1
|
Liu S, Zhang T, Sun H, Lin L, Gao N, Wang W, Li S, Zhao J. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Depolymerized Glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria fuscopunctata, a Novel Anticoagulant Candidate, in Rats by Bioanalytical Methods. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:212. [PMID: 33920475 PMCID: PMC8069088 DOI: 10.3390/md19040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
dHG-5 (Mw 5.3 kD) is a depolymerized glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata. As a selective inhibitor of intrinsic Xase (iXase), preclinical study showed it was a promising anticoagulant candidate without obvious bleeding risk. In this work, two bioanalytical methods based on the anti-iXase and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) prolongation activities were established and validated to determine dHG-5 concentrations in plasma and urine samples. After single subcutaneous administration of dHG-5 at 5, 9, and 16.2 mg/kg to rats, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) was at about 1 h, and the peak concentration (Cmax) was 2.70, 6.50, and 10.11 μg/mL, respectively. The plasma elimination half-life(T1/2β) was also about 1 h and dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after s.c. administration. Additionally, the pharmacodynamics of dHG-5 was positively correlated with its pharmacokinetics, as determined by rat plasma APTT and anti-iXase method, respectively. dHG-5 was mainly excreted by urine as the unchanged parent drug and about 60% was excreted within 48 h. The results suggested that dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after subcutaneous injection and the pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 are predictable. Studying pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 could provide valuable information for future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taocui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (S.L.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (L.L.); (W.W.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prino G. Pharmacological profile of ateroid. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 23:68-75. [PMID: 2469951 DOI: 10.1159/000416680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Prino
- Crinos Preclinical Research Laboratories, Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoppensteadt DA, Fareed J. Pharmacological profile of sulodexide. INT ANGIOL 2014; 33:229-235. [PMID: 24936531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction, sulodexide has been used on and off for several indications. More recently this agent has become revitalized and tested in newer indications. Sulodexide is composed of glycosaminoglycan that includes a mixture of fast-moving heparin and dermatan sulfate. It exerts its anticoagulant and antithrombotic action through interactions with both AT and HCII. Sulodexide has been proven to have effects on the fibrinolytic system, platelets, endothelial cells, inflammation and more recently metalloproteases. The administration of sulodexide results in the release of lipoprotein lipase and has been shown to reduce the circulating level of lipids. It has also shown to decrease the viscosity of both whole blood and plasma. Sulodexide differs from heparin in its oral bioavailability and longer half-life. There is also less bleeding associated with sulodexide. In addition, oral administration of sulodexide does not interfere with the pharmacologic actions of commonly used agents. Similar to heparin, sulodexide releases TFPI which contributes to its antithrombotic effect and anti-inflammatory properties. Sulodexide has been proven to be effective in peripheral arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis. It is also clinically active in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and intermittent claudication. More recent data suggest that sulodexide can be used in tinnitus and in vascular vertigo. Additional studies in these indications are required. Sulodexide was generally safe and well tolerated in the clinical trials, without any severe bleeding complications. Therefore sulodexide appears to be a good treatment for all arterial and venous diseases and for the prevention of progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hoppensteadt
- Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA -
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zuber AA, Robinson DE, Short RD, Steele DA, Whittle JD. Development of a surface to increase retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE-19) proliferation under reduced serum conditions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014; 25:1367-1373. [PMID: 24493476 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration of the eye is brought about by damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is a major cause of adult blindness. One potential treatment method is transplantation of RPE cells grown in vitro. Maintaining RPE cell viability and physiological function in vitro is a challenge, and this must also be achieved using materials that can be subsequently used to deliver an intact cell sheet into the eye. In this paper, plasma polymerisation has been used to develop a chemically modified surface for maintaining RPE cells in vitro. Multiwell plates modified with a plasma copolymer of allylamine and octadiene maintained RPE cell growth at a level similar to that of TCPS. However, the addition of bound glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to the plasma polymerised surface significantly enhanced RPE proliferation. Simply adding GAG to the culture media had no positive effect. It is shown that a combination of plasma polymer and GAG is a promising method for developing suitable surfaces for cell growth and delivery, that can be applied to any substrate material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Zuber
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Sulodexide (SDX), a sulfated polysaccharide complex extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa, is a blend of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) entities, namely a fast-moving heparin (HP) fraction and a dermatan sulfate (DS; 20%) component. The compound is unique among HP-like substances in that it is biologically active by both the parenteral and oral routes. A main feature of the agent is to undergo extensive absorption by the vascular endothelium. For this reason, in preclinical studies, SDX administered parenterally displays an antithrombotic action similar to that of HPs but associated with fewer alterations of the blood clotting mechanisms and tests, thus being much less conducive to bleeding risk than HPs. When given orally, SDX is associated with minimal changes in classic coagulation tests, but maintains a number of important effects on the structure and function of endothelial cells (EC), and the intercellular matrix. These activities include prevention or restoration of the integrity and permeability of EC, counteraction versus chemical, toxic or metabolic EC injury, regulation of EC-blood cell interactions, inhibition of microvascular inflammatory and proliferative changes, and other similar effects, thus allowing oral SDX to be considered as an endothelial-protecting agent. The best available clinical evidence of the efficacy of SDX administered orally with or without an initial parenteral phase is the following: alleviation of symptoms in chronic venous disease and especially acceleration of healing of venous leg ulcers; prevention of cardiovascular events in survivors after acute myocardial infarction; marked improvement of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease; and abatement of proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy that may contribute to the amelioration or stabilization of kidney function. Although further clinical trials are warranted, SDX is presently widely accepted in many countries as an effective and safe long-term, endothelial-protecting drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coccheri
