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Hong SJ, Zhang XN, Sun Z, Zeng T. The potential health risks of N,N-dimethylformamide: An updated review. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38339870 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a universally used industrial material with exponential growth in production and consumption worldwide. The frequently reported occupational DMF poisoning cases in some countries and the gradually recognized unavoidable health risks to the general population highlight that DMF should still be a matter of concern. Previous studies have demonstrated that the liver is the primary target organ of DMF exposure and multiple mechanisms have been revealed. However, most of these studies investigate the detrimental effects of acute and subacute DMF exposure, while the effects of chronic DMF exposure are rarely studied. Furthermore, the key mechanism for the acute hepatotoxicity of DMF remains to be elucidated. Future research may focus on the identification of efficient preventive measures against the toxicity of DMF to occupational workers, the investigation of the detrimental effects of DMF at environmentally relevant doses, and the studies on the elimination and recycling of DMF in industrial wastes. Herein, we present an updated review of the metabolism of DMF, the biomarker of DMF exposure, underlying molecular mechanisms of DMF-induced hepatotoxicity, and the toxicity of DMF to both occupational workers and general populations and discuss the possible directions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Hong
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Li LX, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang XN, Liu H, Zhang YJ, Wu CT, Zhang CL, Zeng T. Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) prevents N,N-dimethyl formamide-induced liver damage by suppressing oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114198. [PMID: 37995826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely consumed industrial solvent with persistent characteristics, can induce occupational liver damage and pose threats to the general population due to the enormous DMF-containing industrial efflux and emission from indoor facilities. This study was performed to explore the roles of allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) in liver damage induced by DMF and the underlying mechanisms. AMDS was found to effectively suppress the elevation in the liver weight/body weight ratio and serum aminotransferase activities, and reduce the mortality of mice induced by DMF. In addition, AMDS abrogated DMF-elicited increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse livers. The increase in macrophage number, mRNA expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers, and protein expression of key components in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by DMF exposure were all suppressed by AMDS in mouse livers. Furthermore, AMDS inhibited DMF-induced cell damage and NF-κB activation in cocultured AML12 hepatocytes and J774A.1 macrophages. However, AMDS per se did not significantly affect the protein level and activity of CYP2E1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AMDS effectively ameliorates DMF-induced acute liver damage possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and inactivating the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xia Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Wu
- The Animal Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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3
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Wu H, Shi Y, Yan Y, Zhang J, Zhou X, Mei X, Zheng Z, Li D. Pathological characteristics of liver injury induced by N, N-dimethylformamide: From humans to animal models. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1987-1998. [PMID: 36561849 PMCID: PMC9743195 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is widely used in chemical industries because of its excellent solvent properties. Poisoning accidents caused by DMF have been frequently reported, particularly hepatotoxicity; however, the hepatic pathological changes have rarely been described. This study aimed to summarise the pathological characteristics of the hepatotoxicity associated with DMF in clinical cases and to verify in animal models. Liver pathologies of two patients with liver failure due to DMF were retrospectively analysed. Thirty-six rats were categorised into the DMF group (intraperitoneally injected with 4 g/kg DMF once a week), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group (intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 g/kg CCl4 twice a week) and control group (intraperitoneally injected with normal saline once a week). The general condition and changes in hepatic pathology at 48 h and 8 weeks were observed. Liver tissues of patients exhibited multiple unevenly distributed inflammatory and fibrotic lesions. The DMF-induced liver injury animal model was successfully established. Inflammation and fibrosis were heterogeneously observed throughout the liver in the DMF group, contrast to entirely homogeneous lesions in the CCl4 group. Specific hepatic pathological findings (heterogeneous lesions) caused by DMF detected for the first time in humans and animal model, may be significant in the clinical diagnosis of DMF poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixian Shi
- Department of Respiratory, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongqin Yan
