1
|
Gargas J, Janowska J, Gebala P, Maksymiuk W, Sypecka J. Reactive Gliosis in Neonatal Disorders: Friend or Foe for Neuroregeneration? Cells 2024; 13:131. [PMID: 38247822 PMCID: PMC10813898 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to the influence of pathophysiological clues and injuries in the perinatal period. Astrocytes are among the first cells that react to insults against the nervous tissue, the presence of pathogens, misbalance of local tissue homeostasis, and a lack of oxygen and trophic support. Under this background, it remains uncertain if induced astrocyte activation, recognized as astrogliosis, is a friend or foe for progressing neonatal neurodevelopment. Likewise, the state of astrocyte reactivity is considered one of the key factors discriminating between either the initiation of endogenous reparative mechanisms compensating for aberrations in the structures and functions of nervous tissue or the triggering of neurodegeneration. The responses of activated cells are modulated by neighboring neural cells, which exhibit broad immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties by secreting a plethora of active compounds (including interleukins and chemokines, neurotrophins, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide synthase and complement components), which are engaged in cell crosstalk in a paracrine manner. As the developing nervous system is extremely sensitive to the influence of signaling molecules, even subtle changes in the composition or concentration of the cellular secretome can have significant effects on the developing neonatal brain. Thus, modulating the activity of other types of cells and their interactions with overreactive astrocytes might be a promising strategy for controlling neonatal astrogliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Zhou L, Zhao Q, Qi Z. A New Cell Model Overexpressing sTGFBR3 for Studying Alzheimer's Disease In vitro. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:552-563. [PMID: 38362698 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128278324240115104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that abnormal microglial hyperactivation has an important role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). sTGFBR3 (a shed extracellular domain of the transforming growth factor type III receptor) is a newly identified target of microglia polarization dysregulation, whose overexpression can cause abnormal accumulation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), promoting Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammatory pathology. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop and validate a new cell model overexpressing sTGFBR3 for studying AD in vitro. METHODS BV2 cells (a microglial cell derived from C57/BL6 murine) were used as a cell model. Cells were then treated with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0, 1, or 0.3 μg/mL) for 12, 24, or 48h and then with or without sodium pervanadate (100 μM) for 30 min. Next, the effect surface optimization method was used to determine optimal experimental conditions. Finally, the optimized model was used to assess the effect of ZQX series compounds and vasicine on cell viability and protein expression. Expression of TGFBR3 and TNF-α was assessed using Western blot. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, and enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to evaluate extracellular TGF-β1 and sTGFBR3. RESULTS LPS (0.3 μg/mL) treatment for 11 h at a cell density of 60% and pervanadate concentration (100 μM) incubation for 30 min were the optimal experimental conditions for increasing membrane protein TGFBR3 overexpression, as well as extracellular sTGFBR3 and TGF-β1. Applying ZQX-5 and vasicine reversed this process by reducing extracellular TGF-β1, promoting the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, a protein downstream of TGF-β1, and inhibiting the release of the inflammatory factor TNF-α. CONCLUSION This new in vitro model may be a useful cell model for studying Alzheimer's disease in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxia Chen
- General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Bei Fang Hospital of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Bei Fang Hospital of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Bei Fang Hospital of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhentong Qi
- General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Bei Fang Hospital of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei X, Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang M, Jin L, Ma X, Zhang Z. TRIM27 ameliorates ischemic stroke by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis via the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114599. [PMID: 37914066 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing 27 (TRIM27) is a member of TRIM family that exerts a protective effect against cardiac and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, little is known about its role in ischemic stroke. In our experiment, mice were intracerebroventricular injected with recombinant lentiviruses carrying TRIM27 or empty vector, and then they were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 2 weeks after the injection. Mouse microglial BV-2 cells were infected with lentiviruses carrying TRIM27 or empty vector before exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). TRIM27's role was assessed in vivo and in vitro. TRIM27 overexpression reduced infarct size, improved neurological function, inhibited activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in mice subjected to MCAO/R. Furthermore, TRIM27 overexpression suppressed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and activated this signaling pathway in OGD/R-exposed microglial cells. GSK690693 or ML385 treatment partially reversed the effect of TRIM27 overexpression in vitro. These findings indicate that TRIM27 overexpression ameliorates ischemic stroke by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. This study provides a novel target for treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minxue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liwei Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhuobo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang L, Zhang Y, Yu X, Li D, Liu N, Xue X, Fu J. Periventricular Microglia Polarization and Morphological Changes Accompany NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation after Hypoxic-Ischemic White Matter Damage in Premature Rats. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5149306. [PMID: 37636861 PMCID: PMC10460280 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5149306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter damage (WMD) is a primary cause of cerebral palsy and cognitive impairment in preterm infants, and no effective treatments are available. Microglia are a major component of the innate immune system. When activated, they form typical pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes and regulate myelin development and synapse formation. Therefore, they may play a pivotal role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) WMD. Herein, we investigated neural inflammation and long-term microglia phenotypic polarization in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia-induced WMD and elucidated the underlying pathophysiological processes. We exposed 3-day-old (P3) Sprague-Dawley rats to hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 2.5 hr after unilateral common carotid artery ligation. The activation of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies, microglia M1/M2 polarization, myelination, and synaptic development in our model were monitored 7, 14, and 21 days after birth. In addition, the Morris water maze test was performed on postnatal Day 28. We confirmed myelination disturbance in the periventricular white matter, abnormal synaptic development, and behavioral changes in the periventricular area during the development of HI WMD. In addition, we found an association between the occurrence and development of HI WMD and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, microglial M1/M2 polarization, and the release of inflammatory factors. NLRP3 inhibition can play an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting the differentiation of microglia into the M1 phenotype, thereby improving myelination and synapse formation. In conclusion, microglia are key mediators of the inflammatory response and exhibit continuous phenotypic polarization 7-21 days after HI-induced WMD. This finding can potentially lead to a new treatment regimen targeting the phenotypic polarization of microglia early after HI-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Joo YH, Lee MW, Son YD, Chang KA, Yaqub M, Kim HK, Cumming P, Kim JH. In Vivo Cerebral Translocator Protein (TSPO) Binding and Its Relationship with Blood Adiponectin Levels in Treatment-Naïve Young Adults with Major Depression: A [ 11C]PK11195 PET Study. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010034. [PMID: 35052718 PMCID: PMC8773340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine that mediates cellular cholesterol efflux and plays important roles in neuroinflammatory processes. In this study, we undertook positron emission tomography (PET) with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [11C]PK11195 and measured serum adiponectin levels in groups of treatment-naïve young adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched healthy controls. Thirty treatment-naïve MDD patients (median age: 24 years) and twenty-three healthy controls underwent [11C]PK11195 PET. We quantified TSPO availability in brain as the [11C]PK11195 binding potential (BPND) using a reference tissue model in conjunction with the supervised cluster analysis (SVCA4) algorithm. Age, sex distribution, body mass index, and serum adiponectin levels did not differ between the groups. Between-group analysis using a region-of-interest approach showed significantly higher [11C]PK11195 BPND in the left anterior and right posterior cingulate cortices in MDD patients than in controls. Serum adiponectin levels had significant negative correlations with [11C]PK11195 BPND in the bilateral hippocampus in MDD patients, but significant positive correlations in the bilateral hippocampus in the control group. Our results indicate significantly higher TSPO binding in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices in treatment-naïve young MDD patients, suggesting microglial activation in these limbic regions, which are involved in cognitive and emotional processing. The opposite correlations between [11C]PK11195 BPND in the hippocampus with serum adiponectin levels in MDD and control groups suggest that microglial activation in the hippocampus may respond differentially to adiponectin signaling in MDD and healthy subjects, possibly with respect to microglial phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Joo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-460-2696
