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Pendse S, Chavan S, Kale V, Vaidya A. A comprehensive analysis of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous regulation of myeloid leukemic cells: The prospect of developing novel niche-targeting therapies. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1667-1683. [PMID: 37554060 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Leukemic cells (LCs) arise from the hematopoietic stem/and progenitor cells (HSCs/HSPCs) and utilize cues from the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) for their regulation in the same way as their normal HSC counterparts. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), a vital component of the BMM promote leukemogenesis by creating a protective and immune-tolerant microenvironment that can support the survival of LCs, helping them escape chemotherapy, thereby resulting in the relapse of leukemia. Conversely, MSCs also induce apoptosis in the LCs and inhibit their proliferation by interfering with their self-renewal potential. This review discusses the work done so far on cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and MSCs-mediated non-cell-autonomous (extrinsic) regulation of myeloid leukemia with a special focus on the need to investigate the extrinsic regulation of myeloid leukemia to understand the contrasting role of MSCs in leukemogenesis. These mechanisms could be exploited to formulate novel therapeutic strategies that specifically target the leukemic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalmali Pendse
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayali Chavan
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Xie Z, Zhou Z, Yang S, Zhang S, Shao B. Epigenetic regulation and therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:17. [PMID: 37273004 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial to neoplastic processes, fostering proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Epigenetic regulations, primarily including DNA and RNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA, have been generally recognized as an essential feature of tumor malignancy, exceedingly contributing to the dysregulation of the core gene expression in neoplastic cells, bringing about the evasion of immunosurveillance by influencing the immune cells in TME. Recently, compelling evidence have highlighted that clinical therapeutic approaches based on epigenetic machinery modulate carcinogenesis through targeting TME components, including normalizing cells' phenotype, suppressing cells' neovascularization and repressing the immunosuppressive components in TME. Therefore, TME components have been nominated as a promising target for epigenetic drugs in clinical cancer management. This review focuses on the mechanisms of epigenetic modifications occurring to the pivotal TME components including the stroma, immune and myeloid cells in various tumors reported in the last five years, concludes the tight correlation between TME reprogramming and tumor progression and immunosuppression, summarizes the current advances in cancer clinical treatments and potential therapeutic targets with reference to epigenetic drugs. Finally, we summarize some of the restrictions in the field of cancer research at the moment, further discuss several interesting epigenetic gene targets with potential strategies to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zirui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Boni C, Bonifacio M, Vezzalini M, Scaffidi L, Tomasello L, Parker LL, Boscarino D, Paladin D, Krampera M, Sorio C. Successful Preservation of Native BCR::ABL1 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Primary Leukocytes Reveals a Reduced Kinase Activity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:904510. [PMID: 35756686 PMCID: PMC9216732 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.904510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the acquisition of t(9;22) generating the fusion tyrosine kinase BCR::ABL1. However, despite the crucial role of this protein in the dysregulation of numerous signal transduction pathways, a direct measure of BCR::ABL1 kinase activity in chronic phase (CP) CML was never accomplished due to intense degradative activity present in mature leukocytes. Therefore, we developed a procedure suitable to preserve BCR::ABL1 protein under non-denaturing, neutral pH conditions in primary, chronic phase (CP)-CML samples. As a result, specific kinase activity was detected utilizing a biotinylated peptide substrate highly selective for c-ABL1. Furthermore, through this approach, BCR::ABL1 kinase activity was barely detectable in CP-CML compared to Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia primary samples, where kinase activity is comparable to those measured in Ph+ cell lines. These in vitro findings provide the first direct measure of BCR::ABL1 kinase activity in primary CP-CML and reveal the presence of a still uncharacterized inhibitory mechanism that maintains BCR::ABL1 in a low activity state in CP-CML despite its overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boni
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Vezzalini
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Scaffidi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Tomasello
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laurie L Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | | | | | - Mauro Krampera
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Kayabasi C, Yelken BO, Asik A, Okcanoglu TB, Sogutlu F, Gasimli R, Susluer SY, Saydam G, Avci CB, Gunduz C. PI3K/mTOR dual-inhibition with VS-5584 enhances anti-leukemic efficacy of ponatinib in blasts and Ph-negative LSCs of chronic myeloid leukemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174446. [PMID: 34461124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ponatinib is used for advanced treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), although low doses to prevent side effects do not suppress survival pathways and eradicate leukemia stem cells (LSCs). We evaluated the potential of ponatinib and PI3K/mTOR dual-inhibitor VS-5584 combination (PoVS) therapy to increase the anti-leukemic effects of ponatinib and investigated the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level. We measured the cytotoxicities of ponatinib, VS-5584, and PoVS (CCK-8 assay), and used the median-effect equation for combination analyses. We investigated the effects of inhibitory concentrations on apoptosis, cell viability and cell-cycle regulation (flow cytometry), protein levels (ELISA, Western blot), transcriptional activities (dual-luciferase reporter assay), gene expressions (qRT-PCR). VS-5584 exerted selective cytotoxic effects against CML and LSC cell lines. VS-5584 inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, resulting in reduced cell viability, slightly induced caspase-independent apoptosis, prominent G0/G1 cell-cycle blockade that is not a consequence of quiescence. Normal hematopoietic stem cell line was the least affected. Moreover, ponatinib and VS-5584 mediated synergistic anti-leukemic effects on leukemic cells. VS-5584 reduced the ponatinib dose required to target leukemic cells. PoVS treatment inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway more consistently than either of the two agents alone through reducing p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-S6K, p-PRAS40, p-S6. The subsequent downstream effects were an increase in C/EBP transcriptional activity and decreases in activities of E2F/DP1, Myc/Max, CREB, STAT3, NFκB, AP-1, Elk-1/SRF. Transcriptional regulation resulted in alterations in the expression levels of target mRNAs. Our results highlight PoVS can be a promising treatment strategy for eliminating CML cells and LSCs selectively, with the reduced ponatinib doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Kayabasi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Besra Ozmen Yelken