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (Section Clinical Biochemistry and Cell Biology), University ‘Carlo Bo’, Urbino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Musah S, Morin SA, Wrighton PJ, Zwick DB, Jin S, Kiessling LL. Glycosaminoglycan-binding hydrogels enable mechanical control of human pluripotent stem cell self-renewal. ACS Nano 2012; 6:10168-77. [PMID: 23005914 PMCID: PMC3509190 DOI: 10.1021/nn3039148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reaping the promise of human embryonic stem (hES) cells hinges on effective defined culture conditions. Efforts to identify chemically defined environments for hES cell propagation would benefit from understanding the relevant functional properties of the substratum. Biological materials are often employed as substrata, but their complexity obscures a molecular level analysis of their relevant attributes. Because the properties of hydrogels can be tuned and altered systematically, these materials can reveal the impact of substratum features on cell fate decisions. By tailoring the peptide displayed to cells and the substrate mechanical properties, a hydrogel was generated that binds hES cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and functions robustly in a defined culture medium to support long-term hES cell self-renewal. A key attribute of the successful GAG-binding hydrogels is their stiffness. Only stiff substrates maintain hES cell proliferation and pluripotency. These findings indicate that cells can respond to mechanical information transmitted via GAG engagement. Additionally, we found that the stiff matrices afforded activation of the paralogous proteins YAP/TAZ, which are transcriptional coactivators implicated in mechanosensing and hES cell pluripotency. These results indicate that the substratum mechanics can be tuned to activate specific pathways linked to pluripotency. Because several different hES and induced pluripotent stem cell lines respond similarly, we conclude that stiff substrata are more effective for the long-term propagation of human pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Stephen A. Morin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Paul J. Wrighton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daniel B. Zwick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rainsford KD. Importance of pharmaceutical composition and evidence from clinical trials and pharmacological studies in determining effectiveness of chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: a critique. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 61:1263-70. [PMID: 19814857 DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.10.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chondroitin sulphate (CS) has attracted much interest over the past two decades or so as a biological agent for use in the relief of pain and joint symptoms in osteoarthritis. Earlier clinical investigations produced variable, if encouraging results. This variability was partly due to limitations on the study designs and the lack of availability of standardized CS. Recently, high quality and fully standardized CS (Condrosulf) has become available and its effects have been studied in large-scale osteoarthritis trials, which are discussed here. KEY FINDINGS There is now evidence for symptom- and structure-modifying (radiologically-observed) effects. These studies show that CS (a) has slow onset of response and that relief of pain may not be like that of the direct analgesic actions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), (b) there are indications of reduced need for intake of analgesics (e.g. NSAIDs) in patients taking CS, and (c) quality of life and cost-benefits may be associated with use of CS. Safety evaluations show that the incidence of adverse reactions is low. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that although oral absorption is relatively fast CS has moderate oral bioavailability (15-24%) and that depolymerised and degraded CS that is evident after absorption, together with CS itself, may take some time to accumulate in target joints. The pharmacodynamic actions of CS indicate that it has anti-inflammatory effects that include multiple actions involving reduction of catabolic reactions and enhanced anabolic (proteoglycan) synthetic reactions in cartilage and may block osteoclast activation in bone. Further studies are required to (a) establish the effects of depolymerised and degraded CS on degradation of cartilage and bone in vitro, and (b) MRI and other investigations of the effects in osteoarthritis of long-term CS treatment. SUMMARY The findings from this review show there may be potential value of CS in reducing the dependence on intake of NSAIDs and analgesics in patients with osteoarthritis, while at the same time having favourable safety.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kik K, Lwow F, Szmigiero L. [Polymer and oligomer based doxorubicin carriers]. Polim Med 2007; 37:47-55. [PMID: 17703723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin and other anthracycline derivatives play an important role in the treatment of many malignant diseases. Unfortunately, clinical effectiveness of this class of drugs is limited by cumulative cardiotoxicity which occurs in significant percentage of patients at cumulative dose in the range 450-600 mg/m2. Therefore, several strategies have been developed to reduce cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin and its analogues. One of the possible ways leading to the improvement of anticancer selectivity of doxorubicin is the design of polymer and olygomer carriers which may transport drug molecules more efficiently and more specifically. Synthetic polymers are of increasing interest as therapeutic agents owing to their enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles relative to small molecule drugs. Currently a new class of multifunctional polymers is being prepared that can "mask" biologically active compounds, such as cytotoxic agents, until they reach target sites, but which can then release the agent in situ to effect the therapy. The legitimacy of the development of polymer based doxorubicine carriers is supported by the growing number of clinical reports indicating that the use of hydrophilic polymers or polymer coated liposomes as a platform for delivery of the drug results in better therapeutic effects than the free drug. In this article we present the most promising strategies directed at the development of improved anthracycline drugs formulations based of polymer and olygomer carriers. We review: 1) polyethylenoglycol-coated ("pegylated") liposomal doxorubicin; 2) extracellulary tumor-activated prodrugs which are conjugates of doxorubicin with peptides; 3) doxorubicin coated by higly polymerised glycosoaminoglycans; 4) conjugates of doxorubicin with copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kik
