1
|
Integration and Spatial Organization of Signaling by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homo- and Heterodimers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121828. [PMID: 34944469 PMCID: PMC8698773 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Information flow from a source to a receiver becomes informative when the recipient can process the signal into a meaningful form. Information exchange and interpretation is essential in biology and understanding how cells integrate signals from a variety of information-coding molecules into complex orchestrated responses is a major challenge for modern cell biology. In complex organisms, cell to cell communication occurs mostly through neurotransmitters and hormones, and receptors are responsible for signal recognition at the membrane level and information transduction inside the cell. The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors, with nearly 800 genes coding for these proteins. The recognition that GPCRs may physically interact with each other has led to the hypothesis that their dimeric state can provide the framework for temporal coincidence in signaling pathways. Furthermore, the formation of GPCRs higher order oligomers provides the structural basis for organizing distinct cell compartments along the plasma membrane where confined increases in second messengers may be perceived and discriminated. Here, we summarize evidence that supports these conjectures, fostering new ideas about the physiological role played by receptor homo- and hetero-oligomerization in cell biology.
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang B, Wang H, Zheng Y, Li M, Kang G, Barreto-de-Souza V, Nassehi N, Knapp PE, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Structure-Based Design and Development of Chemical Probes Targeting Putative MOR-CCR5 Heterodimers to Inhibit Opioid Exacerbated HIV-1 Infectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7702-7723. [PMID: 34027668 PMCID: PMC10548452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of ligand-bound G-protein-coupled receptors provide tangible templates for rationally designing molecular probes. Herein, we report the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological investigations of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (MOR-CCR5) heterodimers. The bivalent ligand VZMC013 possessed nanomolar level binding affinities for both the MOR and CCR5, inhibited CCL5-stimulated calcium mobilization, and remarkably improved anti-HIV-1BaL activity over previously reported bivalent ligands. VZMC013 inhibited viral infection in TZM-bl cells coexpressing CCR5 and MOR to a greater degree than cells expressing CCR5 alone. Furthermore, VZMC013 blocked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry more effectively in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC cells than in the absence of opioids. A three-dimensional molecular model of VZMC013 binding to the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer complex is constructed to elucidate its mechanism of action. VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting MOR-CCR5 heterodimers and may serve as a pharmacological agent to inhibit opioid-exacerbated HIV-1 entry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Dimerization
- Drug Design
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Ligands
- Maraviroc/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent advances in dopaminergic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:471-482. [PMID: 32112042 PMCID: PMC7471472 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide. However, there is no available therapy reversing the neurodegenerative process of PD. Based on the loss of dopamine or dopaminergic dysfunction in PD patients, most of the current therapies focus on symptomatic relief to improve patient quality of life. As dopamine replacement treatment remains the most effective symptomatic pharmacotherapy for PD, herein we provide an overview of the current pharmacotherapies, summarize the clinical development status of novel dopaminergic agents, and highlight the challenge and opportunity of emerging preclinical dopaminergic approaches aimed at managing the features and progression of PD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Barreto CAV, Baptista SJ, Preto AJ, Matos-Filipe P, Mourão J, Melo R, Moreira I. Prediction and targeting of GPCR oligomer interfaces. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:105-149. [PMID: 31952684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GPCR oligomerization has emerged as a hot topic in the GPCR field in the last years. Receptors that are part of these oligomers can influence each other's function, although it is not yet entirely understood how these interactions work. The existence of such a highly complex network of interactions between GPCRs generates the possibility of alternative targets for new therapeutic approaches. However, challenges still exist in the characterization of these complexes, especially at the interface level. Different experimental approaches, such as FRET or BRET, are usually combined to study GPCR oligomer interactions. Computational methods have been applied as a useful tool for retrieving information from GPCR sequences and the few X-ray-resolved oligomeric structures that are accessible, as well as for predicting new and trustworthy GPCR oligomeric interfaces. Machine-learning (ML) approaches have recently helped with some hindrances of other methods. By joining and evaluating multiple structure-, sequence- and co-evolution-based features on the same algorithm, it is possible to dilute the issues of particular structures and residues that arise from the experimental methodology into all-encompassing algorithms capable of accurately predict GPCR-GPCR interfaces. All these methods used as a single or a combined approach provide useful information about GPCR oligomerization and its role in GPCR function and dynamics. Altogether, we present experimental, computational and machine-learning methods used to study oligomers interfaces, as well as strategies that have been used to target these dynamic complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A V Barreto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Salete J Baptista
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, LRS, Portugal
| | - António José Preto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Matos-Filipe
