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Angeli A, Ferraroni M, Capasso C, Supuran CT. The dopamine D 2 receptors antagonist Veralipride inhibits carbonic anhydrases: solution and crystallographic insights on human isoforms. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400067. [PMID: 38334332 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of veralipride, a benzamide-class antipsychotic acting as dopamine D2 receptors antagonist incorporates a primary sulfonamide moiety and was investigated for its interactions with carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms. In vitro profiling using the stopped-flow technique revealed that veralipride exhibited potent inhibitory activity across all tested hCA isoforms, with exception of hCA III. Comparative analysis with standard inhibitors, acetazolamide (AAZ), and sulpiride, provided insights for understanding the relative efficacy of veralipride as CA inhibitor. The study reports the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the veralipride adduct with three human (h) isoforms, hCA I, II, and CA XII mimic, allowing the understanding of the molecular interactions rationalizing its inhibitory effects against each isoform. These findings contribute to our understanding of veralipride pharmacological properties and for the design of structural analogs endowed with polypharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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2
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Angeli A, Paoletti N, Supuran CT. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073220. [PMID: 37049983 PMCID: PMC10096498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of heterocyclic derivatives has progressed considerably over the past decades, and many new carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) fall into this field. In particular, five-membered heterocyclic sulfonamides have been generally shown to be more effective inhibitors compared to six-membered rings ones. Despite the importance of oxygen and nitrogen five-membered heterocyclic aromatic rings in medicinal chemistry, the installation of sulfonamide moiety on such heterocycles has not received much attention. On the other hand, 1,3,4-thiadiazole/thiadiazoline ring-bearing sulfonamides are the scaffolds which have been widely used in a variety of pharmaceutically important CAIs such as acetazolamide, metazolamide and their many derivatives obtained by using the tail approach. Here, we reviewed the field focusing on the diverse biological activities of these CAIs, such as antiglaucoma, antiepileptic, antitumor and antiinfective properties. This review highlights developments involving five-membered heterocyclic sulfonamides over the last years, with a focus on their pharmacological/clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Paoletti
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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3
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New Histamine-Related Five-Membered N-Heterocycle Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase I Activators. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020545. [PMID: 35056859 PMCID: PMC8779960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of histamine (HST)-related compounds were synthesized and tested for their activating properties on five physiologically relevant human Carbonic Anhydrase (hCA) isoforms (I, II, Va, VII and XIII). The imidazole ring of HST was replaced with different 5-membered heterocycles and the length of the aliphatic chain was varied. For the most interesting compounds some modifications on the terminal amino group were also performed. The most sensitive isoform to activation was hCA I (KA values in the low micromolar range), but surprisingly none of the new compounds displayed activity on hCA II. Some derivatives (1, 3a and 22) displayed an interesting selectivity for activating hCA I over hCA II, Va, VII and XIII.
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New Sulfanilamide Derivatives Incorporating Heterocyclic Carboxamide Moieties as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080828. [PMID: 34451924 PMCID: PMC8398262 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes involved in several disease conditions. There are 15 human CA (hCA) isoforms and their high homology represents a challenge for the discovery of potential drugs devoid of off-target side effects. For this reason, many synthetic and pharmacologic research efforts are underway to achieve the full pharmacological potential of CA modulators of activity. We report here a novel series of sulfanilamide derivatives containing heterocyclic carboxamide moieties which were evaluated as CA inhibitors against the physiological relevant isoforms hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Some of them showed selectivity toward isoform hCA II and hCA XII. Molecular docking was performed for some of these compounds on isoforms hCA II and XII to understand the possible interaction with the active site amino acid residues, which rationalized the reported inhibitory activity.