- Katedra Chemii Biomedycznej Zakład Farmakologii Molekularnej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Lima CR, Aguiar JAK, Michelacci YM. Reduced urinary excretion of sulfated polysaccharides in diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1741:30-41. [PMID: 15955447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to further understand the changes in renal filtration that occur in the early stages of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single injection of streptozotocin. Glycemia, body weight, 24-h urine volume and urinary excretion of creatinine, protein and glycosaminoglycans were measured 10 and 30 days after diabetes induction. All the diabetic animals used in the present study were hyperglycemic, did not gain weight, and presented proteinuria and creatinine hyperfiltration. In contrast, the glycosaminoglycan excretion decreased. Dextran sulfates of different molecular weights (6.0 to 11.5 kDa) were administered to the diabetic rats, and to age-matched, sham-treated controls. Most of the dextran sulfate was excreted during the first 24 h, and the amounts excreted in the urine were inversely proportional to the dextran sulfate molecular weight for all groups. Nevertheless, diabetic rats excreted less and accumulated more dextran sulfate in kidney and liver, as compared to controls. These differences, which were observed only for the dextran sulfates of higher molecular weights (>7 kDa), increased with the duration of diabetes. Our findings suggest differential renal processing mechanisms for proteins and sulfated polysaccharides, with the possible involvement of kidney cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cilene R de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP-EPM, Rua Três de Maio, 100 São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kyker KD, Coffman J, Hurst RE. Exogenous glycosaminoglycans coat damaged bladder surfaces in experimentally damaged mouse bladder. BMC Urol 2005; 5:4. [PMID: 15788101 PMCID: PMC1079893 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstital cystitis is often treated with exogenous glycosaminoglycans such as heparin, chondroitin sulphate (Uracyst), hyaluronate (Cystistat) or the semi-synthetic pentosan polysulphate (Elmiron). The mechanism of action is presumed to be due to a coating of the bladder surface to replace the normally present chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate lost as a result of the disease. This study used fluorescent labelled chondroitin sulphate to track the distribution of glycosaminoglycans administered intravesically to mouse bladder that had been damaged on the surface. METHODS The surfaces of mouse bladders were damaged by 3 mechanisms -- trypsin, 10 mM HCl, and protamine sulphate. Texas Red-labeled chondroitin sulphate was instilled into the bladders of animals with damaged bladders and controls instilled only with saline. Bladders were harvested, frozen, and sectioned for examination by fluorescence. RESULTS The normal mouse bladder bound a very thin layer of the labelled chondroitin sulphate on the luminal surface. Trypsin- and HCl-damaged bladders bound the labelled chondroitin sulphate extensively on the surface with little penetration into the bladder muscle. Protamine produced less overt damage, and much less labelling was seen, presumably due to loss of the label as it complexed with the protamine intercalated into the bladder surface. CONCLUSION Glycosaminoglycan administered intravesically does bind to damaged bladder. Given that the changes seen following bladder damage resemble those seen naturally in interstitial cystitis, the mechanisms proposed for the action of these agents is consistent with a coating of damaged bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Kyker
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jean Coffman
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harenberg J, Casu B, Guerrini M, Malsch R, Naggi A, Piazolo L, Torri G. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Dermatan Sulfate End Group-Labeled with Tyramine and Fluorescein. Biochemical and Biological Characterization of the Fluorescent-Labeled Heparin Derivative. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002; 28:343-54. [PMID: 12244481 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-34303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To improve the understanding of the biological functions and pharmacology of heparin and dermatan sulfate, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and low-molecular-weight dermatan sulfate (LMWDS) were labeled with tyramine (T) by covalently linking T to the terminal residue of 2,5-anhydromannose (or 2,5-anhydrotalose for dermatan sulfate). The covalent labeling was demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The tyramine-labeled LMWH (LMWH-T) was also labeled with fluorescein (F) by further reacting it with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The fluoresceinated LMWH-T (LMWH-T,F ) was used to analyze biological functions on blood coagulation and binding to leukocytes. The biological activities on factor Xa and thrombin inhibition remained unchanged compared with the parent compound. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes demonstrated binding of the modified heparin to granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, the half-live being twice as long as the antifactor Xa activity. F-labeled heparin was displaced by unlabeled heparin from all three populations of leukocytes. Binding of heparin to leukocytes may play an important role in inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Job Harenberg
- 1st Department of Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaplan M, Aviram M. Retention of oxidized LDL by extracellular matrix proteoglycans leads to its uptake by macrophages: an alternative approach to study lipoproteins cellular uptake. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:386-93. [PMID: 11231918 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between arterial macrophages and oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) leads to foam cell formation, a critical step during early atherogenesis. Until now, cellular uptake of lipoproteins was studied through incubation of the media-soluble lipoprotein with cultured macrophages. However, as lipoproteins in the arterial wall are bound to subendothelial matrix, we questioned whether the retention (binding) of Ox-LDL to a macrophage-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) could lead to enhanced uptake by macrophages. The uptake of ECM-bound Ox-LDL by activated macrophages (by phorbol myristate acetate) was lipoprotein dose dependent, time dependent and higher (by 1.5-fold) than the uptake of ECM-bound native LDL. Preincubation of the ECM with lipoprotein lipase before the addition of Ox-LDL was essential for the uptake of ECM-bound Ox-LDL by the macrophages. After radiolabeling of the ECM glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), we found that ECM-bound Ox-LDL is taken up by the macrophages together with the ECM-GAG. Finally, these results were further confirmed through the use of ECM obtained from mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), derived from atherosclerotic, apoE-deficient mice. In 24-week-old mice with developed atherosclerosis, the GAG content of their MPM-derived ECM increased by 52%, the ability of their MPM-derived ECM to bind Ox-LDL increased by 57%, and macrophage uptake of Ox-LDL that was retained by the MPM-derived ECM increased by 86%. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ECM-bound Ox-LDL is taken up by activated macrophages. This may represent a physiopathological phenomenon that leads to cholesterol and oxysterol accumulation in arterial macrophages, the hallmark of early atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kaplan