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Mourão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, LRS, Portugal
| | - Irina Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Science and Technology Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Wang M, Gao N, Li D, Lin J. The effect of dimerization on the activation and conformational dynamics of adenosine A 1 receptor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22763-22773. [PMID: 31595279 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) is one of four adenosine receptors in humans, which are involved in the function of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems. Experimental results indicate that A1R can form a homodimer and that the protomer-protomer interaction in the A1R dimer is related to certain pharmacological characteristics of A1R activation. In this work, we performed docking, metadynamics simulation, conventional molecular dynamics simulations, Gaussian-accelerated molecular dynamics simulations, potential of mean force calculations, dynamic cross-correlation motions analysis and community network analysis to study the binding mode of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) to A1R and the effect of dimerization on the activation of A1R. Our results show that NECA binds to A1R in a similar mode to adenosine in the A1R crystal structure and NECA in the A2AR crystal structure. The A1R homodimer can be activated by one or two agonists with NECA occupying its orthosteric pockets in one (which we call the NECA-A1R system) or both protomers (which we call the dNECA-A1R system). In the NECA-A1R system, activation is predicated in the protomer without NECA bound. In the dNECA-A1R system, only one protomer achieves the active state. These findings suggest an asymmetrical activation mechanism of the homodimer and a negative cooperativity between the two protomers. We envision that our results may further facilitate the drug development of A1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Townsend-Nicholson A, Altwaijry N, Potterton A, Morao I, Heifetz A. Computational prediction of GPCR oligomerization. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 55:178-184. [PMID: 31170578 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been a recent and prolific expansion in the number of GPCR crystal structures being solved: in both active and inactive forms and in complex with ligand, with G protein and with each other. Despite this, there is relatively little experimental information about the precise configuration of GPCR oligomers during these different biologically relevant states. While it may be possible to identify the experimental conditions necessary to crystallize a GPCR preferentially in a specific structural conformation, computational approaches afford a potentially more tractable means of describing the probability of formation of receptor dimers and higher order oligomers. Ensemble-based computational methods based on structurally determined dimers, coupled with a computational workflow that uses quantum mechanical methods to analyze the chemical nature of the molecular interactions at a GPCR dimer interface, will generate the reproducible and accurate predictions needed to predict previously unidentified GPCR dimers and to inform future advances in our ability to understand and begin to precisely manipulate GPCR oligomers in biological systems. It may also provide information needed to achieve an increase in the number of experimentally determined oligomeric GPCR structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Townsend-Nicholson
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Nojood Altwaijry
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Potterton
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Inaki Morao
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marrink SJ, Corradi V, Souza PC, Ingólfsson HI, Tieleman DP, Sansom MS. Computational Modeling of Realistic Cell Membranes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6184-6226. [PMID: 30623647 PMCID: PMC6509646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes contain a large variety of lipid types and are crowded with proteins, endowing them with the plasticity needed to fulfill their key roles in cell functioning. The compositional complexity of cellular membranes gives rise to a heterogeneous lateral organization, which is still poorly understood. Computational models, in particular molecular dynamics simulations and related techniques, have provided important insight into the organizational principles of cell membranes over the past decades. Now, we are witnessing a transition from simulations of simpler membrane models to multicomponent systems, culminating in realistic models of an increasing variety of cell types and organelles. Here, we review the state of the art in the field of realistic membrane simulations and discuss the current limitations and challenges ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Corradi
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paulo C.T. Souza
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helgi I. Ingólfsson
- Biosciences
and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mark S.P. Sansom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gallo M, Defaus S, Andreu D. 1988-2018: Thirty years of drug smuggling at the nano scale. Challenges and opportunities of cell-penetrating peptides in biomedical research. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 661:74-86. [PMID: 30447207 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1988, two unrelated papers reported the discovery of peptide vectors with innate cell translocation properties, setting the ground for a new area of research that over the years has grown into considerable therapeutic potential. The vectors, named cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), constitute a now large and diversified family, sharing the extraordinary ability to diffuse unaltered across cell membranes while ferrying diverse associated cargos. Such properties have made CPPs ideal tools for delivery of nucleic acids, proteins and other therapeutic/diagnostic molecules to cells and tissues via covalent conjugation or complexation. This year 2018 marks the 30th anniversary of a peptide research landmark opening new perspectives in drug delivery. Given its vastness, exhaustive coverage of the main features and accomplishments in the CPP field is virtually impossible. Hence this manuscript, after saluting the