression of adhesion molecules, and elevated inflammation factors. Diosmin, a widely used clinical bioactive ingredient, was administered to confirm its therapeutic effects on the IVS mouse model. The results revealed that diosmin manifested therapeutic improvement in the IVS mouse model. In addition, we verified that the IVS mouse model is a stable and reproducible animal model for pathophysiological studies. High-purity diosmin can be beneficial to venous dysfunction and hence provides a more effective treatment option for venous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongping Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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3
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Guo Z, Du X, Zhang Y, Su C, Ran F, Lu Q. Diosmin Alleviates Venous Injury and Muscle Damage in a Mouse Model of Iliac Vein Stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:785554. [PMID: 35097005 PMCID: PMC8792538 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.785554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a progressive inflammatory disease that increases in prevalence with age. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism of CVD development is essential for disease prevention and treatment. This study constructed a mouse model of iliac vein stenosis to explore the mechanism of the CVD disease progression, and diosmin was administered as a positive control (as recommended by clinical practice). The mouse model was established successfully with iliac vein stenosis, leading to the expansion of the intercellular space and venous leakage. Conversely, micronized diosmin showed a dose-dependent therapeutic effect for these manifestations. Concerning the mechanism, iliac vein stenosis caused an inflammatory response in veins, while diosmin suppressed this increase. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis indicated that diosmin significantly improved muscle function through actin filament organization and muscle contraction. These results indicated that the mouse model of iliac vein stenosis is a reliable model to study venous diseases. Furthermore, the dose-dependent therapeutic effect of diosmin on stenosis (without toxic side-effects) suggests greater protection against venous diseases at higher doses of diosmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunwan Su
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Ran
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Feng Ran
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiulun Lu
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, Álvarez-Mon MA, Chaowen C, Ruiz-Grande F, Pekarek L, Monserrat J, Asúnsolo A, García-Honduvilla N, Álvarez-Mon M, Bujan J. Understanding Chronic Venous Disease: A Critical Overview of Its Pathophysiology and Medical Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3239. [PMID: 34362022 PMCID: PMC8348673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a multifactorial condition affecting an important percentage of the global population. It ranges from mild clinical signs, such as telangiectasias or reticular veins, to severe manifestations, such as venous ulcerations. However, varicose veins (VVs) are the most common manifestation of CVD. The explicit mechanisms of the disease are not well-understood. It seems that genetics and a plethora of environmental agents play an important role in the development and progression of CVD. The exposure to these factors leads to altered hemodynamics of the venous system, described as ambulatory venous hypertension, therefore promoting microcirculatory changes, inflammatory responses, hypoxia, venous wall remodeling, and epigenetic variations, even with important systemic implications. Thus, a proper clinical management of patients with CVD is essential to prevent potential harms of the disease, which also entails a significant loss of the quality of life in these individuals. Hence, the aim of the present review is to collect the current knowledge of CVD, including its epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors, but emphasizing the pathophysiology and medical care of these patients, including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments. Furthermore, future directions will also be covered in this work in order to provide potential fields to explore in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Chen Chaowen
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Fernando Ruiz-Grande
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Immune System Diseases—Rheumatology and Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Julia Bujan
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (C.C.); (L.P.); (J.M.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
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Pompilio G, Nicolaides A, Kakkos SK, Integlia D. Systematic literature review and network Meta-analysis of sulodexide and other drugs in chronic venous disease. Phlebology 2021; 36:695-709. [PMID: 33983078 DOI: 10.1177/02683555211015020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical efficacy of sulodexide, including a comparison with venoactive drugs (VAD) (micronized purified flavonoid fraction, MPFF; hydroxy-ethyl-rutosides, HR; calcium dobesilate;Ruscus extract combined with hesperidin methyl chalcone and vitamin C, Ruscus+HMC+VitC; horse chestnut seed extract, HCSE) and pentoxifylline in patients with chronic venous disease. METHODS We performed a literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. Proportion of patients with complete venous ulcer healing was the primary outcome and lower leg volume, foot volume, ankle circumference and symptoms were the secondary outcomes. Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was perfomed with random effects models using only RCTs. A meta-analysis of observational studies was performed for sulodexide because no RCT could be included in NMA for symptoms or signs. RESULTS Forty-five RCTs and eighteen observational studies were identified. Sulodexide was included only in a single NMA for the proportion of patients with complete ulcer healing and it showed to have the highest probability of being the best treatment (48%) compared with pentoxifylline (37%) and MPFF (16%). MPFF was the most effective treatment in reducing lower leg volume, CIVIQ-20 score and pain VAS scale while calcium dobesilate and Ruscus+HMC+VitC were the most effective in reducing foot volume and ankle circumference respectively.Meta-analyses of observational studies for sulodexide showed that it improves significantly the scoring of pain, feeling of swelling, heaviness and parasthesiae measured by Likert scales. CONCLUSIONS Sulodexide is at least as effective as pentoxifylline and more effective than MPFF in improving the rate of ulcer healing in patients with CVD. VADs are effective in improving venous symptoms and signs, as was also shown by sulodexide in the meta-analysis of observational studies. The relative effectiveness of sulodexide and VADs needs to be evaluated by an RCT in order to better inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Nicolaides
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Surgery, University of Nicosia Medical School, Cyprus
| | - Stavros K Kakkos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