- Department of Pathology, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuan Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyong Zheng
- Department of Pathology, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Fei CF, Guo SM, Yin Y, He X, Zhou LQ. Exposure of mouse oocytes to N,N-dimethylformamide impairs mitochondrial functions and reduces oocyte quality. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1563-1574. [PMID: 35238128 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely-used solvent for the synthesis of synthetic fibers such as polyacrylonitrile fiber, and can also be used to make medicine. Although this organic solvent has multipurpose applications, its biological toxicity cannot be ignored and its impact on mammalian reproduction remains largely unexplored. Our study found that DMF exposure inhibited oocyte maturation and fertilization ability. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that DMF exposure changed the expression of genes and transposable elements in oocytes. Subcellular structure examination found that DMF exposure caused mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal aggregation of mitochondria and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in mouse oocytes. Its exposure also caused abnormal distribution of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum which formed large number of clusters. In addition, oxidative stress occurs in oocytes exposed to DMF, which was manifested by an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. We found that DMF exposure induced disordered spindle and chromosomes abnormality. Meanwhile, we examined various histone modification levels in oocytes exposed to DMF and found that DMF exposure reduced H3K9me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H4K16ac levels in mouse oocytes. Moreover, DMF-treated oocytes failed to form pronuclei after fusion with normal sperm. Collectively, DMF exposure caused mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement disorder, leading to oocyte maturation arrest and fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Fei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi-Meng Guo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yin
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ximiao He
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Liu Y, Wen C, Zhang Y, Liu Z, He Q, Cui M, Peng H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li X, Wang Q. Aberrant expression of SNHG12 contributes to N, N-dimethylformamide-induced hepatic apoptosis both in short-term and long-term DMF exposure. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1022-1033. [PMID: 34733487 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) can cause liver damage in occupationally exposed workers, but the molecular mechanism of DMF-induced liver damage has not been fully elucidated. Researches have proved that lncRNA plays a major function in chemical-induced liver toxicity and can be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target for liver injury. In order to verify that lncRNA also participates in DMF-induced liver damage, we treated HL-7702 cells with 75 or 150 mM DMF, and obtained lncRNA expression profiles through high-throughput sequencing. Among the differentially expressed lncRNAs, lncRNA SNHG12 was proved to be significantly downregulated in DMF-treated HL-7702 cells and participate in DMF-mediated apoptosis, even under long-term low-dose DMF exposure (5-10 mM, 8 weeks). In addition, according to bioinformatics analysis, miR-218-5p is expected to be a potential target of SNHG12, which was verified by the dual luciferase reporter assay in HEK293FT cells. MiR-218-5p mimic can induce apoptosis in HL-7702 cells. Among the predicted targets of miR-218-5p, protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE) was reported to be involved in apoptosis, and was indeed downregulated by miR-218-5p mimic in our study. Further experiments showed that changes of the expression of SNHG12 can affect the expression of PRKCE. In the epidemiological study of occupational population, we also found that SNHG12 was downregulated in the serum exosomes of workers exposed to DMF. These results indicated that SNHG12 can mediate DMF-induced apoptosis of HL-7702 cells through miR-218-5p/PRKCE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cuiju Wen
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yangchun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qianmei He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengxing Cui
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Honghao Peng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Hsa_circ_0005915 promotes N,N-dimethylformamide-induced oxidative stress in HL-7702 cells through NRF2/ARE axis. Toxicology 2021; 458:152838. [PMID: 34153373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic compound widely used in industrial production processes as a solvent with a low evaporation rate. Excessive exposure to DMF may lead to liver damage. Oxidative stress has been reported as one of the main causes of DMF-induced hepatotoxicity. Several doses of DMF (0, 1, 5, and 10 mM) were used to treat HL-7702 cells for a relatively long period to simulate the actual exposure pattern in occupational settings, and oxidative stress was induced. Previous studies illustrated that circular RNA (circRNA) plays a vital role in sustaining hepatocyte physiological function. To explore whether aberrant circRNA expression is involved in DMF-induced excessive ROS generation and hepatotoxicity, high-throughput transcriptional sequencing was performed to identify the altered circRNA expression