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghelardi E, Tavanti A, Celandroni F, Lupetti A, Blandizzi C, Boldrini E, Campa M, Senesi S. Effect of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide obtained from tamarind seeds on the intraocular penetration of gentamicin and ofloxacin in rabbits. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46:831-4. [PMID: 11062209 DOI: 10.1093/jac/46.5.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the efficacy of a novel mucoadhesive polymer, the tamarind seed polysaccharide, as a delivery system for the ocular administration of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibiotics. Healthy rabbits were subjected to repeated ocular instillations with either conventional gentamicin or ofloxacin or these agents viscosified with the tamarind seed polysaccharide. Administration of viscosified preparations produced antibiotic concentrations both in the aqueous humour and cornea that were significantly higher than those achieved with the drugs alone. The increased drug absorption and the prolonged drug elimination phase obtained with the viscosified formulations indicate the usefulness of the tamarind seed polysaccharide as an ophthalmic delivery system for topical administration of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ghelardi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Walesby HA, Rosenbusch R, Booth LC, Riley CB. Uptake and distribution of tritium-labeled polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in serum, urine, and superficial digital flexor tendon of rabbits after intramuscular administration. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:20-3. [PMID: 10630772 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine concentrations of tritiated polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (3H-PSGAG) in serum, urine, and the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of rabbits after IM administration and molecular weight of 3H-PSGAG recovered from the SDFT. ANIMALS Twenty-five 12-week-old New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURE Rabbits were given a single dose of 3H-PSGAG (1.1 mg/kg [70 mCi of specific activity/kg] of body weight) IM. At each of 5 sample times (2, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours), 5 rabbits were randomly selected and sedated, and blood and urine samples were collected. Rabbits were then euthanatized, and the SDFT were immediately harvested from the hind limbs. Scintillation spectrometry was used to detect concentration of 3H-PSGAG in fluid and tissue samples. Gel-filtration chromatography was used to determine molecular weight of recovered 3H-PSGAG. RESULTS Mean concentrations of 3H-PSGAG in SDFT, serum, and urine were greatest 2 hours after administration. Tritiated PSGAG could be detected in all samples collected 192 hours after administration. Gel-filtration chromatography confirmed that 3H-PSGAG detected in SDFT samples was high molecular weight PSGAG. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate that PSGAG is distributed to the SDFT, serum, and urine after IM administration in rabbits. Further study is needed to determine whether the same is true in horses and to determine what effect, if any, PSGAG has on inflammation of the SDFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Walesby
- Department of Equine Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This report summarizes the results of some of the studies that have evaluated the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic properties of Sulodexide, which consists of a mixture of electrophoretically fast moving heparin (80% of the mass) and dermatan sulfate (the balance), with an average product (Mr) <8000. The low molecular weight (Mr) of the constituents of Sulodexide would predict that the product has the high bioavailability associated with low-Mr heparin and low-Mr dermatan sulfate. Given orally, subcutaneously, or by intravenous injection, Sulodexide exhibits antithrombotic and profibrinolytic properties in several animal models of venous and arterial thrombosis and has relatively high affinity for endothelial (and possibly other) cells. Additionally, in a large multicenter clinical trial involving 3986 patients who had recovered from acute myocardial infarction, oral Sulodexide was associated with a 32% reduction in death and a significant reduction of left ventricular thrombus formation. Compared with heparin, low-Mr heparin, and unfractionated and low-Mr dermatan sulfates, the doses of Sulodexide required for antithrombotic efficacy suggest that the combination of heparin and dermatan sulfate in Sulodexide provides a more effective antithrombotic mechanism than heparin/low-Mr heparins (which catalyze the antiprotease actions of antithrombin III) or dermatan sulfate/low-Mr dermatan sulfate (which catalyze thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Ofosu
- Canadian Red Cross Society, Blood Services and Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Haba M, Watanabe J. [Pharmacokinetic analysis of scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of mucopolysaccharides in various cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1998; 118:51-71. [PMID: 9513579 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.118.2_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the scavenger receptor-mediated uptake has been qualitatively investigated in the research fields of biochemistry and pathology, pharmacokinetic characteristics of the scavenger receptors are poorly understood. In this review, we summarized basic findings on scavenger receptors reported in available literature, and introduced our recent studies on the quantitative characteristics of the scavenger receptor-mediated uptake. High molecular weight fractionated [3H]heparin (HMWFH, 16,000-24,000 Da), one of the model mucopolysaccharides, was investigated to elucidate its uptake mechanism into isolated rat Kupffer cells, isolated peritoneal macrophages and liver parenchymal cells in primary culture. The equilibrium bindings of HMWFH to isolated Kupffer cells and peritoneal macrophages were concentration-dependent with the respective dissociation constants (Kd) of 5.7 and 6.0 nM and with the respective maximum binding capacities (Bmax) of 1.5 and 1.9 pmol/10(6) cells. Several ligands of scavenger receptors inhibited the binding of HMWFH to macrophages, suggesting the involvement of scavenger receptors in the uptake of HMWFH by these macrophages. It was also suggested that the scavenger receptor-mediated uptake is different from the receptor-mediated endocytosis of polypeptides and phagocytosis, based on the evidence of the now inhibitory effects of an inhibitor of receptor-mediated endocytosis of polypeptides(phenylarsine oxide) and phagocytosis inhibitors (cytochalasine B and colchicine) on the internalization. The involvement of scavenger-like receptors was also suggested in the uptake of HMWFH by liver parenchymal cells in primary culture by demonstrating inhibitory effects of ligands for scavenger receptors. The internalization into liver parenchymal cells by scavenger-like receptors was not affected by an inhibitor of receptor-mediated endocytosis of polypeptides and phagocytosis inhibitors, similarly to the results in the macrophage scavenger receptors. The Kd of 53.5 nM and Bmax of 32.8 pmol/10(6) cells in parenchymal cells were both in the order of magnitude larger than those in isolated Kupffer cells, suggesting the binding of HMWFH to scavenger-like receptors in parenchymal cells with lower affinity and higher capacity. On the other hand, an apparent internalization rate constant (kint, app) of 0.0056 min-1 was comparable with that in Kupffer cells (0.0118 min-1). Thus, we demonstrated the involvement of scavenger receptors in the uptake of HMWFH by rat Kupffer cells, peritoneal macrophages and liver parenchymal cells, and succeeded in characterizing the uptake kinetically. These findings should provide useful information for not only establishing the rational clinical use of mucopolysaccharides but also developing new drugs such as antiatherosclerotic agents and peptides delivered to cells with scavenger receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Haba
