1
|
Wang Y, Jia W, Zhu J, Xu R, Lin Y. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids promote cognitive impairment recovery post traumatic brain injury. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
2
|
Zabarsky ZK, Luo TD, Ma X, Dean GM, Smith TL. Pharmacologic Recruitment of Endogenous Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022; 47:505-513. [PMID: 34669674 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Laboratory study using a rat T9 contusion model of spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine whether a combinatory treatment of Pioglitazone (PGZ) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) can support neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) directly and provide a sustainable microenvironment through immunomodulatory mechanisms. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of spinal cord injury (SCI) and hinders NSPC-mediated repair and regeneration. Broad acting drugs that mitigate inflammation and support NSPC proliferation have not been tested together in SCI research models. METHODS Isolated NSPCs were treated with vehicle control, PGZ, GCSF, or both PGZ and GSCF for 24 hours and stained with proliferation marker Ki67. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats sustained moderate-to-severe contusion-based SCI at T9 and were administered either vehicle control, PGZ, GCSF, or both PGZ and GCSF treatments. RESULTS Immunocytochemistry revealed that cultured NSPCs treated with both drugs produced higher numbers of actively proliferating cells and total cell numbers. ELISA on spinal cord tissue lysates at 1, 3, and 7 days post-injury (DPI) demonstrated that animals treated with PGZ, GCSF, or combination therapy showed significantly higher doublecortin levels at 7 DPI compared to control animals (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry of injured tissue at 3, 7, and 14 DPI revealed no difference of ependymal NSPC proliferation between groups, but showed a significant decrease in lesion size with combination therapy compared to controls. Functional recovery was assessed by the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. Animals treated with both drugs had significantly higher levels of function at 1 (P < 0.001), 3 (P < 0.001), 7 (P < 0.05), and 14 (P < 0.05) DPI compared to controls. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PGZ and GCSF treatment synergistically enhance NSPCs numbers and improve functional recovery after SCI. Our findings support an immunomodulatory strategy to recruit native NSPCs as a potential acute care intervention for SCI.Level of Evidence: N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Zabarsky
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin PH, Kuo LT, Luh HT. The Roles of Neurotrophins in Traumatic Brain Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:life12010026. [PMID: 35054419 PMCID: PMC8780368 DOI: 10.3390/life12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a collection of structurally and functionally related proteins. They play important roles in many aspects of neural development, survival, and plasticity. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to different levels of central nervous tissue destruction and cellular repair through various compensatory mechanisms promoted by the injured brain. Many studies have shown that neurotrophins are key modulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier permeability, memory capacity, and neurite regeneration. The expression of neurotrophins following TBI is affected by the severity of injury, genetic polymorphism, and different post-traumatic time points. Emerging research is focused on the potential therapeutic applications of neurotrophins in managing TBI. We conducted a comprehensive review by organizing the studies that demonstrate the role of neurotrophins in the management of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Lin
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Tzung Luh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-956279587
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuffler DP. Eliminating non-healing wounds: a review. Regen Med 2021; 16:391-404. [PMID: 33876695 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-healing cutaneous wounds, including pressure, diabetic and venous ulcers, are wounds where the skin and underlying tissues die due to ischemia, infection, metabolic conditions, immunosuppression or radiation. Some can be eliminated with relatively straightforward techniques, although they may continue to grow in diameter and depth, becoming increasingly painful and never heal. Others respond more slowly or poorly to treatment, while others are recalcitrant to treatments. This review examines the etiology of non-healing wounds and different wound management treatments. In addition, it examines the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in promoting wound healing and its potential mechanisms of action. It is concluded that platelet-rich plasma alone, but more effectively when combined with another technique(s), has the greatest potential for promoting complete wound healing. However, further studies are required to determine whether the efficacy of wound healing induced by each of these techniques is enhanced by applying the techniques simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luzzi S, Crovace AM, Del Maestro M, Giotta Lucifero A, Elbabaa SK, Cinque B, Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Cimini A, Cifone MG, Crovace A, Galzio R. The cell-based approach in neurosurgery: ongoing trends and future perspectives. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02818. [PMID: 31844735 PMCID: PMC6889232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examination of the current trends and future perspectives of the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery. METHODS A PubMed/MEDLINE-based systematic review has been performed combining the main Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) regarding the cell- and tissue-based therapies with the "Brain", "Spinal Cord", "Spine" and "Skull" MeSH terms. Only articles in English published in the last 10 years and pertinent to neurosurgery have been selected. RESULTS A total of 1,173 relevant articles have been chosen. Somatic cells and gene-modification technologies have undergone the greatest development. Immunotherapies and gene therapies have been tested for the cure of glioblastoma, stem cells mainly for brain and spinal cord traumatic injuries. Stem cells have also found a rationale in the treatment of the cranial and spinal bony defects, and of the intervertebral disc degeneration, as well.Most of the completed or ongoing trials concerning the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery are on phase 2. Future perspectives involve the need to overcome issues related to immunogenicity, oncogenicity and routes for administration. Refinement and improvement of vector design and delivery are required within the gene therapies. CONCLUSION The last decade has been characterised by a progressive evolution of neurosurgery from a purely mechanical phase to a new biological one. This trend has followed the rapid and parallel development of translational medicine and nanotechnologies.The introduction of new technologies, the optimisation of the already existing ones, and the reduction of costs are among the main challenges of the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Mattia Del Maestro
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Samer K. Elbabaa
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 1222 S. Orange Avenue, 2nd Floor, MP 154, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Antonio Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Renato Galzio
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karimipour M, Rahbarghazi R, Tayefi H, Shimia M, Ghanadian M, Mahmoudi J, Bagheri HS. Quercetin promotes learning and memory performance concomitantly with neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 74:18-26. [PMID: 30822517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in neurogenesis is a very critical problem in Alzheimer disease. Different biological activities have been reported for medicinal application of quercetin. Herein, we investigated the neurogenesis potential of quercetin in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease induced by amyloid-beta injection. Rats were randomly divided into Control, Alzheimer + Saline and Alzheimer + Quercetin groups. Following the administration of Amyloid-beta, rats in the Alzheimer + Quercetin group received 40 mg/kg/day quercetin orally for one month. Our data demonstrated amyloid-β injection could impair learning and memory processing in rats indicated by passive avoidance test evaluation. We noted that one-month quercetin treatment alleviated the detrimental effects of amyloid-β on spatial learning and memory parameters using Morris water maze analysis. Quercetin was found to increase the number of proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells. Notably, quercetin increased the number of DCX-expressing cells, indicating the active dynamic growth of neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We further observed that the quercetin improved the number of BrdU/NeuN positive cells contributed to enhanced adult neurogenesis. Based on our results, quercetin had the potential to promote the expression of BDNF, NGF, CREB, and EGR-1 genes involved in regulating neurogenesis. These data suggest that quercetin can play a valuable role in alleviating Alzheimer's disease symptoms by enhancing adult neurogenesis mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Advanced Biomedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shimia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Advanced Biomedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hesam Saghaei Bagheri
