1
|
Mistretta M, Cimino M, Campagne P, Volant S, Kornobis E, Hebert O, Rochais C, Dallemagne P, Lecoutey C, Tisnerat C, Lepailleur A, Ayotte Y, LaPlante SR, Gangneux N, Záhorszká M, Korduláková J, Vichier-Guerre S, Bonhomme F, Pokorny L, Albert M, Tinevez JY, Manina G. Dynamic microfluidic single-cell screening identifies pheno-tuning compounds to potentiate tuberculosis therapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4175. [PMID: 38755132 PMCID: PMC11099131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-recalcitrant infections are a leading global-health concern. Bacterial cells benefit from phenotypic variation, which can suggest effective antimicrobial strategies. However, probing phenotypic variation entails spatiotemporal analysis of individual cells that is technically challenging, and hard to integrate into drug discovery. In this work, we develop a multi-condition microfluidic platform suitable for imaging two-dimensional growth of bacterial cells during transitions between separate environmental conditions. With this platform, we implement a dynamic single-cell screening for pheno-tuning compounds, which induce a phenotypic change and decrease cell-to-cell variation, aiming to undermine the entire bacterial population and make it more vulnerable to other drugs. We apply this strategy to mycobacteria, as tuberculosis poses a major public-health threat. Our lead compound impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis via a peculiar mode of action and enhances other anti-tubercular drugs. This work proves that harnessing phenotypic variation represents a successful approach to tackle pathogens that are increasingly difficult to treat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mistretta
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mena Cimino
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Campagne
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biomics Platform, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yann Ayotte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gangneux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Monika Záhorszká
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sophie Vichier-Guerre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Epigenetic Chemical Biology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Epigenetic Chemical Biology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Laura Pokorny
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marvin Albert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Manina
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su Z, Zhang Z, Yu J, Yuan C, Shen Y, Wang J, Su L, Wang M. Combined enhancement of the propionyl-CoA metabolic pathway for efficient androstenedione production in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:218. [PMID: 36266684 PMCID: PMC9585753 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The production of androstenedione (AD) from phytosterols by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum is a multi-step biotransformation process, which requires degradation of sterol side chains, accompanied by the production of propionyl-CoA. However, the transient production of large amounts of propionyl-CoA can accumulate intracellularly to produce toxic effects and severely inhibit AD production. Results In the present study, the intracellular propionyl-CoA concentration was effectively reduced and the productivity of the strain was improved by enhancing the cytosolic methyl-branched lipid synthesis pathway and increasing the expression level of nat operator gene, respectively. Subsequently, the application of a pathway combination strategy, combined and the inducible regulation strategy, further improved AD productivity with a maximum AD conversion rate of 96.88%, an increase of 13.93% over the original strain. Conclusions Overall, we provide a new strategy for reducing propionyl-CoA stress during biotransformation for the production of AD and other steroidal drugs using phytosterols. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01942-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Liqiu Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schluger NW. Using Isoniazid More Safely and More Effectively: The Time Is Now. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1248-1250. [PMID: 34543582 PMCID: PMC8786070 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202108-1938ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Schluger
- Department of Medicine New York Medical College Valhalla, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Agre N, Khambete M, Maitra A, Gupta A, Munshi T, Bhakta S, Degani M. Exploration of 5‐(5‐nitrothiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazoles as selective, multitargeted antimycobacterial agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:192-199. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Mihir Khambete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Arundhati Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Department of Infection and Immunity St George’s, University of London London UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Mariam Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Antimycobacterial, Enzyme Inhibition, and Molecular Interaction Studies of Psoromic Acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Efficacy and Safety Investigations. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7080226. [PMID: 30127304 PMCID: PMC6111308 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study explores the antimycobacterial efficacy of lichen-derived psoromic acid (PA) against clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Additionally, the inhibitory efficacy of PA against two critical enzymes associated with M.tb, namely, UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) and arylamine-N-acetyltransferase (TBNAT), as drug targets for antituberculosis therapy were determined. PA showed a profound inhibitory effect towards all the M.tb strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 3.2 and 4.1 µM, and selectivity indices (SIs) ranging between 18.3 and 23.4. On the other hand, the standard drug isoniazid (INH) displayed comparably high MIC values (varying from 5.4 to 5.8 µM) as well as low SI values (13.0–13.9). Interestingly, PA did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects on a human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line even at the highest concentration tested (75 µM). PA demonstrated remarkable suppressing propensity against UGM compared to standard uridine-5'-diphosphate (UDP), with 85.8 and 99.3% of inhibition, respectively. In addition, PA also exerted phenomenal inhibitory efficacy (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value = 8.7 µM, and 77.4% inhibition) against TBNAT compared with standard INH (IC50 value = 6.2 µM and 96.3% inhibition). Furthermore, in silico analysis validated the outcomes of in vitro assays, as the molecular interactions of PA with the active sites of UGM and TBNAT were unveiled using molecular docking and structure–activity relationship studies. Concomitantly, our findings present PA as an effective and safe natural drug plausible for use in controlling tuberculosis infections.