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Due to various side effects of heparin, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type I or type II, alternative anticoagulants are in clinical development to optimize the anticoagulant regimes in patients requiring low or high anticoagulation dosages. Sulodexide is a highly purified preparation containing a fast-moving heparin fraction as well as dermatansulfate. The pharmacological effects of sulodexide differ substantially from unfractionated heparin and are mainly characterized by a prolonged half-life and reduced effect on global coagulation and bleeding parameters. The lipolytic activity of sulodexide is increased in comparison to unfractionated heparin. Clinical studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of sulodexide. Specially, oral administration leads to fibrinolytic activities in contrast to oral administration of other glycosaminoglycans. Thus, sulodexide releases tissue plasminogen activator and decreases fibrinogen levels as well as HDL and total cholesterol levels and blood viscosity. Clinical efficacy is demonstrated in peripheral arterial disease, cardiovascular events, in postphlebitic syndrome and on albuminuria in nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Harenberg
- University of Heidelberg, 1st Dept. of Medicine, Klinikum Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that tetracyclines have benefit beyond their antimicrobial activity. The ability to inhibit metalloproteinase activity may provide a disease-modifying effect in OA, and available data suggest that further investigation is warranted. Controlled, double-blind, prospective clinical studies have not been completed. The canine cruciate ligament transection model studies are frequently cited as the most convincing in vivo evidence of a benefit of oral tetracycline therapy for the treatment of OA. Until more evidence becomes available, the use of tetracyclines as therapeutic agents for OA should be considered investigational.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S McNamara
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guimarães MA, Mourão PA. Urinary excretion of sulfated polysaccharides administered to Wistar rats suggests a renal permselectivity to these polymers based on molecular size. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1335:161-72. [PMID: 9133653 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides were administered to Wistar rats and their elimination from the blood as well as their urinary excretion were evaluated. Sulfated polysaccharides with differences in molecular mass, charge density and molecular structure were obtained from algae, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. A simple methodology based on the metachromatic property of these polysaccharides with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue was used to estimate their concentration in urine and blood. Renal permselectivity to these macromolecules was based on molecular size, but the upper limit of molecular mass for excretion of a sulfated polysaccharide in urine varies among polymers with different structures. For dextran sulfates the upper limit is approximately 8 kDa. Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were excreted as fragments of approximately 30 kDa, which is smaller than the injected polysaccharide. This suggests that they were degraded enzymatically in vivo. Large synthetic polymers (dextran sulfate > 8 kDa) were not excreted in urine, but slowly disappeared from the blood. Evaluation of their tissue distribution after intravenous administration indicated that these molecules are preferentially accumulated in the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Silvestro L, Lanzarotti E, Marchi E, Gori M, Pescador R, Ferro L, Milani MR, Da Col R, Coppini A. Human pharmacokinetics of glycosaminoglycans using deuterium-labeled and unlabeled substances: evidence for oral absorption. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994; 20:281-92. [PMID: 7824963 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pharmacokinetics of extractive GAGs used as therapeutic agents have been studied after intravenous and oral administration on volunteers. The use of native or deuterium-labeled compounds, followed by HPLC/MS detection, allowed the quantitation of exogenous heparin and DS as major disaccharide fragments, obtained either by enzymatic or chemical depolymerization. In particular the high level of labeling reached in DS allowed its differentiation from structurally related endogenous species. The estimated plasmatic bioavailability was about 18% for DS. Notwithstanding the impossibility of evaluating the same parameters for heparin species, due to the interferences of endogenous GAGs, the results obtained provided clear evidence of oral availability of heparin and DS through detection and quantitation of structures specifically related to these GAGs. Due to the selectivity of the lyases used, the enzymatic degradation specifically allowed the detection of both DS and heparin species still retaining the original sulfation pattern. Additionally, the chemical degradation could detect the main metabolites of the drugs, consisting of partially to totally desulfated GAGs showing a more or less marked reduction in their molecular weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Silvestro
- Res Pharma Pharmacological Research Srl, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marchi E, Barbanti M, Milani R, Breccia A, Fini A, Gattavecchia E. Organ glycosaminoglycan distribution after intravenous and oral administration in rats. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994; 20:297-300. [PMID: 7824965 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Marchi
- Alfa Wassermann S.p.A., Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Torri G, Bisio A, Casu B, Guerrini M, Naggi A, Barbosa MC, Sciorati C, Silvestro L. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of human urine: influence of intravenous and oral administration of glycosaminoglycans. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994; 20:144-51. [PMID: 7997885 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Torri