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Serra R, Ielapi N, Bitonti A, Candido S, Fregola S, Gallo A, Loria A, Muraca L, Raimondo L, Velcean L, Guadagna S, Gallelli L. Efficacy of a Low-Dose Diosmin Therapy on Improving Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030999. [PMID: 33808784 PMCID: PMC8003468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is a common medical condition affecting up to 80% of the general population. Clinical manifestations can range from mild to more severe signs and symptoms that contribute to the impairment of the quality of life (QoL) of affected patients. Among treatment options, venoactive drugs such as diosmin are widely used in the symptomatic treatment in all clinical stages. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a new formulated diosmin in relieving symptoms and improving QoL in patients suffering from CVD. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study, CVD patients with a Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification system between C2 and C4 were randomized to receive a bioavailable diosmin (as μsmin® Plus) 450 mg tablet once daily or a placebo for 8 weeks. Clinical symptoms and QoL were monitored using the measurement of leg circumference, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Global Index Score (GIS) and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). A total of 72 subjects completed the study. From week 4, leg edema was significantly decreased in the active group (p < 0.001). An improvement in the VAS score was observed in the active group compared to placebo at the end of treatment (p < 0.05). GIS and VCSS scores were significantly improved in the active group at week 8 (p < 0.001). No treatment related-side effects were recorded. The results of this study showed that the administration of low-dose μsmin® Plus was safe and effective in relieving symptoms and improving QoL in subjects with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-364-7380
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.); (A.G.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Candido
- Intensive Care Unit, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Fregola
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.); (A.G.)
- EthosLab SRL, 80100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.); (A.G.)
- EthosLab SRL, 80100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Loria
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Lucia Muraca
- Department of General Medicine, Health Agency of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Luca Raimondo
- Department Emergency, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Simone Guadagna
- Opera CRO, a Tigermed Company 10 Cozia St., 300209 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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Shevchenko IL, Stoĭko IM, Gudymovich VG, Cherniago TI. [Glycocalyx as a determining factor in development of endothelial venous dysfunction and possibilities of correction thereof]. ANGIOLOGII︠A︡ I SOSUDISTAI︠A︡ KHIRURGII︠A︡ = ANGIOLOGY AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 26:71-77. [PMID: 33332308 DOI: 10.33529/angio2020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Modern vascular surgery has the data on a substantial role of the endothelium in pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of pathological processes including those in chronic diseases of lower-limb veins. The discovery of the endothelial glycocalyx made it possible to evaluate its role in the development of endothelial dysfunction as a trigger mechanism in impairment of venous blood flow. The understanding of the unifying role of endothelial dysfunction in pathology in various fields of medicine provides a possibility of predicting the development of serious socially significant diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obstetrical complications, and to correct the conditions associated therewith. The present study was aimed at carrying out a systematic literature review, thus making it possible to evaluate the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in the development of endothelial dysfunction, as well as to determine therapy with sulodexide capable of decreasing the probability of the onset of endothelial dysfunction at the expense of an anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and angioprotective effect on the endothelial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu L Shevchenko
- National Medical and Surgical Centre named after N.I. Pirogov under the RF Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iu M Stoĭko
- National Medical and Surgical Centre named after N.I. Pirogov under the RF Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Gudymovich
- National Medical and Surgical Centre named after N.I. Pirogov under the RF Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Iu Cherniago
- National Medical and Surgical Centre named after N.I. Pirogov under the RF Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
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Sulodexide in the Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Results of the All-Russian Multicenter ACVEDUCT Program. Adv Ther 2020; 37:2071-2082. [PMID: 32112279 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapy is a mainstay of treatment for lower limb chronic venous disease (CVD) and its complications. However, therapeutic agents with evidence-based efficacy for the treatment of CVD are limited. Sulodexide (registered as Vessel Due F in Russia) has confirmed therapeutic efficacy in patients with moderately severe or late-stage CVD, but real-world evidence of its use in Russian patients with initial manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) remains scarce. METHODS Data concerning the use of sulodexide in Russian patients with CVD in routine clinical practice were collected and assessed within the framework of the ACVEDUCT program. This observational, prospective, non-controlled multicenter program included patients routinely prescribed sulodexide, as a solution for injections and/or soft capsules, by their physician in accordance with the registered Russian Federation instructions for use. RESULTS In total, 2263 patients took part in the program. The majority of patients were diagnosed as having CEAP class C3 (38.4%) or class C4 (35.6%) CVD. Sulodexide was associated with decreased symptom severity in 56.4% of patients and a decreased number of symptoms in 42.8%. Thus, improvements were observed in 99.2% overall, with the drug effects being apparent as early as 15-20 days after starting treatment. The highest rate of CVD symptom regression was observed in patients aged 30-40 years. There was a significant positive correlation between sulodexide efficacy and treatment duration and the use of capsules during follow-up. A negative correlation was found between treatment efficacy and patient age at diagnosis, CEAP class, the total number of symptoms, and a combination of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Sulodexide was an effective, safe, well-tolerated, and pathogenetically substantiated pharmacologic agent for the treatment of patients with lower limb CVD, and therefore should be recommended in patients with early-stage CVD. Patients with venous trophic ulcers require higher doses and prolonged administration of the drug.