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang XJ, Peng CH, Zhang S, Xu XL, Shu GF, Qi J, Zhu YF, Xu DM, Kang XQ, Lu KJ, Jin FY, Yu RS, Ying XY, You J, Du YZ, Ji JS. Polysialic-Acid-Based Micelles Promote Neural Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:829-838. [PMID: 30605619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) routinely causes the immediate loss and disruption of neurons followed by complicated secondary injuries, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and dense glial scar formation. Inhibitory factors in the lesion scar and poor intrinsic neural regeneration capacity restrict functional recovery after injury. Minocycline, which has neuroprotective activity, can alleviate secondary injury, but the long-term administration of this drug may cause toxicity. Polysialic acid (PSA) is a large cell-surface carbohydrate that is critical for central nervous system development and is capable of promoting precursor cell migration, axon path finding, and synaptic remodeling; thus, PSA plays a vital role in tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we developed a PSA-based minocycline-loaded nanodrug delivery system (PSM) for the synergistic therapy of spinal cord injury. The prepared PSM exerted marked anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities both in vitro and in vivo. The administration of PSM could significantly protect neurons and myelin sheaths from damage, reduce the formation of glial scar, recruit endogenous neural stem cells to the lesion site, and promote the regeneration of neurons and the extension of long axons throughout the glial scar, thereby largely improving the locomotor function of SCI rats and exerting a superior therapeutic effect. The findings might provide a novel strategy for SCI synergistic therapy and the utilization of PSA in other central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Chen-Han Peng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Gao-Feng Shu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research , Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University , Lishui 323000 , China
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Ya-Fang Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - De-Min Xu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310009 , PR China
| | - Xu-Qi Kang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Kong-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Fei-Yang Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Ri-Sheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310009 , PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ying
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Jian You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , PR China
| | - Jian-Song Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research , Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University , Lishui 323000 , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tang G, Tian W. HIF‐1α promotes bone marrow stromal cell migration to the injury site and enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3062. [PMID: 30414229 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Han
- Department of Spine SurgeryBeijing Jishuitan Hospital Beijing China
| | - Yong Chen
- Orthopedic CenterKunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Kunshan China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Spine SurgeryBeijing Jishuitan Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Orthopedic CenterKunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Kunshan China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Orthopedic CenterKunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Kunshan China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Spine SurgeryBeijing Jishuitan Hospital Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao J, Grill RJ, Dunn TJ, Bedi S, Labastida JA, Hetz RA, Xue H, Thonhoff JR, DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Cox CS, Wu P. Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation-Mediated Alteration of Microglial/Macrophage Phenotypes after Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:1863-1877. [PMID: 26980267 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) promote recovery from brain trauma, but neuronal replacement is unlikely the sole underlying mechanism. We hypothesize that grafted NSCs enhance neural repair at least partially through modulating the host immune response after traumatic brain injury (TBI). C57BL/6 mice were intracerebrally injected with primed human NSCs (hNSCs) or vehicle 24 h after a severe controlled cortical impact injury. Six days after transplantation, brain tissues were collected for Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Observations included indicators of microglia/macrophage activation, M1 and M2 phenotypes, axonal injury detected by amyloid precursor protein (APP), lesion size, and the fate of grafted hNSCs. Animals receiving hNSC transplantation did not show significant decreases of brain lesion volumes compared to transplantation procedures with vehicle alone, but did show significantly reduced injury-dependent accumulation of APP. Furthermore, intracerebral transplantation of hNSCs reduced microglial activation as shown by a diminished intensity of Iba1 immunostaining and a transition of microglia/macrophages toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. The latter was represented by an increase in the brain M2/M1 ratio and increases of M2 microglial proteins. These phenotypic switches were accompanied by the increased expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 receptor α and decreased proinflammatory interferon-γ receptor β. Finally, grafted hNSCs mainly differentiated into neurons and were phagocytized by either M1 or M2 microglia/macrophages. Thus, intracerebral transplantation of primed hNSCs efficiently leads host microglia/macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype that presumably contributes to stem cell-mediated neuroprotective effects after severe TBI in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J Grill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany J Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Hetz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hasen Xue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason R Thonhoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald S Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as a promising cellular source for the treatment of diseases in nervous systems. NSCs can self-renew and generate major cell types of the mammalian central nervous system throughout adulthood. NSCs exist not only in the embryo, but also in the adult brain neurogenic region: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Embryonic stem (ES) cells acquire NSC identity with a default mechanism. Under the regulations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factors, the NSCs then become neural progenitors. Neurotrophic and differentiation factors that regulate gene expression for controlling neural cell fate and function determine the differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian brain. For clinical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative disorders and damaged neurons, there are several critical problems that remain to be resolved: 1) how to obtain enough NSCs from reliable sources for autologous transplantation; 2) how to regulate neural plasticity of different adult stem cells; 3) how to control differentiation of NSCs in the adult nervous system. In order to understand the mechanisms that control NSC differentiation and behavior, we review the ontogeny of NSCs and other stem cell plasticity of neuronal differentiation. The role of NSCs and their regulation by neurotrophic factors in CNS development are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nardone R, Florea C, Höller Y, Brigo F, Versace V, Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Trinka E. Rodent, large animal and non-human primate models of spinal cord injury. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:101-114. [PMID: 28720322 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review we aimed to assess the usefulness of the different animal models in identifying injury mechanisms and developing therapies for humans suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Results obtained from rodent studies are useful but, due to the anatomical, molecular and functional differences, confirmation of these findings in large animals or non-human primates may lead to basic discoveries that cannot be made in rodent models and that are more useful for developing treatment strategies in humans. SCI in dogs can be considered as intermediate between rodent models and human clinical trials, but the primate models could help to develop appropriate methods that might be more relevant to humans. Ideally, an animal model should meet the requirements of availability and repeatability as well as reproduce the anatomical features and the clinical pathological changing process of SCI. An animal model that completely simulates SCI in humans does not exist. The different experimental models of SCI have advantages and disadvantages for investigating the different aspects of lesion development, recovery mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The potential advantages of non-human primate models include genetic similarities, similar caliber/length of the spinal cord as well as biological and physiological responses to injury which are more similar to humans. Among the potential disadvantages, high operating costs, infrastructural requirements and ethical concerns should be considered. The translation from experimental repair strategies to clinical applications needs to be investigated in future carefully designed studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Via Santa Margherita 24, I-39049, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Lochner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger-Str. 100, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narayanan V, Veeramuthu V, Ahmad-Annuar A, Ramli N, Waran V, Chinna K, Bondi MW, Delano-Wood L, Ganesan D. Missense Mutation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Alters Neurocognitive Performance in Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158838. [PMID: 27438599 PMCID: PMC4954696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The predictability of neurocognitive outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury is not straightforward. The extent and nature of recovery in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are usually heterogeneous and not substantially explained by the commonly known demographic and injury-related prognostic factors despite having sustained similar injuries or injury severity. Hence, this study evaluated the effects and association of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) missense mutations in relation to neurocognitive performance among patients with mTBI. 48 patients with mTBI were prospectively recruited and MRI scans of the brain were performed within an average 10.1 (SD 4.2) hours post trauma with assessment of their neuropsychological performance post full Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) recovery. Neurocognitive assessments were repeated again at 6 months follow-up. The paired t-test, Cohen's d effect size and repeated measure ANOVA were performed to delineate statistically significant differences between the groups [wildtype G allele (Val homozygotes) vs. minor A allele (Met carriers)] and their neuropsychological performance across the time point (T1 = baseline/ admission vs. T2 = 6th month follow-up). Minor A allele carriers in this study generally performed more poorly on neuropsychological testing in comparison wildtype G allele group at both time points. Significant mean differences were observed among the wildtype group in the domains of memory (M = -11.44, SD = 10.0, p = .01, d = 1.22), executive function (M = -11.56, SD = 11.7, p = .02, d = 1.05) and overall performance (M = -6.89 SD = 5.3, p = .00, d = 1.39), while the minor A allele carriers showed significant mean differences in the domains of attention (M = -11.0, SD = 13.1, p = .00, d = .86) and overall cognitive performance (M = -5.25, SD = 8.1, p = .01, d = .66).The minor A allele carriers in comparison to the wildtype G allele group, showed considerably lower scores at admission and remained impaired in most domains across the timepoints, although delayed signs of recovery were noted to be significant in the domains attention and overall cognition. In conclusion, the current study has demonstrated the role of the BDNF rs6265 Val66Met polymorphism in influencing specific neurocognitive outcomes in patients with mTBI. Findings were more detrimentally profound among Met allele carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vairavan Narayanan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (VN); (VV)
| | - Vigneswaran Veeramuthu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (VN); (VV)
| | - Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Norlisah Ramli
- University Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Vicknes Waran
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- Julius Centre University Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark William Bondi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dharmendra Ganesan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuffler DP. Improving the ability to eliminate wounds and pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 23:312-7. [PMID: 25801293 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcers can be initiated by as little as 2 hours of constant pressure on the ski, that blocks blood circulation causing the skin and underlying tissues to die, leading to an open wound that never heals, but continues to grow in diameter and depth, and frequently jeopardizes patients' lives. Despite the application of many diverse techniques, pressure ulcers remain exceptionally difficult to heal because many ulcer elimination techniques have minimal effects, and although other techniques may appear to be effective, the evidence supporting their efficacy is weak. However, increasing evidence indicates that other techniques, such as the application of platelet-rich plasma, vacuum assisted closure, electrical stimulation, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are effective and should be substituted for the older techniques. This review describes different standard and novel techniques that have been tested for eliminating pressure ulcers and discusses the relative efficacy of these techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thakkar UG, Vanikar AV, Trivedi HL, Shah VR, Dave SD, Dixit SB, Tiwari BB, Shah HH. Infusion of autologous adipose tissue derived neuronal differentiated mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells in post-traumatic paraplegia offers a viable therapeutic approach. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:51. [PMID: 27110548 PMCID: PMC4817398 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.178792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is not likely to recover by current therapeutic modalities. Stem cell (SC) therapy (SCT) has promising results in regenerative medicine. We present our experience of co-infusion of autologous adipose tissue derived mesenchymal SC differentiated neuronal cells (N-Ad-MSC) and hematopoietic SCs (HSCs) in a set of patients with posttraumatic paraplegia. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with posttraumatic paraplegia of mean age 3.42 years were volunteered for SCT. Their mean age was 28 years, and they had variable associated complications. They were subjected to adipose tissue resection for in vitro generation of N-Ad-MSC and bone marrow aspiration for generation of HSC. Generated SCs were infused into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) below injury site in all patients. Results: Total mean quantum of SC infused was 4.04 ml with a mean nucleated cell count of 4.5 × 104/μL and mean CD34+ of 0.35%, CD45−/90+ and CD45−/73+ of 41.4%, and 10.04%, respectively. All of them expressed transcription factors beta-3 tubulin and glial fibrillary acid protein. No untoward effect of SCT was noted. Variable and sustained improvement in Hauser's index and American Spinal Injury Association score was noted in all patients over a mean follow-up of 2.95 years. Mean injury duration was 3.42 years against the period of approximately 1-year required for natural recovery, suggesting a positive role of SCs. Conclusion: Co-infusion of N-Ad-MSC and HSC in CSF is safe and viable therapeutic approach for SCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umang G Thakkar
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aruna V Vanikar
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hargovind L Trivedi
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Veena R Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti D Dave
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Satyajit B Dixit
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bharat B Tiwari
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Harda H Shah
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre - Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuffler DP. Platelet-Rich Plasma Promotes Axon Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Pain Reduction: Fact or Fiction. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:990-1014. [PMID: 26048672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been tested in vitro, in animal models, and clinically for its efficacy in enhancing the rate of wound healing, reducing pain associated with injuries, and promoting axon regeneration. Although extensive data indicate that PRP-released factors induce these effects, the claims are often weakened because many studies were not rigorous or controlled, the data were limited, and other studies yielded contrary results. Critical to assessing whether PRP is effective are the large number of variables in these studies, including the method of PRP preparation, which influences the composition of PRP; type of application; type of wounds; target tissues; and diverse animal models and clinical studies. All these variables raise the question of whether one can anticipate consistent influences and raise the possibility that most of the results are correct under the circumstances where PRP was tested. This review examines evidence on the potential influences of PRP and whether PRP-released factors could induce the reported influences and concludes that the preponderance of evidence suggests that PRP has the capacity to induce all the claimed influences, although this position cannot be definitively argued. Well-defined and rigorously controlled studies of the potential influences of PRP are required in which PRP is isolated and applied using consistent techniques, protocols, and models. Finally, it is concluded that, because of the purported benefits of PRP administration and the lack of adverse events, further animal and clinical studies should be performed to explore the potential influences of PRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd. Del Valle, San Juan, 00901, Puerto Rico,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McAllister TW. Genetic factors in traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 128:723-39. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63521-1.00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