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abuhammad A. Cholesterol metabolism: a potential therapeutic target in Mycobacteria. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2194-2208. [PMID: 28002883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), although a curable disease, is still one of the most difficult infections to treat. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects 10 million people worldwide and kills 1.5 million people each year. Reactivation of a latent infection is the major cause of TB. Cholesterol is a critical carbon source during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into lipid virulence factors. The M. tuberculosis genome contains a large regulon of cholesterol catabolic genes suggesting that the microorganism can utilize host sterol for infection and persistence. The protein products of these genes present ideal targets for rational drug discovery programmes. This review summarizes the development of enzyme inhibitors targeting the cholesterol pathway in M. tuberculosis. This knowledge is essential for the discovery of novel agents to treat M. tuberculosis infection. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
Collapse
|
7
|
The Redox Cofactor F 420 Protects Mycobacteria from Diverse Antimicrobial Compounds and Mediates a Reductive Detoxification System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6810-6818. [PMID: 27637879 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02500-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of mycobacterial redox metabolism is the use of an unusual deazaflavin cofactor, F420 This cofactor enhances the persistence of environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria, including after antimicrobial treatment, although the molecular basis for this remains to be understood. In this work, we explored our hypothesis that F420 enhances persistence by serving as a cofactor in antimicrobial-detoxifying enzymes. To test this, we performed a series of phenotypic, biochemical, and analytical chemistry studies in relation to the model soil bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis Mutant strains unable to synthesize or reduce F420 were found to be more susceptible to a wide range of antibiotic and xenobiotic compounds. Compounds from three classes of antimicrobial compounds traditionally resisted by mycobacteria inhibited the growth of F420 mutant strains at subnanomolar concentrations, namely, furanocoumarins (e.g., methoxsalen), arylmethanes (e.g., malachite green), and quinone analogues (e.g., menadione). We demonstrated that promiscuous F420H2-dependent reductases directly reduce these compounds by a mechanism consistent with hydride transfer. Moreover, M. smegmatis strains unable to make F420H2 lost the capacity to reduce and detoxify representatives of the furanocoumarin and arylmethane compound classes in whole-cell assays. In contrast, mutant strains were only slightly more susceptible to clinical antimycobacterials, and this appeared to be due to indirect effects of F420 loss of function (e.g., redox imbalance) rather than loss of a detoxification system. Together, these data show that F420 enhances antimicrobial resistance in mycobacteria and suggest that one function of the F420H2-dependent reductases is to broaden the range of natural products that mycobacteria and possibly other environmental actinobacteria can reductively detoxify.IMPORTANCE This study reveals that a unique microbial cofactor, F420, is critical for antimicrobial resistance in the environmental actinobacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis We show that a superfamily of redox enzymes, the F420H2-dependent reductases, can reduce diverse antimicrobials in vitro and in vivoM. smegmatis strains unable to make or reduce F420 become sensitive to inhibition by these antimicrobial compounds. This suggests that mycobacteria have harnessed the unique properties of F420 to reduce structurally diverse antimicrobials as part of the antibiotic arms race. The F420H2-dependent reductases that facilitate this process represent a new class of antimicrobial-detoxifying enzymes with potential applications in bioremediation and biocatalysis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Inactivation of ptmB1, ptmB2, ptmT2, or ptmC in Streptomyces platensis SB12029, a platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN) overproducer, revealed that PTM and PTN biosynthesis features two distinct moieties that are individually constructed and convergently coupled to afford PTM and PTN. A focused library of PTM and PTN analogues was generated by mutasynthesis in the ΔptmB1 mutant S. platensis SB12032. Of the 34 aryl variants tested, 18 were incorporated with high titers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and §Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and §Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and §Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evangelopoulos D, McHugh TD. Improving the tuberculosis drug development pipeline. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:951-60. [PMID: 25772393 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered one of the most successful pathogens and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, a disease that urgently requires new chemical entities to be developed for treatment. There are currently several new molecules under clinical investigation in the tuberculosis (TB) drug development pipeline. However, the complex lifestyle of M. tuberculosis within the host presents a barrier to the development of new drugs. In this review, we highlight the reasons that make TB drug discovery and development challenging as well as providing solutions, future directions and alternative approaches to new therapeutics for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Kubiak X, Duval R, Chaffotte AF, Dupret JM, Haouz A, Rodrigues-Lima F. Insight into cofactor recognition in arylamine N-acetyltransferase enzymes: structure of Mesorhizobium loti arylamine N-acetyltransferase in complex with coenzyme A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:266-73. [PMID: 25664736 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471402522x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the acetyl-CoA-dependent acetylation of arylamines. To better understand the mode of binding of the cofactor by this family of enzymes, the structure of Mesorhizobium loti NAT1 [(RHILO)NAT1] was determined in complex with CoA. The F42W mutant of (RHILO)NAT1 was used as it is well expressed in Escherichia coli and displays enzymatic properties similar to those of the wild type. The apo and holo structures of (RHILO)NAT1 F42W were solved at 1.8 and 2 Å resolution, respectively. As observed in the Mycobacterium marinum NAT1-CoA complex, in (RHILO)NAT1 CoA binding induces slight structural rearrangements that are mostly confined to certain residues of its `P-loop'. Importantly, it was found that the mode of binding of CoA is highly similar to that of M. marinum NAT1 but different from the modes reported for Bacillus anthracis NAT1 and Homo sapiens NAT2. Therefore, in contrast to previous data, this study shows that different orthologous NATs can bind their cofactors in a similar way, suggesting that the mode of binding CoA in this family of enzymes is less diverse than previously thought. Moreover, it supports the notion that the presence of the `mammalian/eukaryotic insertion loop' in certain NAT enzymes impacts the mode of binding CoA by imposing structural constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Xu
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Inés Li de la Sierra-Gallay
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 8619, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Kubiak
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Romain Duval
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain F Chaffotte
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean Marie Dupret
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie, CNRS UMR 3528, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sim E, Abuhammad A, Ryan A. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: from drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics to drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2705-25. [PMID: 24467436 PMCID: PMC4158862 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes, acetylating arylamine carcinogens and drugs including hydralazine and sulphonamides. The slow NAT phenotype increases susceptibility to hydralazine and isoniazid toxicity and to occupational bladder cancer. The two polymorphic human NAT loci show linkage disequilibrium. All mammalian Nat genes have an intronless open reading frame and non-coding exons. The human gene products NAT1 and NAT2 have distinct substrate specificities: NAT2 acetylates hydralazine and human NAT1 acetylates p-aminosalicylate (p-AS) and the folate catabolite para-aminobenzoylglutamate (p-abaglu). Human NAT2 is mainly in liver and gut. Human NAT1 and its murine homologue are in many adult tissues and in early embryos. Human NAT1 is strongly expressed in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and may contribute to folate and acetyl CoA homeostasis. NAT enzymes act through a catalytic triad of Cys, His and Asp with the architecture of the active site-modulating specificity. Polymorphisms may cause unfolded protein. The C-terminus helps bind acetyl CoA and differs among NATs including prokaryotic homologues. NAT in Salmonella typhimurium supports carcinogen activation and NAT in mycobacteria metabolizes isoniazid with polymorphism a minor factor in isoniazid resistance. Importantly, nat is in a gene cluster essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside macrophages. NAT inhibitors are a starting point for novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Human NAT1-specific inhibitors may act in biomarker detection in breast cancer and in cancer therapy. NAT inhibitors for co-administration with 5-aminosalicylate (5-AS) in inflammatory bowel disease has prompted ongoing investigations of azoreductases in gut bacteria which release 5-AS from prodrugs including balsalazide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sim
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cocaign A, Kubiak X, Xu X, Garnier G, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Chi-Bui L, Dairou J, Busi F, Abuhammad A, Haouz A, Dupret JM, Herrmann JL, Rodrigues-Lima F. Structural and functional characterization of an arylamineN-acetyltransferase from the pathogenMycobacterium abscessus: differences from other mycobacterial isoforms and implications for selective inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:3066-79. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714021282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessusis the most pathogenic rapid-growing mycobacterium and is one of the most resistant organisms to chemotherapeutic agents. However, structural and functional studies ofM. abscessusproteins that could modify/inactivate antibiotics remain nonexistent. Here, the structural and functional characterization of an arylamineN-acetyltransferase (NAT) fromM. abscessus[(MYCAB)NAT1] are reported. This novel prokaryotic NAT displays significantN-acetyltransferase activity towards aromatic substrates, including antibiotics such as isoniazid andp-aminosalicylate. The enzyme is endogenously expressed and functional in both the rough and smoothM. abscessusmorphotypes. The crystal structure of (MYCAB)NAT1 at 1.8 Å resolution reveals that it is more closely related toNocardia farcinicaNAT than to mycobacterial isoforms. In particular, structural and physicochemical differences from other mycobacterial NATs were found in the active site. Peculiarities of (MYCAB)NAT1 were further supported by kinetic and docking studies showing that the enzyme was poorly inhibited by the piperidinol inhibitor of mycobacterial NATs. This study describes the first structure of an antibiotic-modifying enzyme fromM. abscessusand provides bases to better understand the substrate/inhibitor-binding specificities among mycobacterial NATs and to identify/optimize specific inhibitors. These data should also contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for the pathogenicity and extensive chemotherapeutic resistance ofM. abscessus.