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Nagayach A, Wang C. Autophagy in neural stem cells and glia for brain health and diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:729-736. [PMID: 37843206 PMCID: PMC10664120 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multifaceted cellular process that not only maintains the homeostatic and adaptive responses of the brain but is also dynamically involved in the regulation of neural cell generation, maturation, and survival. Autophagy facilities the utilization of energy and the microenvironment for developing neural stem cells. Autophagy arbitrates structural and functional remodeling during the cell differentiation process. Autophagy also plays an indispensable role in the maintenance of stemness and homeostasis in neural stem cells during essential brain physiology and also in the instigation and progression of diseases. Only recently, studies have begun to shed light on autophagy regulation in glia (microglia, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte) in the brain. Glial cells have attained relatively less consideration despite their unquestioned influence on various aspects of neural development, synaptic function, brain metabolism, cellular debris clearing, and restoration of damaged or injured tissues. Thus, this review composes pertinent information regarding the involvement of autophagy in neural stem cells and glial regulation and the role of this connexion in normal brain functions, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will provide insight into establishing a concrete strategic approach for investigating pathological mechanisms and developing therapies for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Chen C, Zhu T, Gong L, Hu Z, Wei H, Fan J, Lin D, Wang X, Xu J, Dong X, Wang Y, Xia N, Zeng L, Jiang P, Xie Y. Trpm2 deficiency in microglia attenuates neuroinflammation during epileptogenesis by upregulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106273. [PMID: 37648036 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation involving the activation of microglia and astrocytes constitutes an important and common mechanism in epileptogenesis. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a calcium-permeable, non-selective cation channel that plays pathological roles in various inflammation-related diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that Trpm2 knockout exhibits therapeutic effects on pilocarpine-induced glial activation and neuroinflammation. However, whether TRPM2 in microglia and astrocytes plays a common pathogenic role in this process and the underlying molecular mechanisms remained undetermined. Here, we demonstrate a previously unknown role for microglial TRPM2 in epileptogenesis. Trpm2 knockout in microglia attenuated kainic acid (KA)-induced glial activation, inflammatory cytokines production and hippocampal paroxysmal discharges, whereas Trpm2 knockout in astrocytes exhibited no significant effects. Furthermore, we discovered that these therapeutic effects were mediated by upregulated autophagy via the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in microglia. Thus, our findings highlight an important deleterious role of microglial TRPM2 in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Lifen Gong
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianchen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Donghui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xinyan Dong
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ningxiao Xia
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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3
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Li X, Zhang H, Yang L, Dong X, Han Y, Su Y, Li W, Li W. Inhibition of NLRP1 inflammasome improves autophagy dysfunction and Aβ disposition in APP/PS1 mice. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 37055801 PMCID: PMC10100229 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome is associated with Aβ generation and deposition, which contributes to neuronal damage and neuronal-inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of AD is still unclear. It has been reported that autophagy dysfunction can aggravate the pathological symptoms of AD and plays an important role in regulating Aβ generation and clearance. We hypothesized that NLRP1 inflammasome activation may induce autophagy dysfunction contributing to the progression of AD. In the present study, we observed the relationship between Aβ generation and NLRP1 inflammasome activation, as well as AMPK/mTOR mediated-autophagy dysfunction in WT 9-month-old (M) mice, APP/PS1 6 M and APP/PS1 9 M mice. Additionally, we further studied the effect of NLRP1 knockdown on cognitive function, Aβ generation, neuroinflammation and AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy in APP/PS1 9 M mice. Our results indicated that NLRP1 inflammasome activation and AMPK/mTOR mediated-autophagy dysfunction are closely implicated in Aβ generation and deposition in APP/PS1 9 M mice, but not in APP/PS1 6 M mice. Meanwhile, we found that knockdown of NLRP1 significantly improved learning and memory impairments, decreased the expressions of NLRP1, ASC, caspase-1, p-NF-κB, IL-1β, APP, CTF-β, BACE1 and Aβ1-42, and decreased the level of p-AMPK, Beclin 1 and LC3 II, and increased the level of p-mTOR and P62 in APP/PS1 9 M mice. Our study suggested that inhibition of NLRP1 inflammasome activation improves AMPK/mTOR mediated-autophagy dysfunction, resulting in the decrease of Aβ generation, and NLRP1 and autophagy might be important targets to delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xianan Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuli Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Anqing, 246052, Anhui, China.