profiles in HL-7702 liver cells after treatment with 0, 75, or 150 mM DMF for 48 h. We found that levels of induced oxidative stress were similar to those in the long-term exposure model. Among the altered circRNAs, one circRNA (hsa_circ_0005915) was significantly upregulated after DMF exposure, and it affected DMF-mediated oxidative stress in HL-7702 cells. Further experiments revealed that hsa_circ_0005915 downregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythoid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) at the post-transcriptional level via promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of NRF2, which led to the increase of ROS accumulation. Further investigation demonstrated that the expression levels of NRF2-regulated antioxidative genes-heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)-indeed declined after the overexpression of hsa_circ_0005915. In vivo study also indicated that DMF exposure can upregulate the expression of mmu_circ_0007941 (homologous circRNA of hsa_circ_0005915) and downregulated Nrf2 and Ho1 proteins. In summary, our results revealed that hsa_circ_0005915 plays an important role in promoting DMF-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the NRF2/ARE axis, which provides a potential molecular mechanism of DMF-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Xu L, Zhao Q, Luo J, Ma W, Jin Y, Li C, Hou Y, Feng M, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Yu D. Integration of proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics reveals novel metabolic mechanisms underlying N, N-dimethylformamide induced hepatotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111166. [PMID: 32827966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a universal organic solvent which widely used in various industries, and a considerable amount of DMF is detected in industrial effluents. Accumulating animal and epidemiological studies have identified liver injury as an early toxic effect of DMF exposure; however, the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically integrated the quantitative proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data obtained from the primary human hepatocytes exposed to DMF, to depict the complicated biochemical reactions correlated to liver damage. Eventually, we identified 284 deregulated proteins (221 downregulated and 63 upregulated) and 149 deregulated lipids or metabolites (99 downregulated and 50 upregulated) induced by DMF exposure. Further, the integration of the protein-metabolite (lipid) interactions revealed that N-glycan biosynthesis (involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response), bile acid metabolism (involved in the lipid metabolism and the inflammatory process), and mitochondrial dysfunction and glutathione depletion (both contributed to reactive oxygen species) were the typical biochemical reactions disturbed by DMF exposure. In summary, our study identified the versatile protein, lipid, and metabolite molecules in multiple signaling and metabolic pathways involved in DMF induced liver injury, and provided new insights to elucidate the toxic mechanisms of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufei Hou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiyao Feng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinquan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Jang BO, Choi GH, Jang HY, Ahn S, Choi JK, Kim S, Lee K, Jang ES, Kim JW, Jeong SH. A Case of Autoimmune Hepatitis after Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e228. [PMID: 32686369 PMCID: PMC7371453 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely used solvent in the chemical industry, is known to induce toxic hepatitis. However, there have been no reported cases of DMF-associated autoimmune hepatitis. A 31-year-old healthy man working at a glove factory since July 2015 had intermittently put his bare hands into a diluted DMF solution for his first 15 days at work. After 2 months, he felt nausea, fatigue, and hand cramping, and a jaundice followed. His laboratory findings showed positive autoantibodies and elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG), and his liver biopsy pathology was typical of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Prednisolone and azathioprine therapy began, and he recovered rapidly without adverse events. Though his liver chemistry was normalized, the IgG level remained persistently upper normal range. His 2nd liver biopsy performed in April 2019 showed mild portal activity, and he was well under a low dose immunosuppressive therapy up to April 2020. This case warns of the hazard of occupational exposure to DMF, and clinicians should be aware of DMF-related AIH for timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boo Ok Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Yoon Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Siho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyunghan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sook Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
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9
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Zhang Z, Zhu W, Liu Z, Liu Y, Chang C, Jiang H, Li R, Xiao Y, Chen W, Hu Q, Wang Q. Aberrant expression of miRNA‐192‐5p contributes to
N
,
N
‐dimethylformamide‐induced hepatic apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1683-1693. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Toxicology Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangzhou China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruobi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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10