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Bignamini AA, Matuška J. Sulodexide for the Symptoms and Signs of Chronic Venous Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1013-1033. [PMID: 31989486 PMCID: PMC7089759 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common condition associated with valvular dysfunction, venous hypertension and endothelial inflammation. Sulodexide facilitates the healing of venous ulcers and is frequently used in patients with CVD without ulcer. This review assessed the efficacy and safety of sulodexide for treatment of signs and symptoms of lower extremity CVD. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and AMED as well as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal. We also manually searched potentially relevant journals, conference proceedings and journal supplements. Any study monitoring any effect of sulodexide in patients with CVD at any stage of the disease, classified or non-classified, was considered. Treatment effects were estimated using standardised mean differences (SMDs), mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs), as appropriate. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and heterogeneity (Q, tau and I2). RESULTS The search found 64 studies, but only 23 provided data on 7153 participants (mean age 55 years; 68% female). The 13 studies providing extractable quantitative information included 1901 participants (mean age 55.2 years; 65% female). Sulodexide decreased the intensity of pain, cramps, heaviness, oedema and total symptom score and reduced inflammatory mediators in patients with CVD. The risk of adverse events (AEs) was not different between sulodexide and placebo or heparan sulphate (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.74-2.32; I2 = 0%; 270 participants). The overall risk of AEs with sulodexide was low: 3% (95% CI 1-4%) estimated from 3656 participants. CONCLUSION Sulodexide was found to have a beneficial venoactive effect on the major signs and symptoms of CVD such as pain, cramps, heaviness and oedema without increasing the risk of AEs. It is also likely to exert a systemic effect on the course of CVD by interfering with inflammatory chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Bignamini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Specialisation in Hospital Pharmacy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
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10
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Abassi Z, Armaly Z, Heyman SN. Glycocalyx Degradation in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:752-767. [PMID: 32035883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer coating the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It is vital for endothelial function as it participates in microvascular reactivity, endothelium interaction with blood constituents, and vascular permeability. Structural and functional damage to glycocalyx occurs in various disease states. A prominent clinical situation characterized by glycocalyx derangement is ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the whole body as well as during selective I/R to organs such as the kidney, heart, lung, or liver. Degradation of the glycocalyx is now considered a cornerstone in I/R-related endothelial dysfunction, which further impairs local microcirculation with a feed-forward loop of organ damage, due to vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, and activation of the immune response. Glycocalyx damage during I/R is evidenced by rising plasma levels of its principal constituents, heparan sulfate and syndecan-1. By contrast, the concentrations of these compounds in the circulation decrease after successful protective interventions in I/R, suggesting their use as surrogate biomarkers of endothelial integrity. In light of the importance of the glycocalyx in preserving endothelial cell integrity and its involvement in pathologic conditions, several promising therapeutic strategies to restore the damaged glycocalyx and to attenuate its deleterious consequences have been suggested. This review focuses on alterations of glycocalyx during I/R injury in general (to vital organs in particular), and on maneuvers aimed at glycocalyx recovery during I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Zaher Armaly
- Department of Nephrology, Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine-Bar Ilan University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Critello CD, Fiorillo AS, Cristiano MC, de Franciscis S, Serra R. Effects of sulodexide on stability of sclerosing foams. Phlebology 2018; 34:191-200. [PMID: 29871533 DOI: 10.1177/0268355518779844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Foam sclerotherapy is a clinical procedure for the treatment of unhealthy veins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sulodexide (SUL) on stability of foams prepared using polidocanol (POL) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) detergents, more specifically with 0.25% aethoxysclerol and 0.2% Fibro-Vein sclerosing solutions. METHODS Foams were produced by the Tessari method using three different weight ratios of POL-SUL and STS-SUL (1:0, 1:1, and 1:3). RESULTS The half-life of STS foams resulted as follows: 82 ± 1.6 s, 101.8 ± 2.6 s, and 109.7 ± 2.1 s for 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3 STS-SUL weight ratios, respectively. The same ratios were used for POL foams with the following results: 90.6 ± 3 s, 106.8 ± 2.6 s, and 107.6 ± 2.7 s for 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3 POL-SUL weight ratios, respectively. CONCLUSION The addition of SUL in sclerosing solutions can prolong the half-life of foams, and it could be potentially used as a foam stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Davide Critello
- 1 Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,2 Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino S Fiorillo
- 3 Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- 3 Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- 1 Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,2 Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- 1 Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,2 Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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12