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Luo D, Ye W, Chen L, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Chen C, Jin X, Zhou Y. PPARα Inhibits Astrocyte Inflammation Activation by Restoring Autophagic Flux after Transient Brain Ischemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030973. [PMID: 36979952 PMCID: PMC10045980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte inflammation activation is an important cause that hinders the recovery of motor function after cerebral ischemia. However, its molecular mechanism has not yet been clearly clarified. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcriptional factor. This study aims to further clarify the role of PPARα in astrocyte inflammation activation after cerebral ischemia and to explore the underlying mechanism. Astrocyte activation was induced in an in vivo model by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice. The in vitro model was induced by an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in a primary culture of mouse astrocyte. PPARα-deficient mice were used to observe the effects of PPARα on astrocyte activation and autophagic flux. Our results showed that PPARα was mainly expressed in activated astrocytes during the chronic phase of brain ischemia and PPARα dysfunction promoted astrocyte inflammatory activation. After cerebral ischemia, the expressions of LC3-II/I and p62 both increased. Autophagic vesicle accumulation was observed by electron microscopy in astrocytes, and the block of autophagic flux was indicated by an mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus infection assay. A PPARα deficit aggravated the autophagic flux block, while PPARα activation preserved the lysosome function and restored autophagic flux in astrocytes after OGD/R. The autophagic flux blocker bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine antagonized the effect of the PPARα agonist on astrocyte activation inhibition. This study identifies a potentially novel function of PPARα in astrocyte autophagic flux and suggests a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of chronic brain ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Luo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxuan Ye
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yuan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Caixia Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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5
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Roles of the Notch signaling pathway and microglia in autism. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114131. [PMID: 36174842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is mainly involved in the regulation of neural stem cell proliferation, survival and differentiation during the development of the central nervous system. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, autism is associated with an abnormal increase in the number of microglia in several brain regions. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of autism may be related to the Notch signaling pathway and microglia. In this review, we discuss how Notch pathway activity leads to behavioral abnormalities such as learning and memory impairment by influencing neuronal biological activities. An increase in microglial protein synthesis and abnormal autophagy can affect synaptic development and lead to behavioral abnormalities, and all of these changes can lead to autism. Furthermore, the Notch signaling pathway regulates the activation and differentiation of microglia and promotes inflammatory responses, leading to the occurrence of autism. When excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) secreted by microglia cannot be cleared by autophagy in a timely manner, Notch signaling pathway activity is affected, possibly further increasing susceptibility to autism. This review reveals the mechanism underlying the role of the Notch signaling pathway, microglia and their interaction in the pathogenesis of autism and provides a theoretical reference for targeted clinical therapies for autism.