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Hu ZY, Chang J, Guo FF, Deng HY, Pan GT, Li BY, Zhang ZL. The effects of dimethylformamide exposure on liver and kidney function in the elderly population: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20749. [PMID: 32629651 PMCID: PMC7337450 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is widely used as a solvent in the production of synthetic leather. Previous studies have focused on workers exposed to DMF in leather factories; however, little attention has been paid to the general population. This study was conducted to examine the effects of DMF exposure on elderly residents living near synthetic leather factories. A total of 962 subjects over 60 years of age in proximity to these factories (monitoring points) were enrolled as the exposure group, and 1924 permanent residents living distant from the factories were enrolled as the control group. The exposure group was divided into 3 groups according to their distance from the monitoring points. Physical examination, routine blood tests, and liver and renal function data were collected, and the DMF concentration in the air was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The prevalence of abnormal heart rhythm, electrocardiogram and B-mode ultrasound results in the exposure group was significantly greater than in the control group. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the exposure group also were higher than those in the control group (P < .01). There was an effect of distance from leather factories on liver and kidney dysfunction in the 3 exposure groups. Compared with the exposure group at >3 km distance from the source, the prevalence of increased AST, ALT, and BUN in the exposure group at <1 km was significantly greater (P < .001). It was concluded that DMF exposure was related to an increased risk of a cardiac injury and liver and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Hu
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui
| | - Jie Chang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Fei-Fei Guo
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Han-Yi Deng
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai
| | - Guo-Tao Pan
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Bing-Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Zeng-Li Zhang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, China
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11
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Brown KK, Norton AE, Neu DT, Shaw PB. Robotic direct reading device with spatial, temporal, and PID sensors for laboratory VOC exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:717-726. [PMID: 31532332 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1657580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated a novel robotic direct reading method that used a real-time location system to measure the spatial-concentration distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a chemistry laboratory. The CEMWIP II is a custom-made sensor that measures VOCs, temperature, humidity, and location, sending data wirelessly in real time to a remote location for display and storage. In this study, the CEMWIP II device was mounted on a robotic platform to create a CEMWIP II-mobile platform. The autonomous mobile platform was released from a corner of the room and allowed to travel randomly along an open floor with the goal of characterizing the spatial distribution of VOCs and identifying their sources in the laboratory. The experiment consisted of 12 runs made of permutations of four corner release sites and four beaker locations, with two beakers containing water and two containing the solvent acetone. The autonomous mobile platform was tasked with locating the two beakers of acetone. The sensor had a detection limit of 100 ppb and the confidence of detecting a source within a 1.46 m2 area was p = 0.0005 by ANOVA. The CEMWIP II-mobile platform was able to measure the spatial distribution of VOCs within a laboratory that were associated with open solvent containers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amie E Norton
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
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12
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Wu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Zheng M, Guan M, Zhang M, Zhao W, Wang C, Lu S, Cheng J, Leng S. The essential role of CYP2E1 in metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide using a novel Cyp2e1 knockout mouse model and a population study. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3169-3181. [PMID: 31501917 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widespread contaminant of leather factories and their surrounding environment. There is a lack of direct in vivo evidence supporting CYP2E1 as a primary enzyme responsible for DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity. In this study, a novel Cyp2e1 knockout (KO) mouse model was generated and used to assess whether DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity is CYP2E1 dependent using an acute toxicity protocol with a single dose of 1500 mg DMF/kg. An epidemiological study in 698 DMF-exposed workers and 188 non-DMF-exposed controls was conducted to investigate the associations between functional polymorphisms of CYP2E1 (rs6413432/rs2031920) and DMF metabolite (N-methylcarbmoylated-hemoglobin [NMHb]). We successfully established