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costanza A, Radomska M, Bondolfi G, Zenga F, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Serafini G, Amore M, Berardelli I, Pompili M, Nguyen KD. Suicidality Associated With Deep Brain Stimulation in Extrapyramidal Diseases: A Critical Review and Hypotheses on Neuroanatomical and Neuroimmune Mechanisms. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:632249. [PMID: 33897384 PMCID: PMC8060445 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.632249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a very well-established and effective treatment for patients with extrapyramidal diseases. Despite its generally favorable clinical efficacy, some undesirable outcomes associated with DBS have been reported. Among such complications are incidences of suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior (SB) in patients undergoing this neurosurgical procedure. However, causal associations between DBS and increased suicide risk are not demonstrated and they constitute a debated issue. In light of these observations, the main objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive and unbiased overview of the literature on suicide risk in patients who received subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal part of globus pallidum (GPi) DBS treatment. Additionally, putative mechanisms that might be involved in the development of SI and SB in these patients as well as caveats associated with these hypotheses are introduced. Finally, we briefly propose some clinical implications, including therapeutic strategies addressing these potential disease mechanisms. While a mechanistic connection between DBS and suicidality remains a controversial topic that requires further investigation, it is of critical importance to consider suicide risk as an integral component of candidate selection and post-operative care in DBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costanza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, ASO Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michalina Radomska
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guido Bondolfi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Service of Liaison Psychiatry and Crisis Intervention (SPLIC), Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zenga
- Department of Neurosurgery, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Mood Disorders Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Berardelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Khoa D Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Tranquis Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
do Carmo Neto JR, Braga YLL, da Costa AWF, Lucio FH, do Nascimento TC, dos Reis MA, Celes MRN, de Oliveira FA, Machado JR, da Silva MV. Biomarkers and Their Possible Functions in the Intestinal Microenvironment of Chagasic Megacolon: An Overview of the (Neuro)inflammatory Process. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6668739. [PMID: 33928170 PMCID: PMC8049798 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammatory processes and intestinal neuronal destruction during the progression of Chagasic megacolon is well established. However, many other components play essential roles, both in the long-term progression and control of the clinical status of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Components such as neuronal subpopulations, enteric glial cells, mast cells and their proteases, and homeostasis-related proteins from several organic systems (serotonin and galectins) are differentially involved in the progression of Chagasic megacolon. This review is aimed at revealing the characteristics of the intestinal microenvironment found in Chagasic megacolon by using different types of already used biomarkers. Information regarding these components may provide new therapeutic alternatives and improve the understanding of the association between T. cruzi infection and immune, endocrine, and neurological system changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Arthur Wilson Florêncio da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hélia Lucio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thais Cardoso do Nascimento
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia dos Reis
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mara Rubia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith WJ, Cedeño DL, Thomas SM, Kelley CA, Vetri F, Vallejo R. Modulation of microglial activation states by spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain: Comparing high rate, low rate, and differential target multiplexed programming. Mol Pain 2021; 17:1744806921999013. [PMID: 33626981 PMCID: PMC7925954 DOI: 10.1177/1744806921999013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous studies and patient experiences have demonstrated the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation as a treatment for chronic neuropathic pain, the exact mechanism underlying this therapy is still uncertain. Recent studies highlighting the importance of microglial cells in chronic pain and characterizing microglial activation transcriptomes have created a focus on microglia in pain research. Our group has investigated the modulation of gene expression in neurons and glial cells after spinal cord stimulation (SCS), specifically focusing on transcriptomic changes induced by varying SCS stimulation parameters. Previous work showed that, in rodents subjected to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain, a differential target multiplexed programming (DTMP) approach provided significantly better relief of pain-like behavior compared to high rate (HRP) and low rate programming (LRP). While these studies demonstrated the importance of transcriptomic changes in SCS mechanism of action, they did not specifically address the role of SCS in microglial activation. The data presented herein utilizes microglia-specific activation transcriptomes to further understand how an SNI model of chronic pain and subsequent continuous SCS treatment with either DTMP, HRP, or LRP affects microglial activation. Genes for each activation transcriptome were identified within our dataset and gene expression levels were compared with that of healthy animals, naïve to injury and interventional procedures. Pearson correlations indicated that DTMP yields the highest significant correlations to expression levels found in the healthy animals across all microglial activation transcriptomes. In contrast, HRP or LRP yielded weak or very weak correlations for these transcriptomes. This work demonstrates that chronic pain and subsequent SCS treatments can modulate microglial activation transcriptomes, supporting previous research on microglia in chronic pain. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that DTMP is more effective than HRP and LRP at modulating microglial transcriptomes, offering potential insight into the therapeutic efficacy of DTMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Smith