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Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Transforming Growth Factor-β Isoforms and Soluble Endoglin Concentration in Different States of Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102206. [PMID: 29065449 PMCID: PMC5666886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous leg ulcer (VLU) is a huge healthcare problem with poorly understood pathophysiology. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and endoglin (Eng), are inflammatory and wound healing mediators. Eng, co-receptor for TGF-β type-II receptors, may be cleaved forming soluble Eng (sEng), antagonizing TGF-β signaling, a crucial process in vascular pathologies. We evaluated the accumulation in wound fluid (WF) of TGF-β isoforms and sEng in healing stages, showing the effects of sulodexide treatments, a glycosaminoglycan with clinical efficacy in VLU healing. Patients with inflammatory (Infl) and granulating (Gran) VLU were recruited. WFs and THP-1 monocytes exposed to Infl and Gran WF (treated/untreated with sulodexide) were analyzed for TGF-β isoforms and sEng by multiplex immunoassay. In both Infl and Gran WF, TGF-β1 and β2 were similar; TGF-β3 was significantly increased in Infl compared to Gran WFs (p = 0.033). sEng was significantly elevated in Gran compared to Infl WFs (p = 0.002). In THP-1 monocytes there was a significant increase in sEng after co-treatment of WF and sulodexide. The increase in TGF-β3 found in Infl WF highlights its negative effect on wound healing, while the increased levels of sEng in Gran WF affects the leukocyte adhesion/transmigration through the endothelium, reducing the inflammatory response and favoring the wound healing. Glycosaminoglycan sulodexide potentiates the effects of sEng release from monocyte, representing an important therapeutic option for wound healing.
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Li T, Liu X, Zhao Z, Ni L, Liu C. Sulodexide recovers endothelial function through reconstructing glycocalyx in the balloon-injury rat carotid artery model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91350-91361. [PMID: 29207649 PMCID: PMC5710929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of endothelial cell function is a principle event in cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, therapies have mostly focused on repairing the endothelium, but little attention has been paid to the reconstruction of glycocalyx, which covers the endothelium and protects the function of endothelial cells. Sulodexide has a similar glycosaminoglycan structure to glycocalyx, so it is assumed to be effective in remodeling the glycocalyx following damage. We assessed the effect of sulodexide on glycocalyx remodeling and endothelial function in the balloon-injury rat carotid artery model. Electron micrographs showed that sulodexide (2mg/kg, administered by intraperitoneal injection for seven days after injury) could reconstruct the endothelial glycocalyx and recover the clear cytoarchitecture. With regard to endothelial function, sulodexide increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase level, attenuated endothelial hyperplasia, and inhibited platelet aggregation that benefitted from glycocalyx reforming. Sulodexide decreased the glycocalyx damage related expression of CD31 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelium, accompanying by the downregulation of leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein levels. The levels of the atherosclerosis-related factors, osteopontin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which increased in activated endothelial cells lacking glycocalyx, were normalized by sulodexide. Along with the benefit of glycocalyx reconstruction, sulodexide reversed the dyslipidemia. Moreover, sulodexide prevented CD68-positive inflammatory cells infiltration into the vascular wall, presumably as a result of glycocalyx reconstruction. In summary, sulodexide treatment reconstructed glycocalyx which therefore preserved endothelial function and attenuated the expression of inflammatory factors, and decreased the blood coagulation and lipid metabolism, all of which are important for vascular healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjia Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xinnong Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhewei Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Leng Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Ligi D, Mosti G, Croce L, Raffetto JD, Mannello F. Chronic venous disease – Part I: Inflammatory biomarkers in wound healing. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1964-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Elleuch N, Zidi H, Bellamine Z, Hamdane A, Guerchi M, Jellazi N. Sulodexide in Patients with Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs: Clinical Efficacy and Impact on Quality of Life. Adv Ther 2016; 33:1536-49. [PMID: 27397587 PMCID: PMC5020111 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Chronic venous disease (CVD) of the lower limbs is a common problem. It is more prevalent in women than in men and has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and on the healthcare system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sulodexide in adult patients with CVD of the lower limbs and its effect on patients’ QoL. Methods Patients with CVD were treated with sulodexide [250 LSU (lipasemic units) twice daily] for 3 months in a setting of real-life clinical practice. The endpoints of this observational non-comparative, open-label prospective study were the clinical efficacy of sulodexide (evaluated by scoring objective and subjective symptoms with a Likert-type scale) and the impact of sulodexide therapy on patients’ QoL [assessed using the chronic venous insufficiency quality of life questionnaire (CIVIQ)]. Results The study included 450 patients (mean age 46.9 ± 10.5 years, range 17–78 years). A greater percentage of patients were female (65.4%). Three months of treatment with sulodexide significantly improved all objective and subjective symptoms (p < 0.0001). Overall, patients reported a significant improvement in all QoL scores (p < 0.0001). Adverse events were spontaneously reported by two patients (one case of epigastric pain and one of gastric pain with vomiting). Conclusion Oral sulodexide significantly improves both objective and subjective symptoms, as well as functional and psychological aspects of QoL in patients with CVD. Funding No funding or sponsorship was received for this study. Sponsorship for article processing charges and open access fees was provided by Alfa Wassermann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Elleuch