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6
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Sil S, Thangaraj A, Oladapo A, Hu G, Kutchy NA, Liao K, Buch S, Periyasamy P. Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse-Mediated Neuroinflammaging. Viruses 2022; 15:44. [PMID: 36680084 PMCID: PMC9866731 DOI: 10.3390/v15010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation remains an essential feature of HIV-1 infection under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and contributes to the accelerated cognitive defects and aging in HIV-1 infected populations, indicating cART limitations in suppressing viremia. Interestingly, ~50% of the HIV-1 infected population on cART that develops cognitive defects is complicated by drug abuse, involving the activation of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and neurotoxin release, altogether leading to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is the hallmark feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, including HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Impaired autophagy has been identified as one of the underlying mechanisms of HAND in treated HIV-1-infected people that also abuse drugs. Several lines of evidence suggest that autophagy regulates CNS cells' responses and maintains cellular hemostasis. The impairment of autophagy is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and immune senescence, a known characteristic of pathological aging. Therefore, autophagy impairment due to CNS cells, such as neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and pericytes exposure to HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and drug abuse could have combined toxicity, resulting in increased neuroinflammation, which ultimately leads to accelerated aging, referred to as neuroinflammaging. In this review, we focus on the potential role of autophagy in the mechanism of neuroinflammaging in the context of HIV-1 and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abiola Oladapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Naseer A Kutchy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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7
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.17.476616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Mallet D, Goutaudier R, Barbier EL, Carnicella S, Colca JR, Fauvelle F, Boulet S. Re-routing Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Inhibitor MSDC-0160 Attenuates Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6170-6182. [PMID: 35895232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction might represent a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Central regulators of energy production, mitochondria, are also involved in several other essential functions such as cell death pathways and neuroinflammation which make them a potential therapeutic target for PD management. Interestingly, recent studies related to PD have reported a neuroprotective effect of targeting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) by the insulin sensitizer MSDC-0160. As the sole point of entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, MPC plays a crucial role in energetic metabolism which is impacted in PD. This study therefore aimed at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of MSDC-0160. We investigated behavioral, cellular, and metabolic impact of chronic MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA PD rats. We evaluated mitochondrially related processes through the expression of pivotal mitochondrial enzymes in dorsal striatal biopsies and the level of metabolites in serum samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics. MSDC-0160 treatment in unilateral 6-OHDA rats improved motor behavior, decreased dopaminergic denervation, and reduced mTOR activity and neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, MSDC-0160 administration strongly modified energy metabolism as revealed by increased ketogenesis, beta oxidation, and glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy needs and maintain energy homeostasis. MSDC-0160 exerts its neuroprotective effect through reorganization of multiple pathways connected to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Goutaudier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, US17, CNRS, UMS, 3552, CHU Grenoble Alpes IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Université Grenoble Alpes Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Lang J, Gao L, Wu J, Meng J, Gao X, Ma H, Yan D. Resveratrol Attenuated Manganese-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments in Mice Through PGC-1Alpha-Mediated Autophagy and Microglial M1/M2 Polarization. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3414-3427. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Liu Y, Kuai S, Ding M, Wang Z, Zhao L, Zhao P. Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine Attenuated Neuropathic Pain Related Behaviors via STING Pathway to Induce ER-Phagy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:891803. [PMID: 35645765 PMCID: PMC9136071 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.891803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work indicated that ER-phagy level had altered in spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rats. In this study, we investigated whether dexmedetomidine or ketamine exhibits anti-anxiety or anti-nociceptive effects via modulation of the spinal STING/TBK pathway to alter ER-phagy in SNL rats. We evaluated the analgesic and anti-anxiety effects of ketamine and dexmedetomidine in SNL rats. 2’3’-cGAMP (a STING pathway agonist) was administrated to investigate whether enhanced spinal STING pathway activation could inhibit dexmedetomidine or ketamine treatment effects in SNL rats. Analgesic effects were assessed with the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and anti-anxiety effects were measured via an open field test (OFT). Protein expression levels were evaluated by immunoblotting. Distribution and cellular localization of Grp78 (ER stress marker) were evaluated by confocal immunofluorescence. SNL induced mechanical hypersensitivity and anxiety in rats; dexmedetomidine and ketamine both provided analgesia and anti-anxiety effects in SNL rats. Furthermore, the STING pathway was involved in the modulation of ER stress and ER-phagy in SNL rats and dexmedetomidine and ketamine alleviated ER stress by inhibiting STING pathway to enhance ER-phagy. Thus, both ketamine and dexmedetomidine provided anti-anxiety and anti-nociceptive effects by alleviating ER stress through the inhibition of the STING/TBK pathway to modulate spinal ER-phagy in SNL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shihui Kuai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Limei Zhao Ping Zhao
