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Xie H, Zhao W, Li J, Li J. Degradation of different wastewater by a biological sponge iron system: microbial growth and influencing factors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17318-17325. [PMID: 38813119 PMCID: PMC11134168 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The bio-ZVI process has undergone widespread development in wastewater treatment in recent years. However, there has been limited examination of the growth and degradation characteristics of functional microorganisms within the system. In the present research, strains were isolated and identified from the bio-ZVI system constructed by sponge iron (encoded as SFe-M). The consistency of operating conditions in treating different wastewater was explored. Three SFe-acclimated microorganisms exhibiting characteristics of degrading organic pollutants and participating in the nitrogen removal process were isolated. The adaptation time of these microorganisms prolonged as the substrate toxicity increased, while the pollutant degradation was related to their metabolic rate in the logarithmic phase. All these functional bacteria exhibited the ability to treat wastewater in a wide pH range (5-8). However, the improper temperature (such as 10 °C and 40 °C) significantly inhibited their growth, and the optimal working temperature was identified as 30 °C. The iron dosage had a significant impact on these function bacteria, ranging from 1 g L-1 to 150 g L-1. It was inferred that the SFe-acclimated microorganisms are capable of resisting the poison of excessive iron, that is, they all have strong adaptability. The results provide compelling evidence for further understanding of the degradation mechanism involved in the bio-ZVI process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Xie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
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Guo K, Li W, Wang Y, Hao T, Mao F, Wang T, Yang Z, Chen X, Li J. Low strength wastewater anammox start-up and stable operation by inoculating sponge-iron sludge: Cooperation of biological iron and iron bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116086. [PMID: 36041306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) technology in low-strength wastewater treatment still faces difficult in-situ start-ups and unstable operations. Sponge-iron sludge (R1) was used as a novel inoculum to provide a promising solution. Conventional activated sludge (R0) was used as the control. However, little is known about the feasibility and performance during the start-up and operation of Anammox combined with biological iron and iron bacteria in an iron sludge system. Anammox was successfully started both in R1 (87 days) and R0 (89 days) with a low-strength influent (with a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 43.64 ± 0.41 g N/(m3⋅d)). During long-term operation, the R0 nevertheless produced higher nitrates (9.7 ± 0.1 mg/L) than expected. In contrast, R1 presented no excess nitrate production (2.1 ± 0.06 mg/L). The total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency increased from 78.2 ± 7.1% in R0 to 86.1 ± 4.3% in R1. The iron sludge in R1 was divided equally into three parts and three different nitrogen-feeding methods were used over the 34 days of operation, as follows: first using a mixture of ammonium (27.15 ± 1.0 mg/L) and nitrite (32.7 ± 1.7 mg/L), then only ammonium (27.15 ± 1.0 mg/L) and lastly only nitrite (32.7 ± 1.7 mg/L) as the influent. R1 was a coupled system composed of Anammox, Feammox, and NOx--dependent Fe(II) oxidation (NDFO). The contribution of Feammox and NDFO to TIN removal was 27.1 ± 1.2% and 31.9 ± 0.7%. However, Anammox was the primary nitrogen transformation pathway. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) and iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH) were generated in R1. The produced Fe(OH)3 and FeOOH were capable of participating in Feammox and formed a Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle which further removed nitrogen. Therefore, a highly stable and impressive nitrogen removal performance was demonstrated in the iron sludge Anammox system under the cooperation of biological iron and iron bacteria. The study considered the enrichment of norank_c_OM190, Desulfuromonas, and Thiobacillus and their contribution to the Anammox, Feammox, and NDFO processes, respectively. This study provides a new perspective for the start-up and stable operation of low-strength wastewater Anammox engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehuan Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100123, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Yae Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Tongyao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100123, PR China
| | - Feijian Mao
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Te Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zhenni Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xinjuan Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
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Abstract
Phosphorus in water not only degrades water quality but also leads to a waste of resources. In this study, adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were used to study the effect of sponge iron on phosphorus removal, and a filtration bed was used to simulate the phosphorus removal in polluted water. The results showed that the maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of the modified sponge iron was increased from 4.17 mg/g to 18.18 mg/g. After desorption with 18.18 mol/L of sodium hydroxide and reactivation with 6% (w%) sulfuric acid, the activation rate of modified sponge iron can reach 98%. In a continuous operation experiment run for approximately 200 days, the sponge iron phosphorus removal percolation bed showed a good phosphorus removal ability. Under the condition of TP = 10 mg/L, HRT = 1 H, the comprehensive phosphorus removal rate was 30–89%, and the accumulated phosphorus adsorption per unit volume was 6.95 kg/m3. Wastewater from the regeneration of the sponge iron base can be used to recover guano stone. The optimum conditions were pH = 10, n (Mg2+):n (PO43−):n (NH4+) = 1.3:1:1.1. Under the optimum conditions, the phosphorus recovery rate could reach 97.8%. The method provided in this study has theoretical and practical significance for the removal and recycling of phosphorus in polluted water.