17
|
Abstract
Brain injury continues to be one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is currently no pharmacologically effective treatment for preventing neuronal loss and repairing the brain. As a result, novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies, are being actively pursued to repair tissue damage and restore neurological function after injury. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of amniotic fluid (AF) single cell clones, engineered to secrete glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (AF-GDNF), both in vitro and in a surgically induced model of brain injury. Our results show that pre-treatment with GDNF significantly increases cell survival in cultures of AF cells or cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Since improving the efficacy of cell transplantation depends on enhanced graft cell survival, we investigated whether AF-GDNF cells seeded on polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds could enhance graft survival following implantation into the lesion cavity. Encouragingly, the AF-GDNF cells survived longer than control AF cells in serum-free conditions and continued to secrete GDNF both in vitro and following implantation into the injured motor cortex. AF-GDNF implantation in the acute period following injury was sufficient to activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in host neural cells in the peri-lesion area, potentially boosting endogenous neuroprotective pathways. These results were complemented with promising trends in beam walk tasks in AF-GDNF/PGA animals during the 7 day timeframe. Further investigation is required to determine whether significant behavioural improvement can be achieved at a longer timeframe.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mancías-Guerra C, Marroquín-Escamilla AR, González-Llano O, Villarreal-Martínez L, Jaime-Pérez JC, García-Rodríguez F, Valdés-Burnes SL, Rodríguez-Romo LN, Barrera-Morales DC, Sánchez-Hernández JJ, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Gutiérrez-Aguirre CH, Gómez-De León A, Elizondo-Riojas G, Salazar-Riojas R, Gómez-Almaguer D. Safety and tolerability of intrathecal delivery of autologous bone marrow nucleated cells in children with cerebral palsy: an open-label phase I trial. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:810-20. [PMID: 24642016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cerebral palsy (CP) is related to severe perinatal hypoxia with permanent brain damage in nearly 50% of surviving preterm infants. Cell therapy is a potential therapeutic option for CP by several mechanisms, including immunomodulation through cytokine and growth factor secretion. METHODS In this phase I open-label clinical trial, 18 pediatric patients with CP were included to assess the safety of autologous bone marrow-derived total nucleated cell (TNC) intrathecal and intravenous injection after stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Motor, cognitive, communication, personal-social and adaptive areas were evaluated at baseline and 1 and 6 months after the procedure through the use of the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 6 months after therapy. This study was registered in ClinicaTrials.gov (NCT01019733). RESULTS A median of 13.12 × 10(8) TNCs (range, 4.83-53.87) including 10.02 × 10(6) CD34+ cells (range, 1.02-29.9) in a volume of 7 mL (range, 4-10.5) was infused intrathecally. The remaining cells from the bone marrow aspirate were administered intravenously; 6.01 × 10(8) TNCs (range, 1.36-17.85), with 3.39 × 10(6) cells being CD34+. Early adverse effects included headache, vomiting, fever and stiff neck occurred in three patients. No serious complications were documented. An overall 4.7-month increase in developmental age according to the Battelle Developmental Inventory, including all areas of evaluation, was observed (±SD 2.63). No MRI changes at 6 months of follow-up were found. CONCLUSIONS Subarachnoid placement of autologous bone marrow-derived TNC in children with CP is a safe procedure. The results suggest a possible increase in neurological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Mancías-Guerra
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México.
| | - Alma Rosa Marroquín-Escamilla
- Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González," Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Oscar González-Llano
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Laura Villarreal-Martínez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Fernando García-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Sagrario Lisete Valdés-Burnes
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Laura Nely Rodríguez-Romo
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Dinorah Catalina Barrera-Morales
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Olga Graciela Cantú-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - César Homero Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Andrés Gómez-De León
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Guillermo Elizondo-Riojas
- Radiology and Imaging Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González," Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Rosario Salazar-Riojas
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wilkinson AE, Kobelt LJ, Leipzig ND. Immobilized ECM molecules and the effects of concentration and surface type on the control of NSC differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; 200 East Buchtel Common, Whitby Hall 211 Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Liza J. Kobelt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; 200 East Buchtel Common, Whitby Hall 211 Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; 200 East Buchtel Common, Whitby Hall 211 Akron Ohio 44325
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Skop NB, Calderon F, Cho CH, Gandhi CD, Levison SW. Optimizing a multifunctional microsphere scaffold to improve neural precursor cell transplantation for traumatic brain injury repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E419-E432. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan B. Skop
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences; Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Frances Calderon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences; Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Cheul H. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ USA
| | - Chirag D. Gandhi
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences; Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prakash A, Medhi B, Chopra K. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) improves memory and neurobehavior in an amyloid-β induced experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:46-57. [PMID: 23756182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
GCSF is an endogenous neuronal hematopoietic factor that displays robust in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of GCSF on Aβ-induced memory loss in an Alzheimer's disease model of rats. A total of 42 male adult Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used in the study and were divided into 7 experimental groups. Animals were subjected to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection stereotaxically at day 0 to instill amyloid-β(1-42) (Aβ(1-42)) or PBS (sham operated group) at 10 μl (5 μl bilaterally). GCSF treatment was given from day 7 to 12 of Aβ injection. On day 21, behavioral tests (short term memory, exploratory behavior and motor coordination) in all groups were evaluated. Biochemical parameters and RNA expression were measured to ensure the efficacy of GCSF. GCSF (35 and 70 μg/kg, s.c.) showed statistically significant improvement in memory as compared to control and sham operated groups (p<0.05). Mean time spent in the platform placed quadrant was found to be significantly increased in the GCSF (70 μg/kg, s.c.) as compared to GCSF (35 μg/kg, s.c.) and GCSF (10 μg/kg, s.c.) groups (p<0.001). GCSF (35 and 70 μg/kg, s.c.) also improved motor coordination and exploratory behavior significantly as compared to naïve sham operated and GCSF (10 μg/kg, s.c.) groups (p<0.05). Improvement in memory by GCSF (35 and 70 μg/kg, s.c.) was coupled with marked reduction of lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase levels and a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes as well as total RNA expression in the brain. Additionally, GCSF (35 and 70 μg/kg, s.c.) significantly increased progenitor cells (iPSCs) and surface marker CD34+ in the brain and hence induced neurogenesis. The present findings demonstrate an improvement of memory and neurobehavioral function with GCSF in Aβ-induced Alzheimer's disease model in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Prakash