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Limei Zhao Ping Zhao
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Lei Z, Carter J, He J, Choi HMC, Khan N, Li H, Allen S, Lipinski MM, Faden AI, Wu J. Functional and transcriptional profiling of microglial activation during the chronic phase of TBI identifies an age-related driver of poor outcome in old mice. GeroScience 2022; 44:1407-1440. [PMID: 35451674 PMCID: PMC9213636 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have greater mortality and poorer outcomes than younger individuals. The extent to which old age alters long-term recovery and chronic microglial activation after TBI is unknown, and evidence for therapeutic efficacy in aged mice is sorely lacking. The present study sought to identify potential inflammatory mechanisms underlying age-related outcomes late after TBI. Controlled cortical impact was used to induce moderate TBI in young and old male C57BL/6 mice. At 12 weeks post-injury, aged mice exhibited higher mortality, poorer functional outcomes, larger lesion volumes, and increased microglial activation. Transcriptomic analysis identified age- and TBI-specific gene changes consistent with a disease-associated microglial signature in the chronically injured brain, including those involved with complement, phagocytosis, and autophagy pathways. Dysregulation of phagocytic and autophagic function in microglia was accompanied by increased neuroinflammation in old mice. As proof-of-principle that these pathways have functional importance, we administered an autophagic enhancer, trehalose, in drinking water continuously for 8 weeks after TBI. Old mice treated with trehalose showed enhanced functional recovery and reduced microglial activation late after TBI compared to the sucrose control group. Our data indicate that microglia undergo chronic changes in autophagic regulation with both normal aging and TBI that are associated with poorer functional outcome. Enhancing autophagy may therefore be a promising clinical therapeutic strategy for TBI, especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jordan Carter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Harry M. C. Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Samantha Allen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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12
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhou K, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Xie C, Zhang X, Song J, Wang X, Zhu C. Autophagy Inhibition Reduces Irradiation-Induced Subcortical White Matter Injury Not by Reducing Inflammation, but by Increasing Mitochondrial Fusion and Inhibiting Mitochondrial Fission. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1199-1213. [PMID: 34962635 PMCID: PMC8857090 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the treatment of malignant brain tumors, but irradiation-induced late-onset toxicity remains a major problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate if genetic inhibition of autophagy has an impact on subcortical white matter development in the juvenile mouse brain after irradiation. Ten-day-old selective neural Atg7 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a single 6-Gy dose of whole-brain irradiation and evaluated at 5 days after irradiation. Neural Atg7 deficiency partially prevented myelin disruption compared to the WT mice after irradiation, as indicated by myelin basic protein staining. Irradiation induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell loss in the subcortical white matter, and Atg7 deficiency partly prevented this. There was no significant change between the KO and WT mice in the number of microglia and astrocytes in the subcortical white matter after irradiation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the GO mitochondrial gene expression pathway was significantly enriched in the differentially expressed genes between the KO and WT group after irradiation. Compared with WT mice, expression of the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 and phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 (P-DRP1) were dramatically decreased in KO mice under physiological conditions. The protein levels of OPA1and P-DRP1 showed no differences in WT mice between the non-irradiated group and the irradiated group but had remarkably increased levels in the KO mice after irradiation. These results indicate that inhibition of autophagy reduces irradiation-induced subcortical white matter injury not by reducing inflammation, but by increasing mitochondrial fusion and inhibiting mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kai Zhou
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Pérez MF, Saravia F, Castro MG, Bregonzio C. Editorial: Targeting Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders: Uncovering Mechanisms, Pharmacological Targets, and Neuropharmaceutical Developments. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771610. [PMID: 34925029 PMCID: PMC8672053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Fernanda Pérez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - María Graciela Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Park SH, Lee YS, Yang HJ, Song GJ. Fluoxetine Potentiates Phagocytosis and Autophagy in Microglia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:770610. [PMID: 34899324 PMCID: PMC8662994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a classic antidepressant drug, and its immunomodulatory effects have recently been reported in many disease models. In addition, it has strong antineuroinflammatory effects in stroke and neurodegenerative animal models. However, the effect of fluoxetine on microglia phagocytosis and its molecular mechanisms have not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated whether fluoxetine has a regulatory effect on microglial function. Microglia cell lines and primary mouse microglia were treated with fluoxetine, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and the phagocytosis of amyloid β were measured. Fluoxetine significantly attenuated the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in microglia. Fluoxetine also significantly potentiated microglia phagocytosis and autophagy. In addition, autophagy flux inhibitors attenuated fluoxetine-induced phagocytosis. In conclusion, fluoxetine induces autophagy and potentiates phagocytosis in microglia, which can be a novel molecular mechanism of the neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.,The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.,The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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15
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Cheng Y, Kim WK, Wellman LL, Sanford LD, Guo ML. Short-Term Sleep Fragmentation Dysregulates Autophagy in a Brain Region-Specific Manner. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101098. [PMID: 34685469 PMCID: PMC8538758 DOI: 10.3390/life11101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated autophagy, glial activation status, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the brains of mice after 5 days of sleep fragmentation (SF). Three different brain regions including the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex were selected for examination based on roles in sleep regulation and sensitivity to sleep disruption. For autophagy, we monitored the levels of various autophagic induction markers including beclin1, LC3II, and p62 as well as the levels of lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 and 2 (LAMP1/2) and the transcription factor EB (TFEB) which are critical for lysosome function and autophagy maturation stage. For the status of microglia and astrocytes, we determined the levels of Iba1 and GFAP in these brain regions. We also measured the levels of CRF and its cognate receptors 1 and 2 (CRFR1/2). Our results showed that 5 days of SF dysregulated autophagy in the striatum and hippocampus but not in the frontal cortex. Additionally, 5 days of SF activated microglia in the striatum but not in the hippocampus or frontal cortex. In the striatum, CRFR2 but not CRFR1 was significantly increased in SF-experienced mice. CRF did not alter its mRNA levels in any of the three brain regions assessed. Our findings revealed that autophagy processes are sensitive to short-term SF in a region-specific manner and suggest that autophagy dysregulation may be a primary initiator for brain changes and functional impairments in the context of sleep disturbances and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.C.); (W.-K.K.); (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.)
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.C.); (W.-K.K.); (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Laurie L. Wellman
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.C.); (W.-K.K.); (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.)
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Larry D. Sanford
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.C.); (W.-K.K.); (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.)
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (Y.C.); (W.-K.K.); (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.)
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-757-446-5891
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16
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Chen X, Le Y, He WY, He J, Wang YH, Zhang L, Xiong QM, Zheng XQ, Liu KX, Wang HB. Abnormal Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signaling Regulates Neuropathic Pain by Mediating the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin-Related Autophagy and Neuroinflammation in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2917-2928. [PMID: 34264648 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition with little specific treatment. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), interacting with its receptor, IGF1R, serves a vital role in neuronal and brain functions such as autophagy and neuroinflammation. Yet, the function of spinal IGF1/IGF1R in neuropathic pain is unclear. Here, we examined whether and how spinal IGF1 signaling affects pain-like behaviors in mice with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To corroborate the role of IGF1, we injected intrathecally IGF1R inhibitor (nvp-aew541) or anti-IGF1 neutralizing antibodies. We found that IGF1 (derived from astrocytes) in the lumbar cord increased along with the neuropathic pain induced by CCI. IGF1R was predominantly expressed on neurons. IGF1R antagonism or IGF1 neutralization attenuated pain behaviors induced by CCI, relieved mTOR-related suppression of autophagy, and mitigated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. These findings reveal that the abnormal IGF1/IGF1R signaling contributes to neuropathic pain by exacerbating autophagy dysfunction and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wan-you He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-ming Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-qin Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke-xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-bing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, 81# North of Ling Nan Road, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
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17
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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18