Cyp2e1 KO mice with evidence from DNA sequence analysis, which showed 1-bp insertion at 65 bp (C) site of Cyp2e1 Exon 1. In addition, western blot and in vivo pharmacokinetic study also showed a complete absence of CYP2E1 protein and a 92% and 88% reduction in CYP2E1 activity among males and females, respectively. DMF metabolism as evidenced by increased blood NMHb, and hepatotoxicity as evidenced by elevated liver/body weight ratio, activity of liver enzymes and massive liver necrosis were detected in wild-type (WT) mice but were completely abrogated in KO mice, strongly supporting a CYP2E1-dependent pattern of DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Moreover, variant allele of CYP2E1-rs6413432 was also significantly associated with higher NMHb levels in DMF-exposed workers (P = 0.045). The increase of glucose-regulated protein 94 detected in WT mice but not in KO mice suggested CYP2E1-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a key mechanism underlying DMF-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Min Zheng
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Mingyue Guan
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Man Zhang
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunmin Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Songwen Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shuguang Leng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
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13
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Zhang X, Jiang H, Shen J, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Xiao J, Lian Y. Relationship between N,N-dimethylformamide exposure, PNPLA3, GCKR, COL13A1 and TM6SF2 genes, and liver injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:347-351. [PMID: 30616151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current researches show that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure is associated with liver injury, but it is debatable whether PNPLA3, GCKR, COL13A1 and TM6SF2 gene polymorphisms are associated with liver injury. Our objective was to examine the relationship among DMF exposure, PNPLA3 rs738409, GCKR rs780094, COL13A1 rs1227756, TM6SF2 rs58542926 and liver injury. METHODS The cohort consisted of 461 workers exposed above the DMF threshold limit value (TLV) and 211 exposed below the DMF TLV in China, who were followed for 5 years. The relationship between the measured dose of DMF and the relative risk (RR) of liver injury was also investigated by Poisson analysis. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between measured dose of DMF, gene locus, and RR for liver injury. All workers had a annual physical examinations were conducted at certified physical examination centers in Taicang CDC, including liver serum transaminase assessment and abdominal ultrasound. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using a genomic DNA extraction kit. RESULTS The incidence of liver injury in the above DMF TLV group was significantly higher than in the below DMF TLV group. GCKR rs780094 was associated with liver injury. The interaction among the GCKR rs780094, DMF exposure and liver injury showed no significant association. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that in DMF exposure, GCKR rs780094 may contribute to the risk of liver injury. Our results suggest that GCKR rs780094 is a useful genetic marker to help identify liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhang
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayang Shen
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiyang Gu
- Jiaxing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yulong Lian
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Li MJ, Zeng T. The deleterious effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on liver: A mini-review. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 298:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Preparation and Characterization of Self-Colored Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Application in Eco-Friendly Manufacturing of Microfiber Synthetic Leather Base. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030289. [PMID: 30966324 PMCID: PMC6414886 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel self-colored waterborne polyurethane (SCPU) was synthesized and used in the preparation of a microfiber synthetic leather (MS-Leather) base in order to reduce the pollution caused by N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dyes. The SCPU was prepared using the reaction of a reactive brilliant red K-2G with a waterborne polyurethane which was then extended via a first generation of hyperbranched poly(amine-ester). With the introduction of the dye, new absorption peaks at 1118 cm−1 [S=O], 1413 cm−1 [N=N], and 1635 cm−1 [C=N] appeared in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of SCPU, and SCPU mean particle size increased to 162 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensity of SCPU at 19.27° was 1310 cts. The thermal stability of SCPU at 200–280 °C was inferior to that of the control sample; however, it improved at temperatures above 360 °C. Finally, a free-dyeing MS-Leather base prepared by using SCPU without DMF was manufactured. It was found that the dyes were distributed mainly in the polyurethane matrix rather than in the microfibers. Moreover, the color changes of the base before and after being washed in both a water and a soap solution were 0.93 and 4.21, respectively. This indicated that the base’s washing color fastness to water was better than to a soap solution.