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou X, Ma Z, Dong D, Wu B. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: a structural perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:748-60. [PMID: 23517104 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification of many compounds including drugs and environmental carcinogens through chemical modification of the amine group with an acetyl group. Recent studies have suggested that NATs are also involved in cancer cell growth and inhibition of the enzymes may be a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. Three-dimensional (3D) structures are available for NATs from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These structures provide valuable insights into the acetylation mechanism, features of the active site and the structural determinants that govern substrate/inhibitor-binding specificity. Such insights allow a more precise understanding of the structure-activity relationships for NAT substrates and inhibitors. Furthermore, the structural elucidation of NATs has generated powerful tools in the design of small molecule inhibitors that should alleviate cancer, based on the important role of the enzyme in cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maitra A, Bhakta S. TB Summit 2014: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis-a meeting report of a Euroscicon conference. Virulence 2014; 5:638-44. [PMID: 25003368 PMCID: PMC4105315 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
World TB Day commemorates Dr Robert Koch’s first announcement on March 24, 1882, that the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. Currently, the event comprises of several conferences, meetings and activities held all over the world with the singular intention of raising public awareness about the global health emergency.
In spite of having discovered the etiological agent of tuberculosis more than a century ago, a sizeable population still contract the disease every year and fall prey to it. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed the disease with 1.3 million succumbing to it. The number of TB deaths in children is unacceptably large, given that most are preventable. However, the challenge appears to be shifting toward attempts to control the rise and spread of the drug resistant variants of the microbe. To achieve this, a concerted effort from academia, clinical practice, and industry has been put forth.
The TB Summit 2014 attempted to raise awareness as well as bring together experts involved in different aspects of tuberculosis research to help establish a more collective approach to battle this age-old disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University of London; London, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology; University of London; London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abuhammad A, Lowe ED, McDonough MA, Shaw Stewart PD, Kolek SA, Sim E, Garman EF. Structure of arylamineN-acetyltransferase fromMycobacterium tuberculosisdetermined by cross-seeding with the homologous protein fromM. marinum: triumph over adversity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1433-46. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913015126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Matei L, Bleotu C, Baciu I, Draghici C, Ionita P, Paun A, Chifiriuc MC, Sbarcea A, Zarafu I. Synthesis and bioevaluation of some new isoniazid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5355-61. [PMID: 23823011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to synthesize some new compounds with potential anti-tuberculosis activity, containing isoniazid and α,β-unsaturated thiocinnamamide-like thioamides as precursors. The obtained derivatives were evaluated regarding their biological activity (antioxidant and antibacterial), as well as their influence on the eukaryotic cell cycle. The results suggested that the newly obtained derivatives of isoniazid exhibited different biological activities, depending on their structure; thus, the most active compound in terms of anti-oxidant and anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effects proved to be the isonicotinic acid N'-(1-amino-1-mercapto-3-phenyl-propen-1-yl)-hydrazide. This compound also increased the expression of NAT1 and NAT2 genes, which are implicated in the metabolism of the isoniazid, demonstrating that it could be rapidly metabolized, and thus well tolerated. The largest spectrum of antibacterial activity (excluding M. tuberculosis) was noticed for the isonicotinic acid N'-[1-amino-1-mercapto-3-(p-chloro-phenyl)-propen-1-yl]-hydrazide, which was also the most cytotoxic, especially at high concentrations, although not significantly affecting the cellular cycle phases. The obtained results showed that the new derivatives could represent potential candidates for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections, but further research is needed in order to improve their pharmacological properties, by increasing their antimicrobial activity and reducing the risk of side-effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Matei