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Zhang F, Xu H, Xia R, Yu P, Li Y, Yu X, Sui D. Pseudo-ginsenoside Rh2 Induces Protective Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:521-532. [PMID: 34109916 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210607100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudo-ginsenoside-Rh2 (pseudo-G-Rh2), a novel derivative of ginsenoside Rh2, is reported to exert a pro-apoptotic effect on various malignancies. However, whether this anti-cancer action of pseudo-G-Rh2 involves autophagy remains to be determined and explored. OBJECTIVES Investigation of pseudo-G-Rh2-induced apoptosis and autophagy and the underlying mechanism. METHODS In the present study, the MTT assay was used for evaluating cell viability and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was performed to assess cell toxicity. Autophagy evaluation was performed using monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The levels of autophagy-associated and apoptosis-associated proteins were determined using Western blotting. The Annexin V FITC/propidium iodide (PI) assay was used to assess apoptosis. RESULTS The Annexin V FITC/PI assay revealed that the percentage of apoptotic cells in HepG2 cells at concentrations 0, 20, 40, and 60 μM was 3.75%±1.37%, 5.70%±1.04%, 12.30%±2.10%, and 34.26%±4.73%, respectively. Pseudo-G-Rh2 was observed to significantly increase the expressions of BAX, cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-9, while it decreased the Bcl-2 expression. MDC and TEM analyses revealed that pseudo-G-Rh2 at concentrations 20, 40, and 60 μM significantly facilitated the accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes within the HepG2 cells. Moreover, pseudo-G-Rh2 significantly increased the expressions of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ, and Beclin-1 and decreased the expression of p62. The Annexin V FITC/PI assay also revealed that in comparison to the pseudo-G-Rh2 group, the concurrent treatment with pseudo-G-Rh2 and an autophagy inhibitor (CQ or 3-MA) significantly induced distinct apoptosis. In addition, pseudo-G-Rh2 activated AMPK and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. Pseudo-G-Rh2 is similar to the current patents, which enhanced its anti-cancer activity by combining with autophagy inhibitors. CONCLUSION Pseudo-G-Rh2 could induce protective autophagy in HepG2 cells, at least in part, via AMPK and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuangeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
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19
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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Lee YS, Gupta DP, Park SH, Yang HJ, Song GJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate in Microglia via an Autophagy Dependent Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:612981. [PMID: 34025399 PMCID: PMC8137969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.612981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, is considered to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Microglia maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system and play a key role in neuroinflammation, while autophagy controls numerous fundamental biological processes, including pathogen removal, cytokine production, and clearance of toxic aggregates. However, the role of DMF in autophagy induction and the relationship of this effect with its anti-inflammatory functions in microglia are not well known. In the present study, we investigated whether DMF inhibited neuroinflammation and induced autophagy in microglia. First, we confirmed the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of DMF in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Next, we used in vitro models including microglial cell lines and primary microglial cells to examine the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of DMF. We found that DMF significantly inhibited nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia and induced the switch of microglia to the M2 state. In addition, DMF treatment increased the expression levels of autophagy markers including microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) and the formation of LC3 puncta in microglia. The anti-inflammatory effect of DMF in microglia was significantly reduced by pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors. These data suggest that DMF leads to the induction of autophagy in microglia and that its anti-inflammatory effects are partially mediated through an autophagy-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Deepak Prasad Gupta
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
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21
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Hossain MF, Wang N, Chen R, Li S, Roy J, Uddin MG, Li Z, Lim LW, Song YQ. Exploring the multifunctional role of melatonin in regulating autophagy and sleep to mitigate Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101304. [PMID: 33610813 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a neurohormone that is regulated by the circadian clock and plays multifunctional roles in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia and is associated with the degradation of axons and synapses resulting in memory loss and cognitive impairment. Despite extensive research, there is still no effective cure or specific treatment to prevent the progression of AD. The pathogenesis of AD involves atrophic alterations in the brain that also result in circadian alterations, sleep disruption, and autophagic dysfunction. In this scenario, MLT and autophagy play a central role in removing the misfolded protein aggregations. MLT also promotes autophagy through inhibiting methamphetamine toxicity to protect against neuronal cell death in AD brain. Besides, MLT plays critical roles as either a pro-autophagic indicator or anti-autophagic regulator depending on the phase of autophagy. MLT also has antioxidant properties that can counteract mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Aging, a major risk factor for AD, can change sleep patterns and sleep quality, and MLT can improve sleep quality through regulating sleep cycles. The primary purpose of this review is to explore the putative mechanisms of the beneficial effects of MLT in AD patients. Furthermore, we also summarize the findings from preclinical and clinical studies on the multifunctional roles of MLT on autophagic regulation, the control of the circadian clock-associated genes, and sleep regulation.