- Service of Cardiovascular Surgery, La Rabta University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
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16
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Ligi D, Mosti G, Croce L, Raffetto JD, Mannello F. Chronic venous disease - Part II: Proteolytic biomarkers in wound healing. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1900-8. [PMID: 27460704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Venous leg ulcers (VLU) are characterized by sustained proteolytic microenvironment impairing the healing process. Wound fluid (WF) reflect the biomolecular activities occurring within the wound area; however, it is unclear if WF from different healing phases have different proteolytic profiles and how VLU microenvironment affects the wound healing mechanisms. We investigated the proteolytic network of WF from distinct VLU phases, and in WF- and LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes treated with glycosaminoglycan sulodexide, a well known therapeutic approach for VLU healing. WF were collected from patients with VLU during inflammatory (Infl) and granulating (Gran) phases. WF and THP-1 supernatants were analyzed for nine matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by multiplex immunoassays. Our results demonstrated that: 1) WF from Infl VLU contained significantly increased concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 compared to Gran WF; 2) WF from Gran VLU showed significantly increased levels of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-13, and TIMP-4 compared to Infl WF; 3) LPS- and WF-stimulation of THP-1 cells significantly increased the expression of several MMP compared to untreated cells; 4) Sulodexide treatment of both LPS- and WF-stimulated THP-1 significantly down-regulated the release of several MMPs. Our study provides evidence-based medicine during treatment of patients with VLU. WF from Infl and Gran VLU have different MMP and TIMP signatures, consistent with their clinical state. The modulation of proteolytic pathways in wound microenvironment by glycosaminoglycan sulodexide, provide insights for translating research into clinical practice during VLU therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mosti
- Department of Angiology, Barbantini's Clinic, via del Calcio 2, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - Lidia Croce
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Joseph D Raffetto
- Vascular Surgery Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
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Raffetto JD, Eberhardt RT, Dean SM, Ligi D, Mannello F. Pharmacologic treatment to improve venous leg ulcer healing. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2016; 4:371-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous leg ulcers are common, chronic wounds caused by venous diseases, with a high recurrence rate and heavy disease burden. Compression therapy (bandages or stockings) is the first choice treatment for venous leg ulcers. However, when ulcers remain unhealed, medication can also be used with or without compression therapy. Sulodexide, a highly purified glycosaminoglycan (a naturally occurring molecule) has antithrombotic and profibrinolytic properties (it reduces the formation of blood clots) as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Sulodexide has been studied as a potential treatment for venous leg ulcers. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of sulodexide for treating venous leg ulcers. SEARCH METHODS In July 2015 we searched: The Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid EMBASE; EBSCO CINAHL; Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM); China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI); Wan Fang and VIP. We also searched clinical trials registries to identify ongoing studies, as well as references listed in relevant publications. There were no restrictions based on date of publication, language or study setting. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with a diagnosis of venous leg ulcers which compared sulodexide with placebo or any other drug therapy (such as pentoxifylline, flavonoids, aspirin), with or without compression therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. The authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We pooled data to present the risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), or presented a narrative summary. We assessed overall evidence quality according to the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included four RCTs with a total of 463 participants (aged 42 years to 93 years); one report was only available as a published abstract.Meta-analysis of three RCTs suggests an increase in the proportion of ulcers completely healed with sulodexide as an adjuvant to local treatment (including wound care and compression therapy) compared with local treatment alone (rate of complete healing with sulodexide 49.4% compared with 29.8% with local treatment alone; RR 1.66; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.12). This evidence for sulodexide increasing the rate of complete healing is low quality due to risk of bias. It is unclear whether sulodexide is associated with any increase in adverse events (4.4% with sulodexide versus 3.1% with no sulodexide; RR 1.44; 95% CI 0.48 to 4.34). The evidence for adverse events is very low quality, downgraded twice for risk of bias and once for imprecision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sulodexide may increase the healing of venous ulcers, when used alongside local wound care, however the evidence is only low quality and the conclusion is likely to be affected by new research. It is not clear whether sulodexide is associated with adverse effects. The standard dosage, route and frequency of sulodexide reported in the trials was unclear. Further rigorous, adequately powered RCTs examining the effects of sulodexide on healing, ulcer recurrence, quality of life and costs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityDepartment of PharmacyNo.37,Guoxue LaneChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Jing Lu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityDepartment of PharmacyNo.37,Guoxue LaneChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Ming Yang
