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Behrsing T, Blair VL, Jaroschik F, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Rare Earths-The Answer to Everything. Molecules 2024; 29:688. [PMID: 38338432 PMCID: PMC10856286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare earths, scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanoids from lanthanum to lutetium, are classified as critical metals because of their ubiquity in daily life. They are present in magnets in cars, especially electric cars; green electricity generating systems and computers; in steel manufacturing; in glass and light emission materials especially for safety lighting and lasers; in exhaust emission catalysts and supports; catalysts in artificial rubber production; in agriculture and animal husbandry; in health and especially cancer diagnosis and treatment; and in a variety of materials and electronic products essential to modern living. They have the potential to replace toxic chromates for corrosion inhibition, in magnetic refrigeration, a variety of new materials, and their role in agriculture may expand. This review examines their role in sustainability, the environment, recycling, corrosion inhibition, crop production, animal feedstocks, catalysis, health, and materials, as well as considering future uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrsing
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Victoria L. Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | | | - Glen B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Kynman AE, Christodoulou S, Ouellette ET, Peterson A, Kelly SN, Maron L, Arnold P. Photocatalytic dechlorination of unactivated chlorocarbons including PVC using organolanthanide complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10924-10927. [PMID: 37614167 PMCID: PMC10528292 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple lanthanide cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes can photochemically cleave the sp3 carbon-chlorine bond of unactivated chlorinated hydrocarbons including polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The excited state lifetimes of these simple complexes are among the longest observed for cerium complexes (175 ns for [(CpMe4)2Ce(μ-Cl)]2) and the light absorption by the Cp ligand is efficient, so photocatalytic reactivity is enhanced for cerium and now also made possible for neighboring, normally photoinactive, lanthanide congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Erik T Ouellette
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheridon N Kelly
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Polly Arnold
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Li L, Liu Y, Zhou S, Li J, Qi C, Zhang F. Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-benzoylpyridin-2(1 H)-one derivatives using pyrrolidine as catalyst. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2177872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shujing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jinjing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Chenze Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
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Kynman AE, Elghanayan LK, Desnoyer AN, Yang Y, Sévery L, Di Giuseppe A, Tilley TD, Maron L, Arnold PL. Controlled monodefluorination and alkylation of C(sp 3)-F bonds by lanthanide photocatalysts: importance of metal-ligand cooperativity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14090-14100. [PMID: 36540817 PMCID: PMC9728647 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of a single fluorine in a CF3 group is difficult and rare. Photochemical C-F bond functionalization of the sp3-C-H bond in trifluorotoluene, PhCF3, is achieved using catalysts made from earth-abundant lanthanides, (CpMe4)2Ln(2-O-3,5- t Bu2-C6H2)(1-C{N(CH)2N(iPr)}) (Ln = La, Ce, Nd and Sm, CpMe4 = C5Me4H). The Ce complex is the most effective at mediating hydrodefluorination and defluoroalkylative coupling of PhCF3 with alkenes; addition of magnesium dialkyls enables catalytic C-F bond cleavage and C-C bond formation by all the complexes. Mechanistic experiments confirm the essential role of the Lewis acidic metal and support an inner-sphere mechanism of C-F activation. Computational studies agree that coordination of the C-F substrate is essential for C-F bond cleavage. The unexpected catalytic activity for all members is made possible by the light-absorbing ability of the redox non-innocent ligands. The results described herein underscore the importance of metal-ligand cooperativity, specifically the synergy between the metal and ligand in both light absorption and redox reactivity, in organometallic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Luca K Elghanayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Yan Yang
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Sévery
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Andrea Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Bousrez G, Jaroschik F. Organic Synthesis with Elemental Lanthanides – Going Beyond Samarium and Ytterbium. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bousrez
- Stockholms Universitet Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Florian Jaroschik
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier ENSCM- AM2N 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier FRANCE
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