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22
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Erbaba B, Arslan-Ergul A, Adams MM. Effects of caloric restriction on the antagonistic and integrative hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101228. [PMID: 33246078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a significant risk factor for cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative diseases, which makes understanding what promotes 'healthy brain aging' very important. Studies suggest that caloric restriction (CR) is a non-genetic intervention that reliably extends life- and healthspan. Here, we review the CR literature related to both the subject of aging and alterations in cell cycle machinery, especially surrounding the regulation of the E2F/DP1 complex, to elucidate the cellular protection mechanisms in the brain induced via dietary applications. The alterations extending lifespan via CR appear to exert their effects by promoting survival of individual cells, downregulating cell proliferation, and inducing stem cell quiescence, which results in keeping the stem cell reserve for extreme needs. This survival instinct of cells is believed to cause some molecular adaptations for their maintenance of the system. Avoiding energy waste of proliferation machinery promotes the long term survival of the individual cells and this is due to adaptations to the limited nutrient supply in the environment. Such a protective mechanism induced by diet could be promoted via the downregulation of crucial cell cycle-related transcription activators. This review article aims to bring attention to the importance of molecular adaptations induced by diet that promote healthy brain aging. It will provide insights into alternative targets for new treatments or neuroprotective approaches against neurodegenerative pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begun Erbaba
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayca Arslan-Ergul
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michelle M Adams
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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23
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Chen H, Chen F, Zhang M, Chen Y, Cui L, Liang C. A Review of APOE Genotype-Dependent Autophagic Flux Regulation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:535-555. [PMID: 34569952 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a basic physiological process maintaining cell renewal, the degradation of dysfunctional organelles, and the clearance of abnormal proteins and has recently been identified as a main mechanism underlying the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The APOE ɛ4 genotype is the strongest genetic determinant of AD pathogenesis and initiates autophagic flux at different times. This review synthesizes the current knowledge about the potential pathogenic effects of ApoE4 on autophagy and describes its associations with the biological hallmarks of autophagy and AD from a novel perspective. Via a remarkable variety of widely accepted signaling pathway markers, such as mTOR, TFEB, SIRT1, LC3, p62, LAMP1, LAMP2, CTSD, Rabs, and V-ATPase, ApoE isoforms differentially modulate autophagy initiation; membrane expansion, recruitment, and enclosure; autophagosome and lysosome fusion; and lysosomal degradation. Although the precise pathogenic mechanism varies for different genes and proteins, the dysregulation of autophagic flux is a key mechanism on which multiple pathogenic processes converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Yuebei People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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24
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Ahmed S, Kwatra M, Ranjan Panda S, Murty USN, Naidu VGM. Andrographolide suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia through induction of parkin-mediated mitophagy in in-vitro and in-vivo models of Parkinson disease. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:142-158. [PMID: 32971182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication linking microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss play an imperative role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, underlying molecular mechanisms are not precise and require further elucidation. NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is extensively studied in context to microglial activation and progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD. Several pathophysiological factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction impaired mitophagy plays a crucial role in activating NLRP3 inflammasome complex. Hence, regulation of microglial activation through mitophagy could be a valuable strategy in controlling microglia mediated neurodegeneration. In this study we have developed a model of inflammasome activation by combining LPS with a mitochondrial complex-I inhibitor MPP+. The idea of using MPP+ after priming mouse microglia with LPS was to disrupt mitochondria and release reactive oxygen species, which act as Signal 2 in augmenting NLRP3 assembly, thereby releasing potent inflammatory mediators such as active interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. LPS-MPP+ combination was seen to impaired the mitophagy by inhibiting the initial step of autophagosome formation as evidenced by protein expression and confocal imaging data. Treatment with Andrographolide promoted the parkin-dependent autophagic flux formation in microglia; resulting in the removal of defective mitochondria which in turn inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, the neuroprotective role of Andrographolide in inhibiting NLRP3 activation together with salvage ATP level via promoting parkin-dependent mitophagy was seen in the substantial nigra par compacta (SNpc) region of mice brain. Furthermore, Andrographolide rescued the dopaminergic neuron loss and improved the behavioural parameters in animal model. Collectively, our results reveal the role of mitophagy in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome by removing defective mitochondria. In addition, andrographolide was seen to abate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and rescue dopaminergic neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahabuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Samir Ranjan Panda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - U S N Murty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Assam 781101, India.