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16
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Zhang J, Zhou D, Zhang L, Lin Q, Ren W, Zhang J, Nadeem L, Xu G. Dual Effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817744450. [PMID: 29238273 PMCID: PMC5721971 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817744450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been widely used as an organic solvent in industries. DMF is a potential medication. However, the antitumorigenic role of DMF in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we examined dose-dependent effects of DMF on proliferation and apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 and nontumorous MCF-12A cells. We found that DMF had a growth inhibitory effect in MCF-12A cells in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, however, DMF had dual effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. DMF at a high dose (100 mM) significantly inhibited MCF-7 cell growth while at a low dose (1 mM) significantly stimulated MCF-7 cell growth (both P < .05). The inhibitory effect of DMF on cell proliferation was accompanied by the decrease of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 protein expression, leading to the cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, a high-dose DMF significantly increased the number of early apoptotic cells by increasing cleaved caspase-9 and proapoptotic protein Bax expression and decreased the ratio of Bcl-xL/Bax (P < .01). Thus, our data demonstrated for the first time that DMF has dual effects on breast cancer cell behaviors depending upon its dose. Caution must be warranted in determining its effective dose for targeting breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Daibing Zhou
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunbo Lin
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Ren
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinguo Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lubna Nadeem
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Medical Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wu Z, Liu Q, Wang C, Xu B, Guan M, Ye M, Jiang H, Zheng M, Zhang M, Zhao W, Jiang X, Leng S, Cheng J. A Comparative Benchmark Dose Study for N, N-Dimethylformamide Induced Liver Injury in a Chinese Occupational Cohort. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:140-150. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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18
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Zhang M, Zheng M, Wu Z, Guan M, Liu S, Zhao W, Cheng J. Alteration of gut microbial community after N,N-Dimethylformamide exposure. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:241-250. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Min Zheng
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Mingyue Guan
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
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19
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Kilo S, Göen T, Drexler H. Cross-sectional study on N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); effects on liver and alcohol intolerance. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:1309-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Wang C, Yang J, Lu D, Fan Y, Zhao M, Li Z. Oxidative stress-related DNA damage and homologous recombination repairing induced by N,N-dimethylformamide. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:936-45. [PMID: 26387567 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intensified anthropogenic release of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been proven to have hepatotoxic effects. However, the potential mechanism for DMF-induced toxicity has rarely been investigated. Our research implicated that DMF induced a significantly dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HL-7702 human liver cells. Moreover, oxidative stress-related DNA damage, marked as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, was increased 1.5-fold at 100 mmol l(-1) . The most severe DNA lesion (double-strand break, DSB), measured as the formation of γH2AX foci, was increased at/above 6.4 mmol l(-1) , and approximately 50% of cells underwent DSB at the peak induction. Subsequently, the DNA repair system triggered by molecules of RAD50 and MRE11A induced the homologous recombination (HR) pathway by upregulation of both gene and protein levels of RAD50, RAD51, XRCC2 and XRCC3 at 16 mmol l(-1) and was attenuated at 40 mmol l(-1) . Consequently, cellular death observed at 40 mmol l(-1) was exaggerated compared with exposure at 16 mmol l(-1) . Although the exact mechanism relying on the DMF-induced hepatotoxicity needs further clarification, oxidative stress and DNA damage involved in DSBs partially explain the reason for DMF-induced liver injury. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage should be first considered during risk assessment on liver-targeted chemicals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinhuan Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Research Center of Environmental Science, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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21