- Istituto di Chimica e Biochimica G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stiekema JC, Van Griensven JM, Van Dinther TG, Cohen AF. A cross-over comparison of the anti-clotting effects of three low molecular weight heparins and glycosaminoglycuronan. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 36:51-6. [PMID: 8396956 PMCID: PMC1364554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb05891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The anti-clotting effects after intravenous administration of three low molecular weight (LMW) heparins, Fragmin (KABI 2165), Fraxiparine (CY 216), Clexane (PK 10169) and the LMW mixture of glycosaminoglycuronans Orgaran (Org 10172) were compared in a randomized cross-over study in 12 healthy male volunteers. 2. The time courses of the anti-Xa activity of Fragmin, Fraxiparine and Clexane (five subjects) were best fitted by a monoexponential function and had comparable half-lives of 1.9 h, 2.3 h and 2.8 h, respectively. The time courses of the anti-Xa activity of Orgaran and Clexane (four subjects) were described by a biexponential function with terminal half-lives of 56.8h and 27.7 h, respectively. They were longer than those of Fraxiparine and Fragmin. Orgaran injection was associated with a significantly smaller 'clearance' (0.8 +/- 0.2 l h-1) of the plasma anti-Xa activity compared with Fragmin (2.0 +/- 0.5), Fraxiparine (1.7 +/- 0.5) and Clexane (1.6 +/- 0.5). 3. In comparison with the three LMW heparins, the terminal half-life of plasma anti-IIa activity after Orgaran was longer and the 'clearance' of Orgaran was lower than that after Clexane. The area under the curve of the plasma anti-IIa activity after administration of Orgaran was negligible compared with that obtained after injection of the LMW heparins. 4. Orgaran caused the smallest and Fragmin the greatest prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (Orgaran 5.8 +/- 1.2 s vs Fragmin 18.5 +/- 5.2 s) and the thrombin clotting time (Orgaran 2.9 +/- 1.7 s vs Fragmin 47.8 +/- 0.9 s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Stiekema
- Scientific Development Group, Organon International B. V., Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Handrock K, Laschke A, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Vogt RD, Ziegenhagen M. Lysosomal storage of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultured fibroblasts exposed to immunostimulatory acridine derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 114:204-14. [PMID: 1609412 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present cytological and radiochemical study was to investigate whether the immunomodulatory agent 3,6-bis[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]acridine (CL-90.100) and three congeners induce lysosomal storage of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) in cultured rat corneal fibroblasts. The reason for asking this question was as follows: The four acridine derivatives have molecular similarities with the dicationic amphiphilic compound tilorone, which has previously been shown to cause sGAG storage in cultured cells and in intact rats. The cells were exposed to the drugs for 72 hr. Tilorone served as reference. All acridine derivatives caused cytological alterations which, on the basis of the cytochemical results, were indicative of lysosomal sGAG storage. The threshold concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 microM. Radiochemical experiments showed that CL-90.100 up to 10 microM induced [35S]GAG storage in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC50 of 2 microM. Concentrations above 10 microM were cytotoxic. Experiments with equimolar concentrations (3 microM) demonstrated that three of the acridine derivatives were more potent and one was less potent than tilorone. Additionally, CL-90.100 was tested on bovine corneal fibroblasts, with cytochemical and radiochemical results similar to those in rat cells. The present findings show that (a) the four acridine derivatives induce lysosomal sGAG storage; (b) the acridine ring, compared with the fenfluorenone ring (tilorone), enhances this potency; and (c) the substituents at the nitrogens can have some influence on the potency to induce sGAG storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Handrock
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic investigations on Orgaran (Org 10172) have been conducted by monitoring the following biological effects: plasma anti-Xa, anti-IIa and IIa-generation-inhibiting (IIaGI) activities. In addition, a limited number of studies were conducted on the basis of concentrations of the No-affinity glycosaminoglyc(uron)an (NoA-GAG) fraction as determined by a competitive binding assay. In humans, widely different pharmacokinetic profiles for various biological effects were observed, with relatively short elimination half-lives for the anti-IIa and IIaGI activities of 4.3 +/- 3.5 and 6.7 +/- 3.2 h, respectively, but a relatively long elimination half-life of anti-Xa activity of 24.5 +/- 9.6 h. These differences in half-life mainly reflect differences in the rate of elimination of individual components of Orgaran. Rapid elimination of some of these components may explain why twice daily dosing is required for optimal thrombosis prophylaxis with Orgaran. In a comparative study in healthy male volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of the following low molecular weight heparin(oid)s were determined after intravenous administration: Orgaran (3,750 anti-Xa units), Fragmin (5,000 anti-Xa units), Fraxiparine (7,500 IC units) and Clexane (40 mg). Between these products, wide differences in pharmacokinetics were observed. Particularly, the half-lives of anti-Xa activity and IIaGI activity were much longer for Orgaran than for the other products. At the same time, a relatively low area under the curve of anti-IIa activity was observed. The absolute bioavailability of Orgaran following subcutaneous administration was determined on the basis of plasma anti-Xa and IIaGI activities and the NoA-GAG fraction concentrations. Absorption from subcutaneous tissues was found to be close to 100%, which is significantly higher than of heparin; a finding which indicates that the subcutaneous route is reliable for the administration of Orgaran. The elimination of Orgaran components occurs by renal and possibly non-renal routes. With respect to anti-Xa activity, about 50% of the total clearance can be accounted for by urinary excretion. Therefore, in severe renal failure, a reduction of the maintenance dose of Orgaran would seem to be indicated. Studies on the influence of enzyme induction as a result of treatment with pentobarbital suggest that the pharmacokinetics of Lomoparan are relatively insensitive to changes in hepatic function. In a number of studies, the influence of conditions such as age, body weight and drug interactions were studied. Generally, only minor changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of Orgaran were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Danhof
- Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Petitou