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 M. Bravu Ave., Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abuhammad A, Fullam E, Lowe ED, Staunton D, Kawamura A, Westwood IM, Bhakta S, Garner AC, Wilson DL, Seden PT, Davies SG, Russell AJ, Garman EF, Sim E. Piperidinols that show anti-tubercular activity as inhibitors of arylamine N-acetyltransferase: an essential enzyme for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52790. [PMID: 23285185 PMCID: PMC3532304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent M. tuberculosis infection presents one of the major obstacles in the global eradication of tuberculosis (TB). Cholesterol plays a critical role in the persistence of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into cell-wall lipids. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is encoded within a gene cluster that is involved in the cholesterol sterol-ring degradation and is essential for intracellular survival. The ability of the NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT) to utilise propionyl-CoA links it to the cholesterol-catabolism pathway. Deleting the nat gene or inhibiting the NAT enzyme prevents intracellular survival and results in depletion of cell-wall lipids. TBNAT has been investigated as a potential target for TB therapies. From a previous high-throughput screen, 3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1-methylpiperidinol was identified as a selective inhibitor of prokaryotic NAT that exhibited antimycobacterial activity. The compound resulted in time-dependent irreversible inhibition of the NAT activity when tested against NAT from M. marinum (MMNAT). To further evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the NAT inhibition of this compound, four piperidinol analogues were tested. All five compounds exert potent antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC values of 2.3-16.9 µM. Treatment of the MMNAT enzyme with this set of inhibitors resulted in an irreversible time-dependent inhibition of NAT activity. Here we investigate the mechanism of NAT inhibition by studying protein-ligand interactions using mass spectrometry in combination with enzyme analysis and structure determination. We propose a covalent mechanism of NAT inhibition that involves the formation of a reactive intermediate and selective cysteine residue modification. These piperidinols present a unique class of antimycobacterial compounds that have a novel mode of action different from known anti-tubercular drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Fullam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D. Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Staunton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David L. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. Seden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth F. Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing Kingston University, Kingston, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identification of the enzyme responsible for N-acetylation of norfloxacin by Microbacterium sp. Strain 4N2-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:314-21. [PMID: 23104417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02347-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2, isolated from a wastewater treatment plant, converts the antibacterial fluoroquinolone norfloxacin to N-acetylnorfloxacin and three other metabolites. Because N-acetylation results in loss of antibacterial activity, identification of the enzyme responsible is important for understanding fluoroquinolone resistance. The enzyme was identified as glutamine synthetase (GS); N-acetylnorfloxacin was produced only under conditions associated with GS expression. The GS gene (glnA) was cloned, and the protein (53 kDa) was heterologously expressed and isolated. Optimal conditions and biochemical properties (K(m) and V(max)) of purified GS were characterized; the purified enzyme was inhibited by Mn(2+), Mg(2+), ATP, and ADP. The contribution of GS to norfloxacin resistance was shown by using a norfloxacin-sensitive Escherichia coli strain carrying glnA derived from Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2. The GS of Microbacterium sp. 4N2-2 was shown to act as an N-acetyltransferase for norfloxacin, which produced low-level norfloxacin resistance. Structural and docking analysis identified potential binding sites for norfloxacin at the ADP binding site and for acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) at a cleft in GS. The results suggest that environmental bacteria whose enzymes modify fluoroquinolones may be able to survive in the presence of low fluoroquinolone concentrations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jamadar A, Duhme-Klair AK, Vemuri K, Sritharan M, Dandawate P, Padhye S. Synthesis, characterisation and antitubercular activities of a series of pyruvate-containing aroylhydrazones and their Cu-complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9192-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Thomas ST, VanderVen BC, Sherman DR, Russell DG, Sampson NS. Pathway profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: elucidation of cholesterol-derived catabolite and enzymes that catalyze its metabolism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43668-43678. [PMID: 22045806 PMCID: PMC3243565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, imports and metabolizes host cholesterol during infection. This ability is important in the chronic phase of infection. Here we investigate the role of the intracellular growth operon (igr), which has previously been identified as having a cholesterol-sensitive phenotype in vitro and which is important for intracellular growth of the mycobacteria. We have employed isotopically labeled low density lipoproteins containing either [1,7,15,22,26-(14)C]cholesterol or [1,7,15,22,26-(13)C]cholesterol and high resolution LC/MS as tools to profile the cholesterol-derived metabolome of an igr operon-disrupted mutant (Δigr) of M. tuberculosis. A partially metabolized cholesterol species accumulated in the Δigr knock-out strain that was absent in the complemented and parental wild-type strains. Structural elucidation by multidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the accumulated metabolite to be methyl 1β-(2'-propanoate)-3aα-H-4α-(3'-propanoic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-5-indanone. Heterologously expressed and purified FadE28-FadE29, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase encoded by the igr operon, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2'-propanoyl-CoA ester side chains in substrates with structures analogous to the characterized metabolite. Based on the structure of the isolated metabolite, enzyme activity, and bioinformatic annotations, we assign the primary function of the igr operon to be degradation of the 2'-propanoate side chain. Therefore, the igr operon is necessary to completely metabolize the side chain of cholesterol metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and.