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Chiaramonte N, Maach S, Biliotti C, Angeli A, Bartolucci G, Braconi L, Dei S, Teodori E, Supuran CT, Romanelli MN. Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase activating properties of a series of 2-amino-imidazolines structurally related to clonidine 1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1003-1010. [PMID: 32336172 PMCID: PMC7241460 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1749602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) activating properties of histamine have been known for a long time. This compound has been extensively modified but only in few instances the imidazole ring has been replaced with other heterocycles. It was envisaged that the imidazoline ring could be a bioisoster of the imidazole moiety. Indeed, we report that clonidine, a 2-aminoimidazoline derivative, was found able to activate several human CA isoforms (hCA I, IV, VA, VII, IX, XII and XIII), with potency in the micromolar range, while it was inactive on hCA II. A series of 2-aminoimidazoline, structurally related to clonidine, was then synthesised and tested on selected hCA isoforms. The compounds were inactive on hCA II while displayed activating properties on hCA I, VA, VII and XIII, with KA values in the micromolar range. Two compounds (10 and 11) showed some preference for the hCA VA or VII isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Chiaramonte
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Soumia Maach
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Biliotti
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Braconi
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Akocak S, Güzel-Akdemir Ö, Kishore Kumar Sanku R, Russom SS, Iorga BI, Supuran CT, Ilies MA. Pyridinium derivatives of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide are nanomolar-potent inhibitors of tumor-expressed carbonic anhydrase isozymes CA IX and CA XII. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104204. [PMID: 32891000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Building on the conclusions of previous inhibition studies with pyridinium-benzenesulfonamides from our team and on the X-ray crystal structure of the lead compound identified, a series of 24 pyridinium derivatives of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide was synthesized and investigated for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The new pyridinium-sulfonamides were evaluated as inhibitors of four human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, namely CA I, CA II (cytosolic), CA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated forms). Excellent inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range was observed against CA IX with most of these sulfonamides, and against CA XII (nanomolar/sub-nanomolar) with some of the new compounds. These sulfonamides were generally potent inhibitors of CA II and CA I too. Docking studies revealed a preference of these compounds to bind the P1 hydrophobic site of CAs, supporting the observed inhibition profile. The salt-like nature of these positively charged sulfonamides can further focus the inhibitory ability on membrane-bound CA IX and CA XII and could efficiently decrease the viability of three human carcinomas under hypoxic conditions where these isozymes are over-expressed, thus recommending the new compounds as potential diagnostic tools or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Özlen Güzel-Akdemir
- NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rajesh Kishore Kumar Sanku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Samson S Russom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Marc A Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States.
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Angeli A, Ferraroni M, Pinteala M, Maier SS, Simionescu BC, Carta F, Del Prete S, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Crystal Structure of a Tetrameric Type II β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Pathogenic Bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102269. [PMID: 32408533 PMCID: PMC7287614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton. Currently, CA inhibitors are widely used as antiglaucoma, anticancer, and anti-obesity drugs and for the treatment of neurological disorders. Recently, the potential use of CA inhibitors to fight infections caused by protozoa, fungi, and bacteria has emerged as a new research line. In this article, the X-ray crystal structure of β-CA from Burkholderia pseudomallei was reported. The X-ray crystal structure of this new enzyme was solved at 2.7 Å resolution, revealing a tetrameric type II β-CA with a “closed” active site in which the zinc is tetrahedrally coordinated to Cys46, Asp48, His102, and Cys105. B. pseudomallei is known to encode at least two CAs, a β-CA, and a γ-CA. These proteins, playing a pivotal role in its life cycle and pathogenicity, offer a novel therapeutic opportunity to obtain antibiotics with a different mechanism of action. Furthermore, the new structure can provide a clear view of the β-CA mechanism of action and the possibility to find selective inhibitors for this class of CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.)
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.P.); (S.S.M.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Via della Lastruccia 13, Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.P.); (S.S.M.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Stelian S. Maier
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.P.); (S.S.M.); (B.C.S.)
- Polymers Research Center, Polymeric Release Systems Research Group, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan C. Simionescu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.P.); (S.S.M.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (C.T.S.)
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Vistoli G, Aldini G, Fumagalli L, Dallanoce C, Angeli A, Supuran CT. Activation Effects of Carnosine- and Histidine-Containing Dipeptides on Human Carbonic Anhydrases: A Comprehensive Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051761. [PMID: 32143488 PMCID: PMC7084589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Carnosine (β-Ala-l-His) and several other histidine-containing peptides, including two N-methylated forms on the imidazole ring (l-anserine and l-balenine), two derivatives modified on the carboxyl function (carcinine and l-carnosinamide), two analogues differing in the length of the N-terminal residue (l-homocarnosine and Gly-l-His) and the N-acetyl derivatives, were investigated as activators of four isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The four human isoforms hCA I, II, VA and IX were activated in the low to high micromolar range, with a rather complex structure activity relationship. A performed computational study allowed us to rationalize these results and to propose a binding mode of these activators within the enzyme active site. Similarly to other CA activators, the here studied peptides could find relevant pharmacological applications such as in the management of CA deficiencies, for therapy memory and enhancing cognition or for artificial tissues engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (C.T.S.); Tel.: +39-025-0319349 (G.V.); +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); Fax: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (C.T.S.); Tel.: +39-025-0319349 (G.V.); +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); Fax: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.)
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Yang C, Feng Y, Yang X, Sun M, Li Z, Liu X, Lu L, Sun X, Zhang J, He X. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126874. [PMID: 31859159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human Carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I and II are crucial targets for anti-acute mountain sickness. Twenty-one 4-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) benzenesulfonamides were synthesized and screened against these two isoforms. The results illustrated that 5c, 5g, 5h, 5k were more potent against both hCA I and II than clinical drug AAZ. In particular, the value of compound 5c with hCA I (18.08 nM) was over 84-fold more than of AAZ with hCA I. The data of docking simulations were also in accord with the tendency of inhibitive activities. Furthermore, compound 6h, the methanesulfonate of 5h, showed better anti-hypoxia activity than AAZ in vivo, making it interesting lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofu Yang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhenwang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technique, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xinhua He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
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