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao WL, Zhang SQ, Zhang H, Wan B, Yin ZS. Chordin-like protein 1 promotes neuronal differentiation by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein-4 in neural stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1143-8. [PMID: 23404565 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of chordin‑like protein 1 (CHRDL1) overexpression, together with bone morphogenetic protein‑4 (BMP‑4) treatment, on the differentiation of rat spinal cord‑derived neural stem cells (NSCs) was investigated. Adult rat spinal cord‑derived NSCs were cultured in serum‑free medium. The recombined eukaryotic expression vector pSecTag2/Hygro B‑CHRDL1 was transfected into adult rat spinal cord‑derived NSCs using a lipid‑based transfection reagent and protein expression was assessed by western blot analysis. Differentiation of transfected NSCs following BMP‑4 treatment was determined by immunocytochemistry. The percentage of microtubule‑associated protein‑2 (MAP‑2)‑positive cells in the BMP‑4‑treated (B) group was found to be significantly lower compared with that in the non‑transfected control (N) group. The percentage of MAP‑2‑positive cells in the pSecTag2/Hygro B‑CHRDL1‑transfected, BMP‑4‑treated group was identified to be significantly higher compared with that in group B, however, no significant difference was observed between group N and the transfected, non‑BMP‑4‑treated control group. The current study indicates that CHRDL1 protein antagonizes BMP‑4 activity and induces spinal cord‑derived NSCs to differentiate into neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Geriatric Institution, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fan XYS, Mothe AJ, Tator CH. Ephrin-B3 decreases the survival of adult rat spinal cord-derived neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro and after transplantation into the injured rat spinal cord. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:359-73. [PMID: 22900481 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) encourages regeneration and repair after spinal cord injury (SCI), the survival of transplanted NSPC is limited. Ephrin-B3 has been shown to reduce the death of endogenous NSPC in the subventricular zone of the mouse brain without inducing uncontrolled proliferation. Due to similarities in the environment of the brain and spinal cord, we hypothesized that ephrin-B3 might reduce the death of both transplanted and endogenous spinal cord-derived NSPC. Both normal and injured (26 g clip compression) spinal cords were examined. Ephrin-B3-Fc was tested, and Fc fragments and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. We found that EphA4 receptors were expressed by spinal cord-derived NSPC and expressed in the normal and injured rat spinal cord (higher expression in the latter). In vitro, ephrin-B3-Fc did not significantly reduce the survival of NSPC except at 1 μg/mL (P<0.05), but Fc fragments alone reduced NSPC survival at all doses in a dose-dependent fashion. In vivo, intrathecal infusion of ephrin-B3-Fc increased the proliferation of endogenous ependymal cells and the proportion of proliferating cells that expressed the glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytic marker in the injured spinal cord compared with the infusion of PBS (P<0.05). However, in the injured spinal cord, the infusion of either ephrin-B3-Fc or Fc fragments alone caused a 20-fold reduction in the survival of transplanted NSPC (P<0.001). Thus, after SCI, ephrin-B3-Fc and Fc fragments are toxic to transplanted NSPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan Susan Fan
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simvastatin mobilizes bone marrow stromal cells migrating to injured areas and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
25
|
Human amniotic fluid cells form functional gap junctions with cortical cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:607161. [PMID: 22792116 PMCID: PMC3390140 DOI: 10.1155/2012/607161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of stem cells is a promising strategy for the repair of damaged tissue in the injured brain. Recently, amniotic fluid (AF) cells have received a lot of attention as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapies. However, the success of this approach relies significantly on proper interactions between graft and host tissue. In particular, the reestablishment of functional brain networks requires formation of gap junctions, as a key step to provide sufficient intercellular communication. In this study, we show that AF cells express high levels of CX43 (GJA1) and are able to establish functional gap junctions with cortical cultures. Furthermore, we report an induction of Cx43 expression in astrocytes following injury to the mouse motor cortex and demonstrate for the first time CX43 expression at the interface between implanted AF cells and host brain cells. These findings suggest that CX43-mediated intercellular communication between AF cells and cortical astrocytes may contribute to the reconstruction of damaged tissue by mediating modulatory, homeostatic, and protective factors in the injured brain and hence warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo X, Zahir T, Mothe A, Shoichet MS, Morshead CM, Katayama Y, Tator CH. The Effect of Growth Factors and Soluble Nogo-66 Receptor Protein on Transplanted Neural Stem/Progenitor Survival and Axonal Regeneration after Complete Transection of Rat Spinal Cord. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1177-97. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x612503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult central mammalian axons show minimal regeneration after spinal cord injury due to loss of oligodendrocytes, demyelination of surviving axons, absence of growth-promoting molecules, and inhibitors of axonal outgrowth. In the present study, we attempted to address these impediments to regeneration by using a combinatory strategy to enhance cell survival and regeneration after complete spinal cord transection (SCT) in adult rats. The strategy comprised: 1) adult rat brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) preseeded on laminin-coated chitosan channels; 2) extramedullary chitosan channels to promote axonal regrowth and reduce the barrier caused by scarring; 3) local delivery of a novel rat soluble Nogo-66 receptor protein [NgR(310)ecto-Fc, referred to as NgR] to block the inhibitory effect of myelin-based inhibitors; and 4) local delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor to enhance survival and promote differentiation of transplanted cells. Compared with our previous studies where brain-derived NSPCs preseeded in extramedullary chitosan channels were implanted in the same SCT model but without growth factors and NgR, the present channel–growth factor combination produced greater numbers of surviving NSPCs after SCT. Also, the growth factors promoted preferential differentiation of NSPCs toward oligodendrocytes, while NgR significantly decreased astrocytic differentiation of NSPCs. NgR alone or in combination with NSPCs significantly enhanced the total number of myelinated fibers in the bridge and increased the area of the bridging tissue between the cord stumps. The combination of NgR, growth factors, and NSPCs had synergistic effect on bridge formation. However, only a small number of descending corticospinal tract axons grew into the central portions of the bridges as shown by anterograde tracing of the corticospinal tract with BDA. The majority of the regenerated axons in the channels originated from local host neurons adjacent to the tissue bridges. In conclusion, we showed that growth factors increased survival of transplanted NSPCs whereas NgR enhanced axonal regeneration, but the combination did not have additive effects on functional recovery or regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tasneem Zahir
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Sciences, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusuke Katayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H. Tator
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang KF, Hsu WC, Chiu WT, Wang JY. Functional improvement and neurogenesis after collagen-GAG matrix implantation into surgical brain trauma. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2067-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
28
|
Wang E, Gao J, Yang Q, Parsley MO, Dunn TJ, Zhang L, DeWitt DS, Denner L, Prough DS, Wu P. Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of neural stem cells against traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:295-312. [PMID: 22077363 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) improves functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previously we demonstrated that human NSCs (hNSCs) via releasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), preserved cognitive function in rats following parasagittal fluid percussion. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we report that NSC grafts significantly reduce TBI-induced axonal injury in the fimbria and other brain regions by blocking abnormal accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). A preliminary mass spectrometry proteomics study revealed the opposite effects of TBI and NSCs on many of the cytoskeletal proteins in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the main stress fiber component. Further, Western blot and immunostaining studies confirmed that TBI significantly increased the expression of α-SMA in hippocampal neurons, whereas NSC grafts counteracted the effect of TBI. In an in vitro model, rapid stretch injury significantly shortened lengths of axons and dendrites, increased the expression of both APP and α-SMA, and induced actin aggregation, effects offset by GDNF treatment. These GDNF protective effects were reversed by a GDNF-neutralizing antibody or a specific calcineurin inhibitor, and were mimicked by a specific Rho inhibitor. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that hNSC grafts and treatment with GDNF acutely reduce traumatic axonal injury and promote neurite outgrowth. Possible mechanisms underlying GDNF-mediated neurite protection include balancing the activity of calcineurin, whereas GDNF-induced neurite outgrowth may result from the reduction of the abnormal α-SMA expression and actin aggregation via blocking Rho signals. Our study also suggests the necessity of further exploring the roles of α-SMA in the central nervous system (CNS), which may lead to a new avenue to facilitate recovery after TBI and other injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enyin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilkinson AE, McCormick AM, Leipzig ND. Central Nervous System Tissue Engineering: Current Considerations and Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2200/s00390ed1v01y201111tis008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