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Spermidine, a caloric restriction mimetic, provides neuroprotection against normal and D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through activation of autophagy in male rats during aging. Biogerontology 2020; 22:35-47. [PMID: 32979155 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine (SPD) is a natural polyamine present in all living organisms and is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by inducing autophagy in different model organisms. Its role as a caloric restriction mimetic (CRM) is still being investigated. We have undertaken this study to investigate whether SPD, acting as a CRM, can confer neuroprotection in D-galactose induced accelerated senescence model rat and naturally aged rats through modulation of autophagy and inflammation. Young male rats (4 months), D-gal induced (500 mg/kg b.w., subcutaneously) aging and naturally aged (22 months) male rats were supplemented with SPD (10 mg/kg b.w., orally) for 6 weeks. Standard protocols were employed to measure prooxidants, antioxidants, apoptotic cell death and electron transport chain complexes in brain tissues. Gene expression analysis with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to assess the expression of autophagy and inflammatory marker genes. Our data demonstrate that SPD significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the level of pro-oxidants and increased the level of antioxidants. SPD supplementation also augmented the activities of electron transport chain complexes in aged brain mitochondria thus proving its antioxidant potential at the level of mitochondria. RT-PCR data revealed that SPD up-regulated the expression of autophagy genes (ATG-3, Beclin-1, ULK-1 and LC3B) and down-regulated the expression of the inflammatory gene (IL-6) in aging brain. Our results provide first line of evidence that SPD provides neuroprotection against aging-induced oxidative stress by regulating autophagy, antioxidants level and also reduces neuroinflammation. These results suggest that SPD may be beneficial for neuroprotection during aging and age-related disorders.
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26
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Gupta DP, Park SH, Yang HJ, Suk K, Song GJ. Neuroprotective and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of a Poisonous Plant Croton Tiglium Linn. Extract. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040261. [PMID: 32316571 PMCID: PMC7232518 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in various neurological diseases. Activated microglia secrete many pro-inflammatory factors and induce neuronal cell death. Thus, the inhibition of excessive proinflammatory activity of microglia leads to a therapeutic effect that alleviates the progression of neuronal degeneration. In this study, we investigated the effect of Croton tiglium (C. tiglium) Linn. extract (CTE) on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in microglia and astrocytes via RT-PCR, Western blot, and nitric oxide assay. Neurotoxicity was measured by cell viability assay and GFP image analysis. Phagocytosis of microglia was measured using fluorescent zymosan particles. CTE significantly inhibited the production of neurotoxic inflammatory factors, including nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, CTE increased the production of the neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the M2 phenotype of microglia. The culture medium retained after CTE treatment increased the survival of neurons, thereby indicating the neuroprotective effect of CTE. Our findings indicated that CTE inhibited pro-inflammatory response and increased the neuroprotective ability of microglia. In conclusion, although CTE is known to be a poisonous plant and listed on the FDA poisonous plant database, it can be used as a medicine if the amount is properly controlled. Our results suggested the potential benefits of CTE as a therapeutic agent for different neurodegenerative disorders involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Prasad Gupta
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-280-6532
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