Reversible alcohol-related dementia: a five-year follow-up study using FDG-PET and neuropsychological tests

Silica Nanoparticles from Melon Seed Husk Abrogated Binary Metal(loid) Mediated Cerebellar Dysfunction by Attenuation of Oxido-inflammatory Response and Upregulation of Neurotrophic Factors in Male Albino Rats

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been touted for their role in the management of non-communicable diseases. Their neuroprotective benefits against heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity remain largely unexplored. This is a comparative evaluation of the oxido-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects of Ni, Al, and Ni/Al mixture on the cerebellum of male albino rats with or without treatment with SiNPs generated from melon seed husk. The study complied with the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting in vivo experiments. A total of 91, 7-9 week-old weight-matched male Sprague rats (to avoid sex bias) were randomly divided into 13 different dosing groups where Group 1 served as the control. Other groups received 0.2 mg/kg Ni, 1 mg/kg Al, and 0.2 mg/kg Ni + 1 mg/kg Al mixture with or without different doses of SiNP for 90 days. Rotarod performance was carried out. Oxidative stress markers, Ni, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, neurotrophic factors, amyloid beta (Aβ-42), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined in the cerebellum. SiNPs from melon seed husk caused a significant decrease in Aβ-42 level and activities of AChE and COX-2 and a significant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) mediated by Ni, Al, and Ni/Al mixture exposure in rats. Neurotoxicity of the Ni/Al mixture is via heightened neuronal lipoperoxidative damage, decreased Mg, and increased Fe, and co-administration of SiNPs from melon seed husk with the Ni/Al mixture attenuated some of these biochemical changes in the cerebellum.

Depressive Pseudodementia with Reversible AD-like Brain Hypometabolism: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Recent European guidelines recommend using brain FDG-PET to differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depressive pseudodementia (DP), with specific hypometabolism patterns across the former group, and typically normal or frontal hypometabolism in the latter. We report the case of a 74 years-old man with DP (MMSE 16/30), whose FDG-PET visual rating and semiquantitative analysis closely mimicked the typical AD pattern, showing severe hypometabolism in bilateral precuneus, parietal and temporal lobes, and sparing frontal areas, suggesting the diagnosis of moderate AD. Shortly after starting antidepressant polytherapy, he underwent formal NPS testing, which revealed moderate impairment of episodic memory and mild impairment on executive and visuospatial tests, judged consistent with neurodegenerative dementia and concomitant depression. Over the following two years, he improved dramatically: repeated NPS assessment did not show significant deficits, and FDG-PET showed restoration of cerebral metabolism. The confirmation of PET findings via semiquantitative analysis, and their reversion to normality with antidepressant treatment, proved the non-neurodegenerative origin of the initial AD-like FDG-PET abnormalities. We review similar cases and provide a comprehensive analysis of their implications, concluding that reversible FDG-PET widespread hypometabolism might represent a biomarker of pseudodementia. Therefore, we suggest caution when interpreting FDG-PET scans of depressed patients with cognitive impairment.

Changes in cerebral [18F]-FDG uptake induced by acute alcohol administration in a rat model of alcoholism

Several [¹⁸F]-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) studies in alcoholics have consistently reported decreases in overall brain glucose metabolism at rest and following acute alcohol administration. However, changes in cerebral glucose utilization associated with the transition to addiction are not well understood and require longitudinal translational imaging studies in animal models of alcoholism. Here, we studied brain glucose uptake in alcohol drinking rats in order to provide convergent evidence to what has previously been reported in human studies. Brain glucose metabolism was measured by [¹⁸F]-FDG microPET imaging in different male Wistar rat groups: short-term drinking (three months), long-term drinking (twelve months) and alcohol-naïve. Global and regional cerebral glucose uptake was measured at rest and following acute alcohol administration. We showed that alcohol significantly reduced the whole-brain glucose metabolism. This effect was most pronounced in the parietal cortex and cerebellum. Alcohol-induced decreases in brain [¹⁸F]-FDG uptake was most apparent in alcohol-naïve rats, less intense in short-term drinkers and absent in long-term drinkers. The latter finding indicates the occurrence of tolerance to the intoxicating effects of alcohol in long-term drinking individuals. In contrast, some regions, like the ventral striatum and entorhinal cortex, showed enhanced metabolic activity, an effect that did not undergo tolerance during long-term alcohol consumption. Our findings are comparable to those described in human studies using the same methodology. We conclude that [¹⁸F]-FDG PET studies in rat models of alcoholism provide good translation and can be used for future longitudinal studies investigating alterations in brain function during different stages of the addiction cycle.

Effects of mental rotation on acalculia: differences in the direction of mental rotation account for the differing characteristics of acalculia induced by right and left hemispheric brain injury

We observed a 59-year-old right-handed man with an infarction in his right-middle cerebral artery that included the parietal lobe, who abnormally manipulated mental images in the horizontal direction, resulting in calculation disturbances. Three years later, the patient suffered an infarction in the left parietal lobe and displayed abnormalities during the creation of mental images; i.e., he rotated them in the vertical direction, which again resulted in calculation disturbances. These mental imagery disturbances might indicate that a common acalculia mechanism exists between the right and left hemispheres.

A selective insular perfusion deficit contributes to compromised salience network connectivity in recovering alcoholic men

BACKGROUND

Alcoholism can disrupt neural synchrony between nodes of intrinsic functional networks that are maximally active when resting relative to engaging in a task, the default mode network (DMN) pattern. Untested, however, are whether the DMN in alcoholics can rebound normally from the relatively depressed task state to the active resting state and whether local perfusion deficits could disrupt network synchrony when switching from conditions of rest to task to rest, thereby indicating a physiological mechanism of neural network adaptation capability.

METHODS

Whole-brain, three-dimensional pulsed-continuous arterial spin labeling provided measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 12 alcoholics and 12 control subjects under three conditions: pretask rest, spatial working-memory task, and posttask rest.

RESULTS

With practice, alcoholics and control subjects achieved similar task accuracy and reaction times. Both groups exhibited a high-low-high pattern of perfusion levels in DMN regions during the rest-task-rest runs and the opposite pattern in posterior and cerebellar regions known to be associated with spatial working memory. Alcoholics showed selective differences from control subjects in the rest-task-rest CBF pattern in the anterior precuneus and CBF level in the insula, a hub of the salience network. Connectivity analysis identified activation synchrony from an insula seed to salience nodes (parietal, medial frontal, anterior cingulate cortices) in control subjects only.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that attenuated insular CBF is a mechanism underlying compromised connectivity among salience network nodes. This local perfusion deficit in alcoholics has the potential to impair ability to switch from cognitive states of interoceptive cravings to cognitive control for curbing internal urges.