- Sanofi Recherche-Centre Choay, Gentilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- S G Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Miller SG, Moore HP. Biochemical analysis of constitutive secretion in a semiintact cell system. Cell Biophys 1991; 19:35-43. [PMID: 1726886 DOI: 10.1007/bf02989877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Boer A, Stiekema JC, Danhof M, Moolenaar AJ, Breimer DD. Interaction of ORG 10172, a low molecular weight heparinoid, and digoxin in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 41:245-50. [PMID: 1748141 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between a new low molecular weight heparinoid Org 10172 (bolus injection of 3250 anti-Xa units) and digoxin (0.25 mg once daily for 8 days) were studied in 6 healthy male volunteers using an open, randomised three-way cross-over design. Digoxin produced a slight increase in clearance of anti-Xa activity from 4.3 to 4.8 ml.min-1, while plasma antithrombin and thrombin generation inhibiting (TG1) activity remained unchanged. Digoxin did not affect the actions of Org 10172 on the clotting tests. In the presence of Org 10172 there was a reduction in the AUC of digoxin during one dosing interval after the seventh digoxin tablet from 20 to 17 ng.ml-1.h, and a significant reduction in the average serum digoxin concentration. Since renal digoxin clearance was not significantly changed this probably might be due to a change in the non-renal clearance of digoxin. Atrio-ventricular node conduction, as measured by PR-time intervals, remained unchanged during all three treatments. In conclusion, although the pharmacokinetics of Org 10172 and digoxin were slightly changed by the combination, it is probably safe to administer Org 10172 and digoxin simultaneously. The clinical relevance of the slight decrease in plasma anti-Xa activity levels cannot yet be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A de Boer
- Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stiekema JC, Wijnand HP, ten Cate H, ten Cate JW, Harenberg J, Egberts JF, van Dinther TG. Partial in vivo neutralisation of plasma anticoagulant effects of Lomoparan (Org 10172) by protamine chloride. Thromb Res 1991; 63:157-67. [PMID: 1948817 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(91)90278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a cross-over study increasing doses of protamine hydrochloride (20-100 mg) or placebo were administered to six groups of four healthy male volunteers each, following a single intravenous dose of 3200 anti-Xa units of Org 10172. No neutralising effects were observed on the Org 10172 induced changes in the bleeding time, prothrombin time and thrombin time. A small and statistically not significant temporary decrease in anti-Xa activity was observed after doses of 80 and 100 mg protamine chloride. The anti-thrombin activity was dose-dependently and partly irreversibly neutralised by protamine chloride to a maximum of approximately 60%. This neutralisation correlated with the observed shorter prolongation of the thrombin time. The thrombin-generation inhibition activity was for approximately 35% neutralised by protamine chloride doses of 60-100 mg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Stiekema
- Organon International B.V., Scientific Development Group, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Boer A, Stiekema JC, Danhof M, Breimer DD. Influence of chlorthalidone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Org 10172 (Lomoparan), a low molecular weight heparinoid, in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:611-7. [PMID: 1716644 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of chlorthalidone (100 mg PO) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Org 10172 (IV bolus injection of 3250 anti-Xa units), a low molecular weight heparinoid, was studied in six healthy male volunteers using an open randomized two-way crossover design. Chlorthalidone produced a slight decrease in clearance of anti-Xa activity from 7.1 +/- 1.0 to 6.6 +/- 0.8 mL/min and a decrease of the volume of distribution from 0.20 +/- 0.05 to 0.16 +/- 0.04 L/kg, whereas the volume of distribution of antithrombin activity increased from 0.14 +/- 0.05 to 0.26 +/- 0.10 L/kg (all differences P less than .05). During the entire study period no adverse events occurred. In summary, chlorthalidone showed separate effects on different fractions of Org 10172. The clinical implication of the slight change observed in plasma anti-Xa activity is likely to be limited, whereas the 80% increase in distribution volume of plasma antithrombin activity can not be defined as yet in terms of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A de Boer
- Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stüttgen G, Panse P, Bauer E. Permeation of the human skin by heparin and mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester. Arzneimittelforschung 1990; 40:484-9. [PMID: 2141473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Punched samples of different specimens of human skin were treated with 5 mg/cm2 of commercially available topical preparations of heparin (50,000 IU/100 g, i.e. 0.35% w/w) or mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester (MPS, 1.4 and 0.45% w/w, respectively; active ingredient of Hirudoid). Heparin and MPS were labelled with tritium. The skin samples were fixed into a perfusion chamber. Perfusion fluid and skin were analysed 180 to 360 min later. The concentrations found in the corium varied from 0.005 to 0.1 IU heparin per g (i.e. 0.03 to 0.64 micrograms/g) and from 1.05 to 3.14 micrograms/g of MPS. While in normal skin the single administration of heparin and MPS resulted in levels of the same relative magnitude, skin with thinner epidermis and decreased horny layer (keloids) absorbed MPS to a higher degree. Repeated administration of a 1.4% MPS cream (0 and 90 min, measurement after 180 min) resulted in markedly enhanced levels, which were out of proportion especially in the deeper skin layers. This effect was confirmed with a 0.45% MPS cream. The direct comparison to the heparin cream resulted in higher heparin levels in the epidermis but higher MPS levels in all deeper skin layers, when calculated to the same concentration in the cream. The heparin in the dermal layers and in the perfusion chamber fluid was determined by molecular binding to protamine loaded sepharose 4B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stüttgen
- Dermatologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Berlin-West Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stiekema JC, de Boer A, Danhof M, Kroon C, Broekmans AW, van Dinther TG, Voerman J, Breimer DD. Interaction of the combined medication with the new low-molecular-weight heparinoid Lomoparan (Org 10172) and acenocoumarol. Haemostasis 1990; 20:136-46. [PMID: 1696921 DOI: 10.1159/000216120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A high intravenous dose of the low-molecular-weight heparinoid Lomoparan (Org 10172) was administered to 6 healthy males in a steady state of anticoagulation (Thrombotest) by acenocoumarol. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and Stypven time were prolonged to a degree which was greater than that expected on the base of the summation of the effects by each drug alone. This effect was observed for a period of up to 1 h. The Thrombotest was affected for up to 5 h after the intravenous administration of Org 10172, therefore it is deemed unsuitable for monitoring the combined effects of these two anticoagulants during this period. Acenocoumarol did not affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of Org 10172 with the exception of a slight reduction of the clearance of plasma anti-Xa activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Stiekema