30
|
Durham-Lee JC, Wu Y, Mokkapati VUL, Paulucci-Holthauzen AA, Nesic O. Induction of angiopoietin-2 after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2011; 202:454-64. [PMID: 22020092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) have opposing effects on blood vessels, with Ang-2 being mainly induced during the endothelial barrier breakdown. It is known that spinal cord injury (SCI) induces lasting decreases in Ang-1 levels, underlying endothelial barrier disruption, but the expression of Ang-2 in spinal cord injury has not been studied. We characterized Ang-2 after SCI using a clinically relevant rat model of contusion SCI. We found that SCI induces marked and persistent upregulation of Ang-2 (up to 10 weeks after SCI), which does not reflect well-characterized temporal profile of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) breakdown after SCI, and thus suggests other role(s) for Ang-2 in injured spinal cords. Furthermore, we also found that higher Ang-2 levels were associated with more successful locomotor recovery after SCI, both in SCI rats with markedly better spontaneous motor recovery and in SCI rats receiving a neuroprotective pharmacological intervention (amiloride), suggesting a beneficial role for Ang-2 in injured spinal cords. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that Ang-2 was not induced in endothelial cells, but in perivascular and non-vascular cells labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2). Therefore, it is unlikely that induction of Ang-2 contributes to vascular dysfunction underlying functional impairment after SCI, but rather that it contributes to the beneficial pro-angiogenic and/or gliogenic processes underlying recovery processes after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Durham-Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1072, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen X, Yang Y, Yao J, Lin W, Li Y, Chen Y, Gao Y, Yang Y, Gu X, Wang X. Bone marrow stromal cells-loaded chitosan conduits promote repair of complete transection injury in rat spinal cord. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:2347-2356. [PMID: 21792742 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a chitosan conduit loaded with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was developed to bridge the gap in the transected spinal cord of adult rats, and the nerve repair outcomes were evaluated by functional and histological techniques at 12 weeks after implantation. As compared to chitosan conduits alone, incorporation of BMSCs within chitosan conduits yielded additional improving effects on nerve regeneration and function restoration. The measurements with the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale or of motor evoked potentials indicated that motor functional recovery was enhanced; retrograde tracing confirmed that the ascending tract was regenerated and the neural pathway was established; and histological analyses revealed that axon growth and remyelination in the regenerated nerve was promoted. The three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the chitosan conduit loaded with BMSCs significantly reduced the spinal cord cavity volume at the injured site. Taken together, the results collectively suggest that implantation with BMSCs-loaded chitosan conduits may become a promising approach to the repair of spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McAllister TW. Genetic Factors Modulating Outcome After Neurotrauma. PM R 2010; 2:S241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Bozkurt G, Mothe AJ, Zahir T, Kim H, Shoichet MS, Tator CH. Chitosan Channels Containing Spinal Cord-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells for Repair of Subacute Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat. Neurosurgery 2010; 67:1733-44. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3181f9af35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
34
|
Stem/Precursor Cell-Based CNS Therapy: The Importance of Circumventing Immune Suppression by Transplanting Autologous Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:405-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
35
|
Dotan S, Pinkas A, Slotkin TA, Yanai J. An avian model for the reversal of neurobehavioral teratogenicity with neural stem cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:481-8. [PMID: 20211723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple model which uses lower animals on the evolutionary scale is beneficial for developing procedures for the reversal of neurobehavioral teratogenicity with neural stem cells. Here, we established a procedure for the derivation of chick neural stem cells, establishing embryonic day (E) 10 as optimal for progression to neuronal phenotypes. Cells were obtained from the embryonic cerebral hemispheres and incubated for 5-7 days in enriched medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) according to a procedure originally developed for mice. A small percentage of the cells survived, proliferated and formed nestin-positive neurospheres. After removal of the growth factors to allow differentiation (5 days), 74% of the cells differentiated into all major lineages of the nervous system, including neurons (Beta III tubulin-positive, 54% of the total number of differentiated cells), astrocytes (GFAP-positive, 26%), and oligodendrocytes (O4-positive, 20%). These findings demonstrate that the cells were indeed neural stem cells. Next, the cells were transplanted in two allograft chick models; (1) direct cerebral transplantation to 24-h-old chicks, followed by post-transplantation cell tracking at 24 h, 6 days and 14 days, and (2) intravenous transplantation to chick embryos on E13, followed by cell tracking on E19. With both methods, transplanted cells were found in the brain. The chick embryo provides a convenient, precisely-timed and unlimited supply of neural progenitors for therapy by transplantation, as well as constituting a fast and simple model in which to evaluate the ability of neural stem cell transplantation to repair neural damage, steps that are critical for progress toward therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dotan
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Box 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and central nervous system inflammatory pathologies, a review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:15-35. [PMID: 19756021 PMCID: PMC2949106 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have diverse diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). They are useful as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to evaluate: areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction related to tumors and other neuroinflammatory pathologies, the cerebrovasculature using perfusion-weighted MRI sequences, and in vivo cellular tracking in CNS disease or injury. Novel, targeted, nanoparticle synthesis strategies will allow for a rapidly expanding range of applications in patients with brain tumors, cerebral ischemia or stroke, carotid atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. These strategies may ultimately improve disease detection, therapeutic monitoring, and treatment efficacy especially in the context of antiangiogenic chemotherapy and antiinflammatory medications. The purpose of this review is to outline the current status of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the context of biomedical nanotechnology as they apply to diagnostic MRI and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and other CNS inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Su H, Zhang W, Guo J, Guo A, Yuan Q, Wu W. Neural progenitor cells enhance the survival and axonal regeneration of injured motoneurons after transplantation into the avulsed ventral horn of adult rats. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:67-80. [PMID: 19196181 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we transplanted E13.5 spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into the acutely avulsed ventral horn of adult rats. The results showed that NPCs survived and integrated nicely within the host ventral horn at 6 weeks post-grafting. Although the majority of grafted NPCs differentiated into astrocytes and only a small proportion into neuronal cells, interestingly, grafted NPCs in the avulsed ventral horn significantly enhanced the survival of injured motoneurons and promoted their regeneration into a peripheral nerve (PN) graft, as revealed by retrograde FluoroGold (FG) labeling. Specific ELISAs, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that NPCs produced nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neutrophilic factor (GDNF), both in vitro and after transplantation in vivo. These results indicate that NPCs have beneficial effects on the survival and axonal regeneration of avulsion-injured motoneurons after transplantation. Such beneficial effects are possibly due to their inherent ability to secrete various trophic factors after transplantation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanxing Su