- West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityCenter of Geriatrics and GerontologyNo. 37, Guo Xue LaneChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Ting Xu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityDepartment of PharmacyNo.37,Guoxue LaneChengduSichuanChina610041
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coccheri
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo A Bignamini
- School of Specialisation in Hospital Pharmacy, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Phillips TJ, Miller OF, Margolis DJ, Marston W, Woo K, Romanelli M, Kirsner RS. What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:643-64; quiz 665-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Gabryel B, Jarząbek K, Machnik G, Adamczyk J, Belowski D, Obuchowicz E, Urbanek T. Superoxide dismutase 1 and glutathione peroxidase 1 are involved in the protective effect of sulodexide on vascular endothelial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Microvasc Res 2015; 103:26-35. [PMID: 26477504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulodexide (SDX) is widely used in the treatment of both arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. In addition to its recognized antithrombotic action, SDX has endothelial protective potential, which is independent of the coagulation/fibrinolysis system. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of the endothelioprotective action of the drug are still unresolved. The aim of the present study was to determine whether treatment with SDX at concentrations of 0.125-0.5 lipase releasing unit (LRU)/ml have on the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in ischemic endothelial cells and how these effects might be related to the antiapoptotic properties of SDX. In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to ischemia-simulating conditions (combined oxygen and glucose deprivation, OGD) for 6h to determine the protective effects of SDX. SDX (0.25 and 0.5LRU/ml) in OGD significantly increased the cell viability and prevented mitochondrial depolarization in the HUVECs. Moreover, SDX protected the HUVECs against OGD-induced apoptosis. At concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5LRU/ml, the drug increased both superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) mRNA/protein expression together with a significant attenuation of oxidative stress in ischemic HUVECs. Our findings also demonstrate that an increase in both SOD and GPx activity is involved in the protective effect of SDX on ischemic endothelial cells. Altogether, these results suggest that SDX has a positive effect on ischemia-induced endothelial damage because of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Gabryel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, PL 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jarząbek
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, PL 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, PL 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Adamczyk
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dariusz Belowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, PL 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, PL 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Urbanek
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45/47, PL 40-635 Katowice, Poland
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Andreozzi GM, Bignamini AA, Davì G, Palareti G, Matuška J, Holý M, Pawlaczyk-Gabriel K, Džupina A, Sokurenko GY, Didenko YP, Andrei LD, Lessiani G, Visonà A. Sulodexide for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism: The Sulodexide in Secondary Prevention of Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis (SURVET) Study: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Circulation 2015; 132:1891-7. [PMID: 26408273 PMCID: PMC4643750 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Patients with a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism have a high risk of recurrence after discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Extending anticoagulation reduces the risk of recurrence but is associated with increased bleeding. Sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan, exerts antithrombotic and profibrinolytic actions with a low bleeding risk when administered orally, but its benefit for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism is not well known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Andreozzi
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.).
| | - Angelo A Bignamini
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Giovanni Davì
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Gualtiero Palareti
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Jiří Matuška
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Martin Holý
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Katarzyna Pawlaczyk-Gabriel
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Andrej Džupina
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - German Y Sokurenko
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Yury P Didenko
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Laurentia D Andrei
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Gianfranco Lessiani
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Adriana Visonà
- From Angiology Unit, University Hospital, Padua, Italy (G.M.A.); School of Specialization in Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (A.A.B.); Department of Medicine and Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (G.D., G.L.); Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bologna, Italy (G.P.); Angiologická Ambulance, Hodonín, Czech Republic (J.M.); Nemocnice České Budějovice-Interní Oddělení, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (M.H.); Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Medical University, Poznań, Poland (K.P.-G.); ALIAN s.r.o., Bardejov, Slovakia (A.D.); Federal State Institute, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia (G.Y.S.); St. Petersburg State Medical Institution, City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2, Russia (Y.P.D.); Spitalul Clinic Judetean de Urgenta, Braşov, Romania (L.D.A.); and Angiology Unit, Hospital of Castelfranco Veneto, Italy (A.V.)