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David L Cedeño
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Thomas
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Courtney A Kelley
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Vallejo
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.,National Spine and Pain Centers, Bloomington, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maupu C, Enderlin J, Igert A, Oger M, Auvin S, Hassan-Abdi R, Soussi-Yanicostas N, Brazzolotto X, Nachon F, Dal Bo G, Dupuis N. Diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced status epilepticus drives complex glial cell phenotypes in adult male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105276. [PMID: 33529768 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents (OPs), are characterized by cholinesterase inhibition. In addition to severe peripheral symptoms, high doses of OPs can lead to seizures and status epilepticus (SE). Long lasting seizure activity and subsequent neurodegeneration promote neuroinflammation leading to profound pathological alterations of the brain. The aim of this study was to characterize neuroinflammatory responses at key time points after SE induced by the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and RT-qPCR on cerebral tissue are often insufficient to identity and quantify precise neuroinflammatory alterations. To address these needs, we performed RT-qPCR quantification after whole brain magnetic-activated cell-sorting (MACS) of CD11B (microglia/infiltrated macrophages) and GLAST (astrocytes)-positive cells at 1, 4, 24 h and 3 days post-SE. In order to compare these results to those obtained by IHC, we performed, classical Iba1 (microglia/infiltrated macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes) IHC analysis in parallel, focusing on the hippocampus, a brain region affected by seizure activity and neurodegeneration. Shortly after SE (1-4 h), an increase in pro-inflammatory (M1-like) markers and A2-specific markers, proposed as neurotrophic, were observed in CD11B and GLAST-positive isolated cells, respectively. Microglial cells successively expressed immuno-regulatory (M2b-like) and anti-inflammatory (M2a-like) at 4 h and 24 h post-SE induction. At 24 h and 3 days, A1-specific markers, proposed as neurotoxic, were increased in isolated astrocytes. Although IHC analysis presented no modification in terms of percentage of marked area and cell number at 1 and 4 h after SE, at 24 h and 3 days after SE, microglial and astrocytic activation was visible by IHC as an increase in Iba1 and GFAP-positive area and Iba1-positive cells in DFP animals when compared to the control. Our work identified sequential microglial and astrocytic phenotype activation. Although the role of each phenotype in SE cerebral outcomes requires further study, targeting specific markers at specific time point could be a beneficial strategy for DFP-induced SE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Maupu
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Julie Enderlin
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Igert
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Myriam Oger
- Unité Imagerie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Grégory Dal Bo
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Nina Dupuis
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Therapeutic role of inflammasome inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:771-783. [PMID: 33157255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of glial cells, is a hallmark in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Inadequate inflammation cannot eliminate the infection of pathogens, while excessive or hyper-reactive inflammation can cause chronic or systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In response to a brain injury or pathogen invasion, the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on glial cells are activated via binding to cellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This subsequently leads to the activation of NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)-like receptor proteins (NLRs). In neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic inflammation is a critical contributing factor for disease manifestation including pathogenesis. Emerging evidence points to the involvement of "inflammasomes", especially the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing (NLRP) complex in the development of these diseases. The activated NLRP3 results in the proteolytic activation of caspase-1 that facilitates the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, these and other seminal findings have led to the development of NLRP-targeting small-molecule therapeutics as possible treatment options for neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will discuss the new advances and evidence-based literature concerning the role of inflammasomes in neurodegenerative diseases, its role in the neurological repercussions of CNS chronic infection, and the examples of preclinical or clinically tested NLRP inhibitors as potential strategies