above 30th jubilee, focuses by necessity on the most recent contributions, providing a comprehensive list of recognized CPPs and their latest-reported applications over the last two years. In addition, it thoroughly reviews three areas of peptide vector research of particular interest to us, namely (i) efficient transport of low-bioavailability drugs into the brain; (ii) CPP-delivered disruptors of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) heteromers related to several disorders, and (iii) CPP-mediated delivery of useful but poorly internalized drugs into parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Borroto-Escuela DO, Rodriguez D, Romero-Fernandez W, Kapla J, Jaiteh M, Ranganathan A, Lazarova T, Fuxe K, Carlsson J. Mapping the Interface of a GPCR Dimer: A Structural Model of the A 2A Adenosine and D 2 Dopamine Receptor Heteromer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:829. [PMID: 30214407 PMCID: PMC6125358 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2A adenosine (A2AR) and D2 dopamine (D2R) receptors form oligomers in the cell membrane and allosteric interactions across the A2AR–D2R heteromer represent a target for development of drugs against central nervous system disorders. However, understanding of the molecular determinants of A2AR–D2R heteromerization and the allosteric antagonistic interactions between the receptor protomers is still limited. In this work, a structural model of the A2AR–D2R heterodimer was generated using a combined experimental and computational approach. Regions involved in the heteromer interface were modeled based on the effects of peptides derived from the transmembrane (TM) helices on A2AR–D2R receptor–receptor interactions in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and proximity ligation assays. Peptides corresponding to TM-IV and TM-V of the A2AR blocked heterodimer interactions and disrupted the allosteric effect of A2AR activation on D2R agonist binding. Protein–protein docking was used to construct a model of the A2AR–D2R heterodimer with a TM-IV/V interface, which was refined using molecular dynamics simulations. Mutations in the predicted interface reduced A2AR–D2R interactions in BRET experiments and altered the allosteric modulation. The heterodimer model provided insights into the structural basis of allosteric modulation and the technique developed to characterize the A2AR–D2R interface can be extended to study the many other G protein-coupled receptors that engage in heteroreceptor complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Rodriguez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilber Romero-Fernandez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Kapla
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariama Jaiteh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anirudh Ranganathan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tzvetana Lazarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue Q, Bai B, Ji B, Chen X, Wang C, Wang P, Yang C, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Pan Y, Cheng B, Chen J. Ghrelin Through GHSR1a and OX1R Heterodimers Reveals a Gαs-cAMP-cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Signaling Pathway in Vitro. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:245. [PMID: 30065627 PMCID: PMC6056640 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHSR1a) and Orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) are involved in various important physiological processes, and have many similar characteristics in function and distribution in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. We explored the possibility of heterodimerization between GHSR1a and OX1R and revealed a signal transduction pathway mechanism. In this study, bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analyses were performed to demonstrate the formation of functional GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers. This showed that a peptide corresponding to the 5-transmembrane domain of OX1R impaired heterodimer construction. We found that ghrelin stimulated GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimer cells to increase the activation of Gαs protein, compared to the cells that express GHSR1a. Stimulation of GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers with orexin-A did not alter GPCR interactions with Gα protein subunits. GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers induced Gαs and downstream signaling pathway activity, including increase of cAMP-response element luciferase reporter activity and cAMP levels. In addition, ghrelin induced a higher proliferation rate in SH-SY5Y cells than in controls. This suggests that ghrelin GHSR1a/OX1R heterodimers promotes an upregulation of a Gαs-cAMP-cAMP-responsive element signaling pathway in vitro and an increase in neuroblastoma cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Xue
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanyou Pan
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Methods used to study the oligomeric structure of G-protein-coupled receptors. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160547. [PMID: 28062602 PMCID: PMC5398257 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which constitute the largest family of cell surface receptors, were originally thought to function as monomers, but are now recognized as being able to act in a wide range of oligomeric states and indeed, it is known that the oligomerization state of a GPCR can modulate its pharmacology and function. A number of experimental techniques have been devised to study GPCR oligomerization including those based upon traditional biochemistry such as blue-native PAGE (BN-PAGE), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and protein-fragment complementation assays (PCAs), those based upon resonance energy transfer, FRET, time-resolved FRET (TR-FRET), FRET spectrometry and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Those based upon microscopy such as FRAP, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA) and various single molecule imaging techniques. Finally with the solution of a growing number of crystal structures, X-ray crystallography must be acknowledged as an important source of discovery in this field. A different, but in many ways complementary approach to the use of more traditional experimental techniques, are those involving computational methods that possess obvious merit in the study of the dynamics of oligomer formation and function. Here, we summarize the latest developments that have been made in the methods used to study GPCR oligomerization and give an overview of their application.