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23
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Varatharajan L, Thapar A, Lane T, Munster AB, Davies AH. Pharmacological adjuncts for chronic venous ulcer healing: a systematic review. Phlebology 2015; 31:356-65. [PMID: 26036247 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515587194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to systematically review the current evidence and determine whether there is a clinical benefit for using pharmacological agents as adjunctive treatment for chronic venous ulcers. METHOD A systematic review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE (from 1 January 1947 through 15 August 2013) and Cochrane databases (from inception through 15 August 2013) was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria were all randomised controlled trials investigating pharmacological adjuncts for the treatment of venous ulcers with a minimum sample size of 20 patients for each treatment arm. RESULTS Ten relevant articles were identified; one pilot randomised controlled trial and four Cochrane reviews were included. Pentoxifylline, aspirin, sulodexide, mesoglycan, flavonoids, thromboxane A2 antagonist (ifetroban), zinc, prostaglandin and prostacyclin analogues were the drugs reviewed. Pentoxifylline was found to be more effective than placebo in terms of complete ulcer healing or in causing a significant improvement (greater than 60% reduction in ulcer size) (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.24). Aspirin and flavonoids show potential to be effective adjuncts but methodological shortcomings and issues with bias limit the validity of results from trials involving each of these drugs, respectively. There was no significant difference between placebo and Ifetroban and likewise pooled results from trials investigating sulodexide and zinc showed no benefit in comparison to placebo. CONCLUSION Many systemic pharmacological agents have been investigated as adjuncts to venous ulcer healing; however, pentoxifylline (400 mg, three times a day) is currently the only drug that has promising evidence to support its use. Other compounds are in early stage research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankur Thapar
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Tristan Lane
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alex B Munster
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alun Huw Davies
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, UK
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24
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Becker BF, Jacob M, Leipert S, Salmon AHJ, Chappell D. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in clinical settings: searching for the sheddases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:389-402. [PMID: 25778676 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx has a profound influence at the vascular wall on the transmission of shear stress, on the maintenance of a selective permeability barrier and a low hydraulic conductivity, and on attenuating firm adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major constituents of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulphates and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface under various acute and chronic clinical conditions, the best characterized being ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis and inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease and haemorrhagic viral infections. Damage has also been detected by in vivo microscopic techniques. Matrix metalloproteases may shed syndecans and heparanase, released from activated mast cells, cleaves heparan sulphates from core proteins. According to new data, not only hyaluronidase but also the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, proteinase 3 and plasminogen, as well as cathepsin B lead to loss of hyaluronan from the endothelial surface layer, suggesting a wide array of potentially destructive conditions. Appropriately, pharmacological agents such as inhibitors of inflammation, antithrombin and inhibitors of metalloproteases display potential to attenuate shedding of the glycocalyx in various experimental models. Also, plasma components, especially albumin, stabilize the glycocalyx and contribute to the endothelial surface layer. Though symptoms of the above listed diseases and conditions correlate with sequelae expected from disturbance of the endothelial glycocalyx (oedema, inflammation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, low reflow), therapeutic studies to prove a causal connection have yet to be designed. With respect to studies on humans, some clinical evidence exists for benefits from application of sulodexide, a preparation delivering precursors of the glycocalyx constituent heparan sulphate. At present, the simplest option for protecting the glycocalyx seems to be to ensure an adequate level of albumin. However, also in this case, definite proof of causality needs to be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard F Becker
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Jacob
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital St Elisabeth, Straubing, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leipert
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew H J Salmon
- Bristol Renal, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel Chappell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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25
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Wittens C, Davies AH, Bækgaard N, Broholm R, Cavezzi A, Chastanet S, de Wolf M, Eggen C, Giannoukas A, Gohel M, Kakkos S, Lawson J, Noppeney T, Onida S, Pittaluga P, Thomis S, Toonder I, Vuylsteke M, Kolh P, de Borst GJ, Chakfé N, Debus S, Hinchliffe R, Koncar I, Lindholt J, de Ceniga MV, Vermassen F, Verzini F, De Maeseneer MG, Blomgren L, Hartung O, Kalodiki E, Korten E, Lugli M, Naylor R, Nicolini P, Rosales A. Editor's Choice - Management of Chronic Venous Disease: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 49:678-737. [PMID: 25920631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Petrikov AS, Belykh VI, Shoihet YN. [Features of lower extremities deep veins recanalization in patients with thrombosis by using of sulodexide]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2015:58-64. [PMID: 26271425 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2015658-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Petrikov