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Yu D, Neeley WL, Pritchard CD, Slotkin JR, Woodard EJ, Langer R, Teng YD. Blockade of peroxynitrite-induced neural stem cell death in the acutely injured spinal cord by drug-releasing polymer. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1212-22. [PMID: 19418456 DOI: 10.1002/stem.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic impact of neural stem cells (NSCs) for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has been limited by the rapid loss of donor cells. Neuroinflammation is likely the cause. As there are close temporal-spatial correlations between the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and the donor NSC death after neurotrauma, we reasoned that NO-associated radical species might be the inflammatory effectors which eliminate NSC grafts and kill host neurons. To test this hypothesis, human NSCs (hNSCs: 5 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) per milliliter) were treated in vitro with "plain" medium, 20 microM glutamate, or donors of NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-); 100 and 400 microM of spermine or DETA NONOate, and SIN-1, respectively). hNSC apoptosis primarily resulted from SIN-1 treatment, showing ONOO(-)-triggered protein nitration and the activation of p38 MAPK, cytochrome c release, and caspases. Therefore, cell death following post-SCI (p.i.) NO surge may be mediated through conversion of NO into ONOO(-). We subsequently examined such causal relationship in a rat model of dual penetrating SCI using a retrievable design of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold seeded with hNSCs that was shielded by drug-releasing polymer. Besides confirming the ONOO(-)-induced cell death signaling, we demonstrated that cotransplantation of PLGA film embedded with ONOO(-) scavenger, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin, or uric acid (1 micromol per film), markedly protected hNSCs 24 hours p.i. (total: n = 10). Our findings may provide a bioengineering approach for investigating mechanisms underlying the host microenvironment and donor NSC interaction and help formulate strategies for enhancing graft and host cell survival after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dou Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, The Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ceruti S, Villa G, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Longhi R, Rosa P, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S, Abbracchio MP. The P2Y-like receptor GPR17 as a sensor of damage and a new potential target in spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2206-18. [PMID: 19528093 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upon central nervous system injury, the extracellular concentrations of nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, two unrelated families of endogenous signalling molecules, are markedly increased at the site of damage, suggesting that they may act as 'danger signals' to alert responses to tissue damage and start repair. Here we show that, in non-injured spinal cord parenchyma, GPR17, a P2Y-like receptor responding to both uracil nucleotides (e.g. UDP-glucose) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (e.g. LTD4 and LTC4), is present on a subset of neurons and of oligodendrocytes at different stages of maturation, whereas it is not expressed by astrocytes. GPR17 immunoreactivity was also found on ependymal cells lining the central canal that still retain some of the characteristics of stem/progenitor cells during adulthood. Induction of spinal cord injury (SCI) by acute compression resulted in marked cell death of GPR17+ neurons and oligodendrocytes inside the lesion followed by the appearance of proliferating GPR17+ microglia/macrophages migrating to and infiltrating into the lesioned area. Moreover, 72 h after SCI, GPR17+ ependymal cells started to proliferate and to express GFAP, suggesting their activation and 'de-differentiation' to pluripotent progenitor cells. The in vivo knock down of GPR17 by an antisense oligonucleotide strategy during SCI induction markedly reduced tissue damage and related histological and motor deficits, thus confirming the crucial role played by this receptor in the early phases of tissue damage development. Taken together, our findings suggest a dual and spatiotemporal-dependent role for GPR17 in SCI. At very early times after injury, GPR17 mediates neuronal and oligodendrocyte death inside the lesioned area. At later times, GPR17+ microglia/macrophages are recruited from distal parenchymal areas and move toward the lesioned zone, to suggest a role in orchestrating local remodelling responses. At the same time, the induction of the stem cell marker GFAP in GPR17+ ependymal cells suggests initiation of repair mechanisms. Thus, GPR17 may act as a 'sensor' of damage that is activated by nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes released in the lesioned area, and could also participate in post-injury responses. Moreover, its presence on spinal cord pre-oligodendrocytes and precursor-like cells suggests GPR17 as a novel target for therapeutic manipulation to foster remyelination and functional repair in SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hatami M, Mehrjardi NZ, Kiani S, Hemmesi K, Azizi H, Shahverdi A, Baharvand H. Human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor transplants in collagen scaffolds promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:618-30. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240903005802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used to help treat neurological disorders and/or improve functional recovery in the central nervous system (CNS). This article reviews the application of biomaterials in (i) shunting systems for hydrocephalus, (ii) cortical neural prosthetics, (iii) drug delivery in the CNS, (iv) hydrogel scaffolds for CNS repair, and (v) neural stem cell encapsulation for neurotrauma. The biological and material requirements for the biomaterials in these applications are discussed. The difficulties that the biomaterials might face in each application and the possible solutions are also reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhong
- Neurological Biomaterials and Therapeutics, Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Medically untreatable neurological disorders" is an area where stem cell (SC) therapy has generated hope in the last decade. Among various routes for SC infusion, subarachnoid placement via the lumbar route is particularly challenging because of technical difficulties in this group of patients. We carried out a prospective, single-center, clinical study to analyze the technical difficulties and short- and long-term effects of SC infusion in various neurological conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred eighty patients underwent subarachnoid placement of SCs between December 2005 and October 2007. Technical difficulties in the form of localization of subarachnoid space, number of attempts, and postprocedural complications were evaluated. Functional evaluation was done with Hauser Ambulation Index by the SC transplant team on a regular basis. The Institutional Review Board approved of informed consent forms and study protocol. RESULTS Of 180 patients, we encountered technical difficulties in 52 (29%) in the form of general anesthesia supplementation and difficulty localizing the lumbar space. In 102 (56.6%) patients, side effects were observed (headache, low-grade fever, and meningism), which resolved with symptomatic treatment within 24 hours. On long-term follow-up, functional indices improved in 57 (31.67%) patients, including 54 patients with traumatic paraplegia/quadriplegia, two with cerebral palsy, and one with viral encephalitis. CONCLUSION Subarachnoid placement of SCs is safe with no long term adverse effects.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kulbatski I, Mothe AJ, Parr AM, Kim H, Kang CE, Bozkurt G, Tator CH. Glial precursor cell transplantation therapy for neurotrauma and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 43:123-76. [PMID: 18706353 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the brain or spinal cord and multiple sclerosis (MS) share a common pathophysiology with regard to axonal demyelination. Despite advances in central nervous system (CNS) repair in experimental animal models, adequate functional recovery has yet to be achieved in patients in response to any of the current strategies. Functional recovery is dependent, in large part, upon remyelination of spared or regenerating axons. The mammalian CNS maintains an endogenous reservoir of glial precursor cells (GPCs), capable of generating new oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These GPCs are upregulated following traumatic or demyelinating lesions, followed by their differentiation into oligodendrocytes. However, this innate response does not adequately promote remyelination. As a result, researchers have been focusing their efforts on harvesting, culturing, characterizing, and transplanting GPCs into injured regions of the adult mammalian CNS in a variety of animal models of CNS trauma or demyelinating disease. The technical and logistic considerations for transplanting GPCs are extensive and crucial for optimizing and maintaining cell survival before and after transplantation, promoting myelination, and tracking the fate of transplanted cells. This is especially true in trials of GPC transplantation in combination with other strategies such as neutralization of inhibitors to axonal regeneration or remyelination. Overall, such studies improve our understanding and approach to developing clinically relevant therapies for axonal remyelination following traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI) and demyelinating diseases such as MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kulbatski