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cai X, Bai B, Zhang R, Wang C, Chen J. Apelin receptor homodimer-oligomers revealed by single-molecule imaging and novel G protein-dependent signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40335. [PMID: 28091541 PMCID: PMC5238433 DOI: 10.1038/srep40335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) belongs to family A of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for heart failure, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. There is evidence APJ heterodimerizes with other GPCRs; however, the existence of APJ homodimers and oligomers remains to be investigated. Here, we measured APJ monomer-homodimer-oligomer interconversion by monitoring APJ dynamically on cells and compared their proportions, spatial arrangement, and mobility using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, resonance energy transfer, and proximity biotinylation. In cells with <0.3 receptor particles/μm2, approximately 60% of APJ molecules were present as dimers or oligomers. APJ dimers were present on the cell surface in a dynamic equilibrium with constant formation and dissociation of receptor complexes. Furthermore, we applied interference peptides and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to confirm APJ homo-dimer and explore the dimer-interfaces. Peptides corresponding to transmembrane domain (TMD)1, 2, 3, and 4, but not TMD5, 6, and 7, disrupted APJ dimerization. APJ mutants in TMD1 and TMD2 also decreased bioluminescence resonance energy transfer of APJ dimer. APJ dimerization resulted in novel functional characteristics, such as a distinct G-protein binding profile and cell responses after agonist stimulation. Thus, dimerization may serve as a unique mechanism for fine-tuning APJ-mediated functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China.,Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067 P.R. China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067 P.R. China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067 P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067 P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067 P.R. China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gahbauer S, Böckmann RA. Membrane-Mediated Oligomerization of G Protein Coupled Receptors and Its Implications for GPCR Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:494. [PMID: 27826255 PMCID: PMC5078798 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimerization or even oligomerization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) causes ongoing, controversial debates about its functional role and the coupled biophysical, biochemical or biomedical implications. A continously growing number of studies hints to a relation between oligomerization and function of GPCRs and strengthens the assumption that receptor assembly plays a key role in the regulation of protein function. Additionally, progress in the structural analysis of GPCR-G protein and GPCR-ligand interactions allows to distinguish between actively functional and non-signaling complexes. Recent findings further suggest that the surrounding membrane, i.e., its lipid composition may modulate the preferred dimerization interface and as a result the abundance of distinct dimeric conformations. In this review, the association of GPCRs and the role of the membrane in oligomerization will be discussed. An overview of the different reported oligomeric interfaces is provided and their capability for signaling discussed. The currently available data is summarized with regard to the formation of GPCR oligomers, their structures and dependency on the membrane microenvironment as well as the coupling of oligomerization to receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer A. Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moreno JL, Miranda-Azpiazu P, García-Bea A, Younkin J, Cui M, Kozlenkov A, Ben-Ezra A, Voloudakis G, Fakira AK, Baki L, Ge Y, Georgakopoulos A, Morón JA, Milligan G, López-Giménez JF, Robakis NK, Logothetis DE, Meana JJ, González-Maeso J. Allosteric signaling through an mGlu2 and 5-HT2A heteromeric receptor complex and its potential contribution to schizophrenia. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra5. [PMID: 26758213 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form multiprotein complexes (heteromers), which can alter the pharmacology and functions of the constituent receptors. Previous findings demonstrated that the Gq/11-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and the Gi/o-coupled metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor-GPCRs that are involved in signaling alterations associated with psychosis-assemble into a heteromeric complex in the mammalian brain. In single-cell experiments with various mutant versions of the mGlu2 receptor, we showed that stimulation of cells expressing mGlu2-5-HT2A heteromers with an mGlu2 agonist led to activation of Gq/11 proteins by the 5-HT2A receptors. For this crosstalk to occur, one of the mGlu2 subunits had to couple to Gi/o proteins, and we determined the relative location of the Gi/o-contacting subunit within the mGlu2 homodimer of the heteromeric complex. Additionally, mGlu2-dependent activation of Gq/11, but not Gi/o, was reduced in the frontal cortex of 5-HT2A knockout mice and was reduced in the frontal cortex of postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients. These findings offer structural insights into this important target in molecular psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aintzane García-Bea
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jason Younkin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Alexey Kozlenkov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ariel Ben-Ezra
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amanda K Fakira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lia Baki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - José A Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Juan F López-Giménez
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK. Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC-CSIC-UC), E-39011 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. BioCruces Health Research Institute, E-48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|