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Chronic occupational N, N-dimethylformamide poisoning induced death: a case report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 11:584-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-015-9705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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MIYAUCHI H, TSUDA Y, MINOZOE A, TANAKA S, ARITO H, TSUKAHARA T, NOMIYAMA T. Occupational exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide in the summer and winter. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2014; 52:512-20. [PMID: 25224331 PMCID: PMC4273019 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2014-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated total body burden of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) taken through the lung and skin by personal exposure of workers to DMF and urinalysis of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S(N-methylcarbamoyl)-cysteine (AMCC). A total of 270 workers were engaged in four different jobs in a workplace distant from main production lines emanating high levels of DMF. They were not required to wear any personal protective equipment including respirators or gloves. We found that log-transformed urinary levels of NMF and AMCC increased with an increase in log-transformed concentrations of exposure to DMF. Urinary levels of NMF and AMCC were significantly higher in the summer than the winter, although there was no significant seasonal difference in the concentrations of exposure to DMF. Our findings suggested that the increased urinary levels of NMF and AMCC in the summer resulted in increased skin absorption of DMF due to an increased amount of DMF absorbed by the moisturized skin under humid and hot conditions. Seasonal changes in the relative internal exposure index confirmed the present finding of enhanced summertime skin absorption of DMF. AMCC is thought to be a useful biomarker for assessments of cumulative exposure to DMF over a workweek and for evaluations of workers' health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoko TSUDA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Shigeru TANAKA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Human Life
Science, Jumonji University, Japan
| | - Heihachiro ARITO
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan
Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Teruomi TSUKAHARA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuo NOMIYAMA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu
University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wang C, Huang C, Wei Y, Zhu Q, Tian W, Zhang Q. Short-term exposure to dimethylformamide and the impact on digestive system disease: an outdoor study for volatile organic compound. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 190:133-138. [PMID: 24747345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and experimental studies have revealed the organs most affected by dimethylformamide (DMF) are liver and gastrointestinal tract. However, few studies have focused on the potential effect of outdoor pollution of DMF. This study examined the health risk of hospitalization due to digestive system disease by time series studies in a case city Longwan, China. The urine metabolite of DMF was correlated well with DMF exposure concentration (EC). A 101.0-μg/m(3) (interquartile range) increase in the two-day moving average of DMF EC was associated with a 1.10 (1.01 ˜ 1.20), 1.22 (1.10 ˜ 1.35), and 1.05 (0.90 ˜ 1.22) increase in hospitalization for total digestive system diseases, liver disease, and gastrointestinal tract disease, respectively. The exposure-dose response between DMF and the relative risk of liver disease was linear only below 350 μg/m(3). These findings highlight a previously unrecognized health problem related to VOCs released into the outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Canke Huang
- Wenzhou Municipal of Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yumei Wei
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weili Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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24
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Tsuda Y, Miyauchi H, Minozoe A, Tanaka S, Arito H, Tsukahara T, Nomiyama T. Seasonal difference in percutaneous absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide as determined using two urinary metabolites. J Occup Health 2014; 56:252-9. [PMID: 24826962 DOI: 10.1539/joh.13-0228-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the percutaneous absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in DMF-exposed workers in the summer and winter by assessing their urinary levels of DMF metabolites. METHODS Breathing-zone concentrations of DMF and workers' urinary levels of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-cysteine (AMCC) were simultaneously measured in the summer and winter in 193 male workers wearing a respirator and chemical protective gloves. RESULTS The mean breathing-zone concentrations of DMF in both seasons were below the occupational exposure limit of 10 ppm. Although there was no significant seasonal difference in the breathing-zone concentrations of DMF, workers' urinary levels of NMF and AMCC were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter. Log-transformed urinary levels of the metabolites were significantly correlated with log-transformed breathing-zone concentrations of DMF in the summer, whereas no significant correlation between AMCC and DMF was found in the winter. The urinary levels of AMCC were dispersed more widely than those of NMF, suggesting that urinary AMCC reflected the cumulative exposure to DMF over a workweek. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous absorption was the principal route of exposure to DMF for the respirator-wearing workers. Increased urinary levels of NMF and AMCC in the summer were attributed to increased percutaneous absorption of DMF resulting from the increased amount of water-soluble DMF absorbed by sweaty skin caused by the increased summertime room temperature and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tsuda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu University School of Medicine
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25