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, 399 Bathurst Street, McLaughlin Pavilion #12-423, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T-2S8.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nomura H, Zahir T, Kim H, Katayama Y, Kulbatski I, Morshead CM, Shoichet MS, Tator CH. Extramedullary Chitosan Channels Promote Survival of Transplanted Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells and Create a Tissue Bridge After Complete Spinal Cord Transection. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:649-65. [DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomura
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tasneem Zahir
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Kim
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Iris Kulbatski
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H. Tator
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu JM, Mao BY, Hong S, Liu YH, Wang XJ. The postoperative brain tumour stem cell (BTSC) niche and cancer recurrence. Adv Ther 2008; 25:389-98. [PMID: 18463803 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-008-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, surgical resection is one of only a few options for treating brain cancer. Unfortunately, postoperative tumour recurrence remains almost inevitable despite additional radiation or chemotherapy treatment following resection. Clinical observations and a growing body of experimental evidence have led to speculation that there is a population of persistent brain tumour stem cells (BTSCs)--or brain tumour initiating cells--that are difficult to completely remove surgically. Furthermore, residual BTSCs following surgery may actually be more resistant to subsequent radiation and/or chemotherapies. It remains to be determined if brain surgeries render the postoperative tissue microenvironment more favourable for the survival and growth of BTSCs, and therefore the recurrence of brain tumours.We hypothesise that BTSC-based tumour recurrence may develop within a specific niche of the aberrant tumour microenvironment. Even when the gross appearance of the primary tumour seems confined, BTSCs (albeit accounting only for a small population of tumour cells) may microscopically enter the stroma, hampering curative surgeries. This article discusses the theory that surgical resection of brain tumours generates niches recruiting BTSCs to the surgical wounds, stimulating the proliferation and invasiveness of BTSCs, and leading to tumour recurrence. Postoperative brains are marked with active wound repair in peritumoural margins, which is likely to be accompanied by increased inflammatory paracrine production, angiogenesis and reactive astrogliosis. The postoperative BTSC niche concept is consistent with the observation that brain tumour recurrence usually occurs in tissues that are proximal to the resection margin. In this article, we intend to reflect recent advances that may lead to novel strategies to eliminate postoperative brain tumour recurrence.
Collapse
|
47
|
Zahir T, Nomura H, Guo XD, Kim H, Tator C, Morshead C, Shoichet M. Bioengineering Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell-Coated Tubes for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:245-54. [DOI: 10.3727/096368908784153887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the survival and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured on chitosan matrices in vivo in a complete transection model of spinal cord injury. NSPCs were isolated from the subependyma of lateral ventricles of adult GFP transgenic rat forebrains. The GFP-positive neurospheres were seeded onto the inner lumen of chitosan tubes to generate multicellular sheets ex vivo. These bioengineered neurosphere tubes were implanted into a completely transected spinal cord and assessed after 5 weeks for survival and differentiation. The in vivo study showed excellent survival of NSPCs, as well as differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Importantly, host neurons were identified in the tissue bridge that formed within the chitosan tubes and bridged the transected cord stumps. The excellent in vivo survival of the NSPCs coupled with their differentiation and maintenance of host neurons in the regenerated tissue bridge demonstrates the promise of the chitosan tubes for stem cell delivery and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Zahir
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nomura
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiao Dong Guo
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Howard Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles Tator
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cindi Morshead
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Molly Shoichet
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Labeling stem cells in vitro for identification of their differentiated phenotypes after grafting into the CNS. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 438:361-74. [PMID: 18369771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-133-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Grafting neural stem cells is a widely used experimental approach to central nervous system (CNS) repair after trauma or neurodegeneration. It is likely to be a realistic clinical therapy for human CNS disorders in the near future. One of the challenges of this approach is the ability to identify both the survival and differentiated phenotype of various stem cell populations after engraftment into the CNS. There is no single protocol that will work for all cell types and all applications. Labeling stem cells for CNS grafting is an empirical process. The type of stem cell, its fate after engraftment, and the context in which it is anatomically and histologically evaluated all contribute to a decision as to the best approach to take. We have provided the range of conditions under which various labels have been successfully used in CNS grafting studies and delineated the parameters that have to be empirically established. Given a clear understanding of the limitations of the respective labels and the expected outcome of the grafting experiment, these labeling guidelines should enable any investigator to develop a successful approach. Our own personal bias is to use labels that cannot be transferred to host cells. Initially, we preferred 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, or retrovirally delivered enhanced green fluorescent protein or lacZ. More recently, we have found syngeneic grafts of human placental alkaline phosphatase stem cells to work very well. However, each investigator will have to decide what is optimal for his or her cell population and experimental design. We summarize the various approaches to labeling and identifying stem cells, pointing out both the limitations and strengths of the various approaches delineated.
Collapse
|
49
|
Hama A, Sagen J. Behavioral characterization and effect of clinical drugs in a rat model of pain following spinal cord compression. Brain Res 2007; 1185:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
50
|
Mohindra S, Mukherjee KK, Gupta R, Chhabra R. Continuation of poor surgical outcome after elderly brain injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:474-7. [PMID: 17707476 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the decline in mortality among trauma patients, with advanced trauma care, the outcome for elderly patients remains poor. Both operative and nonoperative outcome for elderly patients after head trauma has resisted improvement. METHODS Forty-five consecutive patients 70 years or older were included in the study. All these patients were admitted from January 2000 to June 2005. Road-traffic accidents caused most of the head injuries. RESULTS Most of the patients (n = 33) belonged to severe head injury category. Contusions were the commonest CT scan finding (n = 27), for which surgery was indicated. Unexplained clinical deterioration, in spite of timely surgery and satisfactory postoperative CT scans, in a significant number of patients (n = 29) was noteworthy. Over the same period, the comparative group of younger patients (20-40 years, n = 1026) was also analyzed. CONCLUSION Elderly patients experienced higher mortality and poorer functional outcome. The natural history of traumatized brain among elderly patients remains unchanged till the present times. The nihilistic scenario asks for reevaluation of interventions, relook into the neurobiology of aging brain, and aggressive research for remedial measures for such patients, especially among severe head injury group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Mohindra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|