| | - David R Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pluvinage B, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Kubiak X, Xu X, Dairou J, Dupret JM, Rodrigues-Lima F. The Bacillus anthracis arylamine N-acetyltransferase ((BACAN)NAT1) that inactivates sulfamethoxazole, reveals unusual structural features compared with the other NAT isoenzymes. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3947-52. [PMID: 22062153 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that biotransform arylamine drugs. The Bacillus anthracis (BACAN)NAT1 enzyme affords increased resistance to the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole through its acetylation. We report the structure of (BACAN)NAT1. Unexpectedly, endogenous coenzymeA was present in the active site. The structure suggests that, contrary to the other prokaryotic NATs, (BACAN)NAT1 possesses a 14-residue insertion equivalent to the "mammalian insertion", a structural feature considered unique to mammalian NATs. Moreover, (BACAN)NAT1 structure shows marked differences in the mode of binding and location of coenzymeA when compared to the other NATs. This suggests that the mechanisms of cofactor recognition by NATs is more diverse than expected and supports the cofactor-binding site as being a unique subsite to target in drug design against bacterial NATs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, EAC-CNRS 4413, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evangelopoulos D, Cronin N, Daviter T, Sim E, Keep NH, Bhakta S. Characterization of an oxidoreductase from the arylamine N-acetyltransferase operon in Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEBS J 2011; 278:4824-32. [PMID: 21972977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most successful bacterial pathogen, causes tuberculosis, a disease that still causes more than 2 million deaths per year. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that is conserved in most Mycobacterium spp. The nat gene belongs to an operon that is important for the intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis within macrophages. The nat operon in Mycobacterium smegmatis and other fast-growing mycobacterial species has a unique organization containing genes with uncharacterized function. Here, we describe the biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of the MSMEG_0308 gene product (MS0308) of the M. smegmatis nat operon. While characterizing the function of MS0308, we validated the oxidoreductase property; however, we found that the enzyme was not utilizing dihydrofolate as its substrate, hence we first report that MS0308 is not a dihydrofolate reductase, as annotated in the genome. The structure of this oxidoreductase was solved at 2.0 Å in complex with the cofactor NADPH and has revealed the hydrophobic pocket where the endogenous substrate binds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bae B, Cobb RE, DeSieno MA, Zhao H, Nair SK. New N-acetyltransferase fold in the structure and mechanism of the phosphonate biosynthetic enzyme FrbF. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36132-36141. [PMID: 21865168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme FrbF from Streptomyces rubellomurinus has attracted significant attention due to its role in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial phosphonate FR-900098. The enzyme catalyzes acetyl transfer onto the hydroxamate of the FR-900098 precursors cytidine 5'-monophosphate-3-aminopropylphosphonate and cytidine 5'-monophosphate-N-hydroxy-3-aminopropylphosphonate. Despite the established function as a bona fide N-acetyltransferase, FrbF shows no sequence similarity to any member of the GCN5-like N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily. Here, we present the 2.0 Å resolution crystal structure of FrbF in complex with acetyl-CoA, which demonstrates a unique architecture that is distinct from those of canonical GNAT-like acetyltransferases. We also utilized the co-crystal structure to guide structure-function studies that identified the roles of putative active site residues in the acetyltransferase mechanism. The combined biochemical and structural analyses of FrbF provide insights into this previously uncharacterized family of N-acetyltransferases and also provide a molecular framework toward the production of novel N-acyl derivatives of FR-900098.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Ryan E Cobb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Matthew A DeSieno
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abuhammad A, Lack N, Schweichler J, Staunton D, Sim RB, Sim E. Improvement of the expression and purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis arylamine N-acetyltransferase (TBNAT) a potential target for novel anti-tubercular agents. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:246-52. [PMID: 21767648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TBNAT) has been proposed as a drug target for latent tuberculosis treatment. The enzyme is essential for the survival of the mycobacterium in macrophages. However, TBNAT has been very difficult to generate as a soluble protein. In this work we describe production of soluble recombinant TBNAT at a reasonable yield achieved by subcloning the tbnat gene with a purification His-tag into the pVLT31 plasmid, and subsequent optimisation of the induction conditions. The expression system results in soluble protein optimised upon extended (60 h) low level isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside level induction (100 μM) at a temperature of 15 °C. The level of TBNAT expression obtained in E. coli has been significantly improved from ∼2 mg to a final yield of up to 16 mg per litre of culture at a purity level suitable for structural studies. The molecular mass of 31310 Da was confirmed using mass spectroscopy and the oligomerisation state was determined. The stability of TBNAT in different buffer systems was investigated by thermal shift assays and sufficient protein is now available for the screening of chemical libraries for inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Almeida Da Silva PEA, Palomino JC. Molecular basis and mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: classical and new drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1417-30. [PMID: 21558086 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading public health problems worldwide. Declared as a global emergency in 1993 by the WHO, its control is hampered by the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, two key drugs in the treatment of the disease. More recently, severe forms of drug resistance such as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB have been described. After the discovery of several drugs with anti-TB activity, multidrug therapy became fundamental for control of the disease. Major advances in molecular biology and the availability of new information generated after sequencing the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased our knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance to the main anti-TB drugs. Better knowledge of the mechanisms of drug resistance in TB and the molecular mechanisms involved will help us to improve current techniques for rapid detection and will also stimulate the exploration of new targets for drug activity and drug development. This article presents an updated review of the mechanisms and molecular basis of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. It also comments on the several gaps in our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance to the main classical and new anti-TB drugs and briefly discusses some implications of the development of drug resistance and fitness, transmission and pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
26
|
de la Fuente J, Gortazar C, Vicente J, Villar M. Host expression of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and tuberculosis: a missing link? Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:361-4. [PMID: 21084167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis and closely related species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. bTB is an important health problem affecting livestock, wild animals and accounting for up to 10% of human TB cases worldwide. Several hypotheses have been considered to explain the low incidence of active TB despite high infection rates and the variable response to BCG vaccination. These hypotheses have considered genetic factors of immunized individuals and BCG strains, sensitization to environmental mycobacteria and metabolic processes. However, a link has not been established between genetic factors and metabolic processes that may affect the outcome of M. bovis infection and response to BCG vaccination. Herein we used published data linking host cholesterol metabolism with mycobacterial infection, persistence and disease outcome, and results obtained from studies of M. bovis infection and BCG vaccination in the wild boar bTB model to propose a hypothesis: host genetically-defined higher host methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) expression levels result in lower serum cholesterol concentration and tissue deposits that increase the protective immune response to M. bovis, thus resulting in resistance to bTB and better response to BCG vaccination. If the hypothesis is proven true, these results have important implications for the prevention and treatment of bTB in humans and for the eradication of bTB in wildlife reservoir hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martins M, Dairou J, Rodrigues-Lima F, Dupret JM, Silar P. Insights into the Phylogeny or Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases in Fungi. J Mol Evol 2010; 71:141-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Nambi S, Basu N, Visweswariah SS. cAMP-regulated protein lysine acetylases in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24313-23. [PMID: 20507997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis. However, the high levels of intracellular cAMP found in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria suggest that additional and important biological processes are regulated by cAMP in these organisms. We describe here the biochemical characterization of novel cAMP-binding proteins in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis (MSMEG_5458 and Rv0998, respectively) that contain a cyclic nucleotide binding domain fused to a domain that shows similarity to the GNAT family of acetyltransferases. We detect protein lysine acetylation in mycobacteria and identify a universal stress protein (USP) as a substrate of MSMEG_5458. Acetylation of a lysine residue in USP is regulated by cAMP, and using a strain deleted for MSMEG_5458, we show that USP is indeed an in vivo substrate for MSMEG_5458. The Rv0998 protein shows a strict cAMP-dependent acetylation of USP, despite a lower affinity for cAMP than MSMEG_5458. Thus, this report not only represents the first demonstration of protein lysine acetylation in mycobacteria but also describes a unique functional interplay between a cyclic nucleotide binding domain and a protein acetyltransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Probing the architecture of the Mycobacterium marinum arylamine N-acetyltransferase active site. Protein Cell 2010; 1:384-392. [PMID: 21203950 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection remains an important goal of global TB eradication. To this end, targets that are essential for intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are particularly attractive. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) represents such a target as it is, along with the enzymes encoded by the associated gene cluster, essential for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages and involved in cholesterol degradation. Cholesterol is likely to be the fuel for M. tuberculosis inside macrophages. Deleting the nat gene and inhibiting the NAT enzyme prevents survival of the microorganism in macrophages and induces cell wall alterations, rendering the mycobacterium sensitive to antibiotics to which it is normally resistant. To date, NAT from M. marinum (MMNAT) is considered the best available model for NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT). The enzyme catalyses the acetylation and propionylation of arylamines and hydrazines. Hydralazine is a good acetyl and propionyl acceptor for both MMNAT and TBNAT. The MMNAT structure has been solved to 2.1 Å resolution following crystallisation in the presence of hydralazine and is compared to available NAT structures. From the mode of ligand binding, features of the binding pocket can be identified, which point to a novel mechanism for the acetylation reaction that results in a 3-methyltriazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine ring compound as product.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fullam E, Kawamura A, Wilkinson H, Abuhammad A, Westwood I, Sim E. Comparison of the Arylamine N-acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein J 2010; 28:281-93. [PMID: 19636684 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltansferase (NAT) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TBNAT) is a potential drug target for anti-tubercular therapy. Recombinant TBNAT is much less soluble and is produced in lower yields than the closely related NAT from Mycobacterium marinum (MMNAT). In order to explore MMNAT as a model for TBNAT in drug discovery, we compare the two mycobacterial NAT enzymes. Two site-directed mutants of MMNAT have been prepared and characterised: MMNAT71, Tyr --> Phe and MMNAT209, Met --> Thr, in which residues within 6 A of the active-site cysteine have been replaced with the corresponding residue from TBNAT. Two chimeric proteins have also been produced in which the third domain of MMNAT has been replaced by the third domain of TBNAT and vice versa. The activity profile of the chimeric proteins suggests a role for the third domain in the evolutionary divergence of NAT between these closely related mycobacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fullam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Westwood IM, Bhakta S, Russell AJ, Fullam E, Anderton MC, Kawamura A, Mulvaney AW, Vickers RJ, Bhowruth V, Besra GS, Lalvani A, Davies SG, Sim E. Identification of arylamine N-acetyltransferase inhibitors as an approach towards novel anti-tuberculars. Protein Cell 2010; 1:82-95. [PMID: 21204000 PMCID: PMC4875111 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New anti-tubercular drugs and drug targets are urgently needed to reduce the time for treatment and also to identify agents that will be effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisting intracellularly. Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall. Deletion of the gene for arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) decreases mycobacterial cell wall lipids, particularly the distinctive mycolates, and also increases antibiotic susceptibility and killing within macrophage of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The nat gene and its associated gene cluster are almost identical in sequence in M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. The gene cluster is essential for intracellular survival of mycobacteria. We have therefore used pure NAT protein for high-throughput screening to identify several classes of small molecules that inhibit NAT activity. Here, we characterize one class of such molecules-triazoles-in relation to its effects on the target enzyme and on both M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. The most potent triazole mimics the effects of deletion of the nat gene on growth, lipid disruption and intracellular survival. We also present the structure-activity relationship between NAT inhibition and effects on mycobacterial growth, and use ligand-protein analysis to give further insight into the structure-activity relationships. We conclude that screening a chemical library with NAT protein yields compounds that have high potential as anti-tubercular agents and that the inhibitors will allow further exploration of the biochemical pathway in which NAT is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Westwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Elizabeth Fullam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | | | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Andrew W. Mulvaney
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Richard J. Vickers
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Veemal Bhowruth
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QL UK
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stanley LA, Sim E. Update on the pharmacogenetics of NATs: structural considerations. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 9:1673-93. [PMID: 19018723 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.11.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) genes encode enzymes that catalyze the N-acetylation of aromatic amines and hydrazines and the O-acetylation of heterocyclic amines. These genes, which play a key role in cellular homeostasis as well as in gene-environment interactions, are subject to marked pharmacogenetic variation, and different combinations of SNPs in the human NAT genes lead to different acetylation phenotypes. Our understanding of the consequences of pharmacogenetic variability in NATs has recently been enhanced by structural studies showing that effects on protein folding, aggregation and turnover, as well as direct changes in active site topology, are involved. These developments pave the way for a better understanding of the role played by NATs in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In addition, the NATs represent a model for studying fundamental processes associated with protein folding and pharmacogenomic effects mediated by inheritance in human populations across a polymorphic region of the genome.
Collapse
|
33
|
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: Structural and functional implications of polymorphisms. Toxicology 2008; 254:170-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|