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Zhang Q, Huang C, Wei Y, Zhu Q, Tian W, Wang C. Risk assessment of N,N-dimethylformamide on residents living near synthetic leather factories. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3534-3539. [PMID: 24271731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a broad solvent used in the production of synthetic leather. Decades of year's research have been focused on workers in leather factories suffering from the release of DMF. However, little attention was paid on general population. Here, we examined the relationship between consistent DMF exposure and annual hospitalizations of local residents in Longwan, China, in 2008. We found a positive correlation with a relative risk (RR) increase of 1.110 for total hospitalizations. When the data were stratified by sex, we observed a higher correlation for female hospitalizations than for male hospitalizations, with RR values of 1.55 and 1.084, respectively. This might be attributed to the differences in genotypes of oxidant enzyme between gender. The significance of the correlations did not disappear after we excluded the extreme value of DMF or adjusted for SO2, NO2, and PM10. Population living near the leather factory has experienced almost constant DMF exposure, and real concern should be raised regarding such exposure. Governments should take responsibility for the protection of not only occupational workers but also residents, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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26
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Li Y, Zhang S, Song D. A Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework as a Turn-On Sensor for DMF Vapor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Li Y, Zhang S, Song D. A Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework as a Turn-On Sensor for DMF Vapor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:710-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Zheng RD, Qu Y, Wu WP, Meng JR, Chen J, Xu MY, Lu LG. Changes of serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology in 18 patients with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-induced hepatotoxicity. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:321-6. [PMID: 22624556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes of serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology in patients with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TTCE)-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS A total of 18 patients were diagnosed as TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity with an incubation period of 11-56 days. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and liver biopsy was performed in 16. RESULTS All patients had fatigue, poor appetite and dark urine, 15 of whom suffered nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and other gastrointestinal disorders. All patients had various degrees of liver function damage, and one died from liver failure. The prothrombin time was significantly prolonged in 6 patients. Histological findings showed varying degrees of necrosis, fatty degeneration and fibrosis in portal areas without cirrhosis. Patients with more severe jaundice had more severe pathologic changes, including piecemeal and bridge necrosis, and cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity may cause the changes in serum biochemical parameters and liver pathology. Most patients might recover with regular treatment. Prevention and early diagnosis of TTCE-induced hepatotoxicity are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dan Zheng
- Research and Therapy Center for Liver Diseases, Dongnan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Rui D, Daojun C, Yongjian Y. Liver and heart toxicity due to 90-day oral exposure of ICR mice to N,N-dimethylformamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:357-363. [PMID: 21787705 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a colorless liquid with a faint amine odor, which is widely used in the world. DMF exposure may induce adverse effects on liver, but few studies showed damage to heart after exposure to DMF. In the present study, DMF was administered to ICR mice with the doses of 0.32, 0.63 and 1.26 g/kg of body weight by gavage for 90 days. The increase in the relative liver weight is accompanied with the presence of the centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy as well as increased serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). An increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level was shown in liver homogenate, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities decreased. Heart damage was also shown in mice exposed to DMF for 90 days, although pathological examination showed only slight inflammatory cell infiltration. Increased levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isoenzymes of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were shown. Increased level of MDA was also shown in heart homogenate, in contrast with the decreased activity of SOD. These data suggested that the administration of DMF could induce liver and heart injuries and oxidative stress was involved in the toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Rui
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China.
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Hantson P, Villa A, Galloy AC, Negri S, Esabon G, Lambiotte F, Haufroid V, Garnier R. Dimethylformamide metabolism following self-harm using a veterinary euthanasia product. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:725-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.498790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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