for the treatment of chronic neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Banks WA. A Spectrum of Topics for 2019: Advances in Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, Autism, Exosomes, and Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1-5. [PMID: 32122292 DOI: 10.2174/138161282601200225102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in various fields were discussed in the reviews and original research articles published in 2019 in Current Pharmaceutical Design. Here, I review some of the major highlights for selected areas. A better understanding of disease mechanisms was a prominent recurrent theme and new therapeutic targets based on those mechanisms are highlighted here. Inflammation and oxidative stress are major features of many diseases, therefore, interventions to address these processes are reviewed. Although repurposing of old drugs occurred in several fields, drug targeting and drug delivery, especially of nanoparticles, also continues to be a major area of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care Center, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scheld M, Heymann F, Zhao W, Tohidnezhad M, Clarner T, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Modulatory effect of 17β-estradiol on myeloid cell infiltration into the male rat brain after ischemic stroke. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105667. [PMID: 32407868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of human disability and mortality in the world. Neuroinflammation is the main pathological event following ischemia which contributes to secondary brain tissue damage and is driven by infiltration of circulating immune cells such as macrophages. Because of neuroprotective properties against ischemic brain damage, estrogens have the potential to become of therapeutic interest. However, the exact mechanisms of neuroprotection and signaling pathways is not completely understood. In the current study, 12-week-old male Wistar rats underwent an experimental ischemia by occluding the middle cerebral artery transiently (tMCAO) for 1 h. Male rats subjected to tMCAO were randomly assigned to receive 17β-estradiol or vehicle treatment. The animals were sacrificed 72 h post tMCAO, transcardially perfused and the brains were proceeded either for TTC staining and gene analysis or for flow cytometry (CD45, CD11b, CD11c, CD40). We found that 17β-estradiol substitution significantly reduced the cortical infarct which was paralleled by an improved Garcia test scoring. Flow cytometry revealed that CD45+ cells as well as CD45+CD11b+CD11c+ cells were massively increased in tMCAO animals and numbers were nearly restored to sham levels after 17β-estradiol treatment. Gene expression analysis showed a reperfusion time-dependent upregulation of the markers CD45, CD11b and the activation marker CD40. The reduction in gene expression after 72 h of reperfusion and simultaneous 17β-estradiol substitution did not reach statistical significance. These data indicate that 17β-estradiol alleviated the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and selectively suppressed the activation of the neuroinflammatory cascade via reduction of the number of activated microglia or infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scheld
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - F Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Zhao
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - M Tohidnezhad
- University Clinic, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - T Clarner
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - C Beyer
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - A Zendedel
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Oliveira TCG, Carvalho-Paulo D, de Lima CM, de Oliveira RB, Santos Filho C, Diniz DG, Bento Torres Neto J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Long-term environmental enrichment reduces microglia morphological diversity of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4081-4099. [PMID: 32726468 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated long-term environmental influences on morphology of microglia from the outer and middle thirds of molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (MolDG), and on microglia from dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus molecular layer. We also estimated the total number of MolDG microglia using stereology. For this purpose, microglia of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of 20-month-old female Swiss albino mice, housed from 21st postnatal day onwards, in the impoverished environment of the standard laboratory cages (SEA), or in a cage with an enriched environment (EEA), were reconstructed microscopically in three dimensions and compared with each other and with microglia of 6-month-old female Swiss albino mice, also housed from weaning onwards in an enriched cage (EEY). All mice had their brains sectioned and processed for immunolabeling for IBA-1, a selective microglia marker. Random and systematic microglia samples were reconstructed in three dimensions and classified morphologically using hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by discriminant function analysis. SEA and EEY showed two morphological phenotypes of microglia in both the outer and middle thirds of MolDG. EEA mice showed such a reduction in the morphological diversity of microglia that essentially a single morphotype was found. EEA mouse microglia showed an intermediate morphological complexity between types I and II SE microglia. We suggest that type I and type II microglia in SE mice may have different physiological roles and that long-term EE may be associated with adaptive responses of microglial phenotypes to somatomotor and cognitive stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cristina Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Dario Carvalho-Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Roseane Borner de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil.,Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brasil