- Scientific Development Group, Organon International BV, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Baldwin CT, Silbert JE, Humphries DE, Cogburn JN, Smith BD. Increased proteoglycan synthesis following the differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells: formation of a differentiation-specific proteoheparan sulfate. Matrix 1989; 9:389-96. [PMID: 2615695 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(89)80044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have examined changes in proteoglycan synthesis by F9 embryonal carcinoma cells after the cells have been treated with retinoic acid or retinoic acid plus cholera toxin. Retinoic acid is known to stimulate the differentiation of this cell type to a primitive endoderm-like cell characterized by the production of basement membrane components such as type IV collagen, laminin and proteoglycans. We have now demonstrated that proteoglycan synthesis and secretion were further stimulated when cholera toxin was added in addition to retinoic acid. Moreover, media of these fully differentiated cells was found to contain a different species of proteoheparan sulfate not produced by stem cells or retinoic acid-treated cells. This proteoheparan sulfate had a high density upon CsCl gradient centrifugation. The protein core of this proteoheparan sulfate was estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis to be approximately 15,000 daltons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Baldwin
- Collagen and Connective Tissue Laboratories, Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic, Boston, MA 02108
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stüttgen G, Panse P, Bauer E. [Heparin and mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester permeate human skin]. Z Hautkr 1989; 64:756, 761-2, 765. [PMID: 2530708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After topical application of commercial preparations containing heparin and heparinoids (MPS) in concentrations of 30,000 up to 150,000 IE/100 g, the individual layers of the skin show more or less increased heparinization, which can be traced by means of the permeation chamber technique. The average concentration of heparin and MPS in the dermal layers containing capillaries is about 0.1-0.5 IE/ml and 400-40,000 ng/ml, respectively, depending on the quality of the horny layer. We did not find any evidence for the permeation being activated either by DMSO, urea, or other accelerators. Repeated exposition to the preparation within 4 hours, however, resulted in increased permeation of heparin and MPS. The amount of the gel or ointment applied was of no significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stüttgen
- Hautklinik und Poliklinik der Freien Universität Berlin Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Molecules and macromolecules are known to alter the process of crystallization, either through inhibition or promotion of nucleation, growth, and/or aggregation. One particular group of macromolecules, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), has been of interest in our laboratory. The GAGs chondroitin A, chondroitin C, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and keratan sulfate have all been shown to be inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization. Heparin, the only GAG which is not naturally present in urine, is the most potent inhibitor of all GAGs. Using the method of Langmuir isotherm adsorption, we studied the adsorption of certain GAGs onto calcium oxalate crystals. Under standardized conditions, heparin, chondroitin C, hyaluronic acid, and pentosan polysulfate (a synthetic polyanionic molecule similar to, but a weaker inhibitor than, heparin) were adsorbed onto calcium oxalate. The total amount of GAG required to maximally cover the crystal surface, as well as the equilibrium concentration at which surface was half-covered with GAG (inversely related to the desorption energy) were measured. Chondroitin C was adsorbed in the greatest amount, followed by heparin, pentosan polysulfate, and finally hyaluronic acid. Using the method of fiducial limits, the only insignificant difference was between heparin and chondroitin C, and between hyaluronic acid and pentosan polysulfate. Pentosan polysulfate required significantly higher equilibrium concentration than heparin and hyaluronic acid to cover half of the surface of the calcium oxalate crystals. The principle of Langmuir isotherm adsorption can be useful in predicting the effects of macromolecules on crystallization. Weaker inhibitors bind with less affinity than do stronger inhibitors. Further work is underway to characterize other inhibitors and promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Angell
- Division of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stiekema JC, Wijnand HP, Van Dinther TG, Moelker HC, Dawes J, Vinchenzo A, Toeberich H. Safety and pharmacokinetics of the low molecular weight heparinoid Org 10172 administered to healthy elderly volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27:39-48. [PMID: 2468354 PMCID: PMC1379703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb05333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In a cross-over study a new low molecular weight heparinoid Org 10172 was administered to 12 elderly male and female volunteers. It was well tolerated and no adverse effects occurred. 2. The absolute bioavailability of Org 10172 as measured by plasma anti-Xa activity, glycosaminoglycuronans with no affinity to antithrombin III (NoA-GAG) and thrombin generation inhibiting activity approached 100% in both sexes. 3. The half-life of elimination of its anti-Xa activity (19.2 +/- 6.1 h) was similar to that found previously in young volunteers. Org 10172 was further characterised by a rapid disappearance from the circulation of its anti-thrombin activity (t1/2 1.8 +/- 0.6 h) and of the NoA-GAG (t1/2 3.5 +/- 2.1 h). 4. Its thrombin generation inhibiting activity was of intermediate duration (t1/2 elimination 6.2 +/- 4.0 h).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Stiekema
- Scientific Development Group, Organon International B.V., Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Horiba M, Akima K, Hase T, Arika T, Amemiya K, Munechika K, Tabata K, Aimoto T. [Studies on metabolism and disposition of sizofiran (SPG), an anti-tumor polysaccharide. I. Excretion and tissue distribution of 14C-SPG]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1988; 108:763-71. [PMID: 2977620 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.108.8_763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
39
|
Elling H. Immunofluorescence demonstration of transdermal deposition of mucopolysaccharides into the skin. Arzneimittelforschung 1987; 37:816-8. [PMID: 2445361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The penetration into the skin of topically applied mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPS, Hirudoid) was demonstrated by an immunohistochemical technique. MPS-dependent fluorescence was detected in skin sections of nude mice and guinea pigs obtained by cryostat and synthetic resin histology. Deposition of MPS in corium and subcutis was shown by the fluorescence of fine granules in the ground substance and of cellular elements resembling fibrocytes. The specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction has also been demonstrated: The reactivity of the human hyperimmune antisera was completely abolished by pre-incubation with MPS; normal serum or goat-anti-human-FITC-IgG alone gave no fluorescent reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Elling
- Pharmacological Laboratories of Luitpold-Werk, Chemisch-pharmazeutische Fabrik, Munich, Fed. Rep. of Germany
| |
Collapse
|