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Li J, Wang Y, Xie H, Zhao W, Zhang L, Li J. Enhanced refractory organics removal by sponge iron-coupled microbe technology: performance and underlying mechanism analysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:117-130. [PMID: 34617132 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sponge iron (SFe) is a zero-valent iron (Fe0) composite with a high-purity and porous structure. In this study, SFe was coupled with microorganisms that were gradually domesticated to form a Fe0/iron-oxidizing bacteria system (Fe0-FeOB system). The enhancement effect of the Fe0-FeOB system on refractory organics was verified, the mechanism of its strengthening action was investigated, and the relationship and influencing factors between the Fe0 and microorganisms were revealed. The average removal rates of the Fe0-FeOB system were 8.98%, 5.69%, and 40.67% higher than those of the SBR system for AF, AN, and NB wastewater treatment, respectively. With the addition of SFe, the microbial community structure was gradually enhanced with a large number of FeOB were detected. Moreover, the bacteria with strong iron corrosion and Fe(II) oxidation abilities plays a critical role in improving the Fenton-like effect. Interestingly, the variation trend of ⋅OH was fairly consistent with that of Fe(II). Thus, the main drivers of the Fenton-like effect are biological corrosion and metabolism. Consequently, microbial degradation and Fenton-like effect contributed to the degradation performance of the Fe0-FeOB system. Among them, the microbial degradation accounted for 96.09%, of which the biogenic Fenton effect accounted for 8.9%, and the microbial metabolic activity accounted for 87.19%. However, the augmentation of the Fe0-FeOB system was strongly dependent on SFe for the strengthening effect of microorganisms disappeared after leaving the SFe 35 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yae Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Xie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,Gansu Membrane Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning West Road, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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Xie HN, Li J, Wang YE, Zhao W, Zhang LH, Li J. Influencing factors for the Fenton-like of biological sponge iron system and its degradation mechanism of aniline. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang WH, Wang Y, Li Z, Wei CZ, Zhao JC, Sun LQ. Effect of a strengthened ecological floating bed on the purification of urban landscape water supplied with reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1630-1639. [PMID: 29054622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A floating bed (FB) system vegetated with calamus, iris, lythrum, and Hydrocotyle vulgaris, and a strengthened FB (SFB) system with zeolite and sponge iron as fillers were simultaneously applied to purify urban landscape water in different zones. The urban landscape water, an artificial lake of approximately 326m2, was supplied with reclaimed water during a six-month experiment. Results indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the SFB zone (SFBZ) were significantly lower than those in the control zone (CZ) and the FB zone (FBZ) after six months of operation. The average removal efficiencies (AREs) in the SFBZ, FBZ and CZ were 89.98%, 77.39% and 56.37%, respectively, for ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N); 92.49%, 79.55% and 47.85%, respectively, for phosphate (PO43--P). Meanwhile, the average concentration of Chlorophyll a and the algae density in SFBZ during the experiment were 12.54μg/L and 1.31×104cells/mL, which were lower, obviously, than those in the FBZ and CZ. Moreover, the contribution rates analysis of nutrient removal exhibited that the plant absorption in the removal of N and P occupied 27.85% and 26.36%, whereas the filler adsorption occupied 7.93% and 11.93%, respectively, in the SFB. Thus, the water quality of the artificial lake was improved greatly by the SFB which hybridized fillers and FB together. Finally, it was found that the AREs of NH4+-N and PO43--P in the SFBZ could reach 73.93% and 84.56%, approximately 1.39 and 1.41 times that of the FBZ during the winter. Therefore, the application of an SFB can keep a stable water quality in urban landscape water and avoid the lower removal rate of an FB at low-temperature. In summary, the SFB could effectively improve the water quality of urban landscape water supplied with reclaimed water even in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Huai Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Wei