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao YY, Ling EA, Lu D. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation - signaling regulation and therapeutic considerations with special reference to some natural compounds. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1229-1250. [PMID: 32662061 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemic injury etc. In this connection, microglia, the key players in the central nervous system, mediate the inflammatory response process. In brain injuries, activated microglia can clear the cellular debris and invading pathogens and release neurotrophic factors; however, prolonged microglia activation may cause neuronal death through excessive release of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of microglia activation to design an effective therapeutic strategy to alleviate neuronal injury. Recent studies have shown that some natural compounds and herbal extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties that may suppress microglial activation and ameliorate neuroinflammation and hence are neuroprotective. In this review, we will update some of the common signaling pathways that regulate microglia activation. Among the various signaling pathways, the Notch-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) have been reported to exacerbate microglia mediated neuroinflammation that is implicated in different neuropathological diseases. The search for natural compounds or agents, specifically those derived from natural herbal extracts such as Gastrodin, scutellarin, RG1 etc. has been the focus of many of our recent studies because they have been found to regulate microglia activation. The pharmacological effects of these agents and their potential mechanisms for regulating microglia activation are systematically reviewed here for a fuller understanding of their biochemical action and therapeutic potential for treatment of microglia mediated neuropathological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yi Yao
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Young Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Di Lu
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang P, Zhou Q, Lin Q, Lin L, Wang H, Chen X, Jiang S, Fu H, Deng Y. Complement C3a induces axonal hypomyelination in the periventricular white matter through activation of WNT/β-catenin signal pathway in septic neonatal rats experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:495-514. [PMID: 31622511 PMCID: PMC8018074 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periventricular white matter (PWM) damage (PWMD) induced by neonatal sepsis. Because the complement cascade is implicated in inflammatory response, this study was carried out to determine whether C3a is involved in PWMD, and, if so, whether it would induce axonal hypomyelination. Furthermore, we explored if C3a would act through its C3a receptor (C3aR) and thence inhibit maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) via the WNT/β-catenin signal pathway. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats aged 1 day were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). C3a was upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes in the PWM up to 7 days after LPS injection. Concomitantly, enhanced C3aR expression was observed in NG2+ oligodendrocytes (OLs). Myelin proteins including CNPase, PLP, MBP and MAG were significantly reduced in the PWM of 28-day septic rats. The number of PLP+ and MBP+ cells was markedly decreased. By electron microscopy, myelin sheath thickness was thinner and the average g-ratios were higher. This was coupled with an increase in number of NG2+ cells and decreased number of CC1+ cells. Olig1, Olig2 and SOX10 protein expression was significantly reduced in the PWM after LPS injection. Very strikingly, C3aRa administration for the first 7 days could reverse the above-mentioned pathological alterations in the PWM of septic rats. When incubated with C3a, expression of MBP, CNPase, PLP, MAG, Olig1, Olig2, SOX10 and CC1 in primary cultured OPCs was significantly downregulated as opposed to increased NG2. Moreover, WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway was found to be implicated in inhibition of OPCs maturation and differentiation induced by C3a in vitro. As a corollary, it is speculated that C3a in the PWM of septic rats is closely associated with the disorder of OPCs differentiation and maturation through WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, which would contribute ultimately to axonal hypomyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Huang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006GuangdongChina
| | - Qiongyu Lin
- Department of critical care medicineJieyang People's HospitalJieyang522000GuangdongChina
| | - Lanfen Lin
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Department of critical care medicineGuangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhou510317GuangdongChina
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Affiliated South China HospitalSourthern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital)Guangzhou510515GuangdongChina
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou5105063GuangdongChina
| | - Shuqi Jiang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006GuangdongChina
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of AnatomyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan430072HubeiChina
| | - Yiyu Deng
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|