- Altai State Medical University, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Barnaul, Russia
| | - V I Belykh
- Altai State Medical University, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Ya N Shoihet
- Altai State Medical University, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Barnaul, Russia
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27
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Serra R, Gallelli L, Conti A, De Caridi G, Massara M, Spinelli F, Buffone G, Caliò FG, Amato B, Ceglia S, Spaziano G, Scaramuzzino L, Ferrarese AG, Grande R, de Franciscis S. The effects of sulodexide on both clinical and molecular parameters in patients with mixed arterial and venous ulcers of lower limbs. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:519-27. [PMID: 24872682 PMCID: PMC4026398 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s61770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed venous and arterial ulcers account for approximately 15%-30% of all venous leg ulcerations. Several studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) play a central role in the pathophysiology of venous and arterial diseases. Some studies have shown the efficacy of glycosaminoglycans, such as sulodexide (SDX), in treating patients with leg ulcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical effects of SDX and its correlation with MMPs and NGAL expression in patients with mixed arterial and venous leg ulcers. METHODS Patients eligible for this study were of both sexes, older than 20 years, and with a clinical and instrumental diagnosis of mixed ulcer. RESULTS Fifty-three patients of both sexes were enrolled and divided into two groups by means of randomization tables. Group A (treated group) comprised 18 females and ten males (median age: 68.7 years) treated with standard treatment (compression therapy and surgery) + SDX (600 lipoprotein lipase-releasing units/day intramuscularly) for 15 days followed by SDX 250 lipase-releasing units every 12 hours day orally for 6 months as adjunctive treatment. Group B (control group) comprised 17 females and eight males (median age: 64.2 years) treated with standard treatment only (compression therapy and surgery). The type of surgery was chosen according to anatomical level of vein incompetence: superficial venous open surgery and/or subfascial endoscopic perforating surgery. In all enrolled patients, blood samples were collected in order to evaluate the plasma levels of MMPs and NGAL through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results were compared to another control group (Group C) of healthy individuals. Moreover, biopsies of ulcers were taken to evaluate the tissue expression of MMPs and NGAL through Western blot analysis. Our results revealed that SDX treatment is able to reduce both plasma levels and tissue expression of MMPs improving the clinical conditions in patients with mixed ulcers. CONCLUSION Inhibition of MMPs could represent a possible therapeutic intervention to limit the progression of leg ulceration. In particular, our findings demonstrate the efficacy of SDX in patients with mixed arterial and venous chronic ulcers of the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Conti
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Caridi
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mafalda Massara
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Buffone
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Raffaele Grande
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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28
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Frati Munari AC. Importancia médica del glucocáliz endotelial. Parte 2: su papel en enfermedades vasculares y complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2014; 84:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Coccheri S, Mannello F. Development and use of sulodexide in vascular diseases: implications for treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 8:49-65. [PMID: 24391440 PMCID: PMC3879015 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulodexide (SDX), a sulfated polysaccharide complex extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa, is a blend of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) entities, namely a fast-moving heparin (HP) fraction and a dermatan sulfate (DS; 20%) component. The compound is unique among HP-like substances in that it is biologically active by both the parenteral and oral routes. A main feature of the agent is to undergo extensive absorption by the vascular endothelium. For this reason, in preclinical studies, SDX administered parenterally displays an antithrombotic action similar to that of HPs but associated with fewer alterations of the blood clotting mechanisms and tests, thus being much less conducive to bleeding risk than HPs. When given orally, SDX is associated with minimal changes in classic coagulation tests, but maintains a number of important effects on the structure and function of endothelial cells (EC), and the intercellular matrix. These activities include prevention or restoration of the integrity and permeability of EC, counteraction versus chemical, toxic or metabolic EC injury, regulation of EC-blood cell interactions, inhibition of microvascular inflammatory and proliferative changes, and other similar effects, thus allowing oral SDX to be considered as an endothelial-protecting agent. The best available clinical evidence of the efficacy of SDX administered orally with or without an initial parenteral phase is the following: alleviation of symptoms in chronic venous disease and especially acceleration of healing of venous leg ulcers; prevention of cardiovascular events in survivors after acute myocardial infarction; marked improvement of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease; and abatement of proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy that may contribute to the amelioration or stabilization of kidney function. Although further clinical trials are warranted, SDX is presently widely accepted in many countries as an effective and safe long-term, endothelial-protecting drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coccheri
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (Section Clinical Biochemistry and Cell Biology), University ‘Carlo Bo’, Urbino, Italy
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