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jing-Chan Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lu-Qin Sun
- Environmental Science Department, University of San Francisco, California, CA 94117, USA
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Wang GB, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Combination effect of sponge iron and calcium nitrate on severely eutrophic urban landscape water: an integrated study from laboratory to fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8350-8363. [PMID: 29307060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the in situ restoration of urban landscape water through the combined application of sponge iron (SI) and calcium nitrate (CN) was conducted in the Xi'an Moat of China. The combination effect of SI and CN on the phosphorus (P) control was explored through laboratory and field experiments. Results showed that the optimum mass ratio of SI and CN was 4:1, and the optimum dosage of combined SI and CN was 1.4 g/L for controlling eutrophication in the water body at Xi'an Moat. The field experiment demonstrated that SI and CN efficiently controlled P concentration in overlying and interstitial water and obtained a maximum efficiency of 88.6 and 65.2% in soluble reactive P locking, respectively. The total P, organic P, and Ca-bound P contents in sediment simultaneously increased by 7.7, 15.2, and 2.4%, respectively, after 56 days. Therefore, the combined application of SI and CN achieved the goal of transferring the P from overlying and interstitial water to the sediment. Considering the environmental effect and economic investment, the combined application of SI and CN at a mass ratio of 4:1 and dosage of 1.4 g/L is an excellent choice for the in situ rehabilitation of eutrophic water with a high internal P load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Bai Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Wang G, Wang Y, Guo Y, Peng D. Effects of four different phosphorus-locking materials on sediment and water quality in Xi'an moat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:264-274. [PMID: 27714656 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To lower phosphorus concentration in Xi'an moat, four different phosphorus-locking materials, namely, calcium nitrate, sponge-iron, fly ash, and silica alumina clay, were selected in this experiment to study their effects on water quality and sediment. Results of the continuous 68-day experiment showed that calcium nitrate was the most effective for controlling phosphorus concentration in overlying and interstitial water, where the efficiency of locking phosphorus was >97 and 90 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the addition of calcium nitrate caused Fe/Al-bound phosphorus (Fe/Al-P) content in sediment declining but Ca-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) and organic phosphorus (OP) content ascending. The phosphorus-locking efficiency of sponge-iron in overlying and interstitial water was >72 and 66 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the total phosphorus (TP), OP, Fe/Al-P, and Ca-P content in sediment increased by 33.8, 7.7, 23.1, and 23.1 %, respectively, implying that under the action of sponge-iron, the locked phosphorus in sediment was mainly inorganic form and the phosphorus-locking efficiency of sponge-iron could be stable and persistent. In addition, the phosphorus-locking efficiency of fly ash was transient and limited, let alone silica alumina clay had almost no capacity for phosphorus-locking efficiency. Therefore, calcium nitrate and sponge-iron were excellent phosphorus-locking agents to repair the seriously polluted water derived from an internal source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbai Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Dangcong Peng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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