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aycan Asik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Sogutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roya Gasimli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sunde Yilmaz Susluer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guray Saydam
- Division of Hematology, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Karasu N, Akalin H, Gokce N, Yildirim A, Demir M, Kulak H, Celik S, Keklik M, Dundar M. Detection of mutations in CML patients resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitor: imatinib mesylate therapy. Med Oncol 2021; 38:120. [PMID: 34453624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the first choice in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment. However, resistance to imatinib may develop with time and in some cases, patients may not respond at all to imatinib. Progressive resistance to imatinib therapy is often due to mutations in the BCR/ABL region. Within the scope of our study 124 patients were evaluated via pyrosequencing between 2015 and 2020. In this regard, 32 patients who have a partial response and have no response to imatinib therapy were included in the study. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was performed on 15 patients who were resistant to imatinib treatment according to the molecular follow-up reports. With pyrosequencing, 5 cases out of a total of 124 were found to be positive. This means that approximately 4.03% of the proportion is positive. But when we examined only 32 patients who have a partial response and have no response to imatinib therapy this rate is rising 15.6%. NGS analysis was performed with 15 patients who have no mutation with pyrosequencing of 32 patients and VUS (Variant of Uncertain Significance) mutation was detected in one. In this study, our aim was to determine the mutations of the BCR/ABL and to evaluate the mutations by NGS and pyrosequencing. Our study is important in terms of comparing the pyrosequencing with NGS mutation rates, drawing attention to the clinical importance of log reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Karasu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Gokce
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdulbaki Yildirim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mikail Demir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hande Kulak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serhat Celik
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Keklik
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munis Dundar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Current Views on the Interplay between Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102311. [PMID: 34065882 PMCID: PMC8151247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The chromosomal alteration t(9;22) generating the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein represents the principal feature that distinguishes some types of leukemia. An increasing number of articles have focused the attention on the relevance of protein phosphatases and their potential role in the control of BCR-ABL1-dependent or -independent signaling in different areas related to the biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Herein, we discuss how tyrosine and serine/threonine protein phosphatases may interact with protein kinases, in order to regulate proliferative signal cascades, quiescence and self-renewals on leukemic stem cells, and drug-resistance, indicating how BCR-ABL1 can (directly or indirectly) affect these critical cells behaviors. We provide an updated review of the literature on the function of protein phosphatases and their regulation mechanism in chronic myeloid leukemia. Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression. This dysregulated protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) is known as the principal driver of the disease and is targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Extensive documentation has elucidated how the transformation of malignant cells is characterized by multiple genetic/epigenetic changes leading to the loss of tumor-suppressor genes function or proto-oncogenes expression. The impairment of adequate levels of substrates phosphorylation, thus affecting the balance PTKs and protein phosphatases (PPs), represents a well-established cellular mechanism to escape from self-limiting signals. In this review, we focus our attention on the characterization of and interactions between PTKs and PPs, emphasizing their biological roles in disease expansion, the regulation of LSCs and TKI resistance. We decided to separate those PPs that have been validated in primary cell models or leukemia mouse models from those whose studies have been performed only in cell lines (and, thus, require validation), as there may be differences in the manner that the associated pathways are modified under these two conditions. This review summarizes the roles of diverse PPs, with hope that better knowledge of the interplay among phosphatases and kinases will eventually result in a better understanding of this disease and contribute to its eradication.
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Suttorp M, Millot F, Sembill S, Deutsch H, Metzler M. Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Essential Criteria for Diagnosis of Pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040798. [PMID: 33672937 PMCID: PMC7917817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The low incidence (1:1,000,000) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the first two decades of life presents an obstacle to accumulation of pediatric experience and knowledge on this leukemia. Biological features of CML are shared but also differing between adult and pediatric patients. This review aims; (i) to define the disease based on an unified terminology, (ii) to list the diseases to be considered as a differential diagnosis in children, (iii) to outlines the morphological, histopathological and immuno-phenotypical findings of pediatric CML, (iv) to illustrate rare but classical complications resulting from high white cell and platelet counts at diagnosis, and (v) to recommend a uniform approach for the diagnostic procedures to be applied. Evidently, only a clear detailed picture of all relevant features can lay the basis for standardized treatment approaches. Abstract Depending on the analytical tool applied, the hallmarks of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the Philadelphia Chromosome and the resulting mRNA fusion transcript BCR-ABL1. With an incidence of 1 per 1 million of children this malignancy is very rare in the first 20 years of life. This article aims to; (i) define the disease based on the WHO nomenclature, the appropriate ICD 11 code and to unify the terminology, (ii) delineate features of epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology that are shared, but also differing between adult and pediatric patients with CML, (iii) give a short summary on the diseases to be considered as a differential diagnosis of pediatric CML, (iv) to describe the morphological, histopathological and immunophenotypical findings of CML in pediatric patients, (v) illustrate rare but classical complications resulting from rheological problems observed at diagnosis, (vi) list essential and desirable diagnostic criteria, which hopefully in the future will help to unify the attempts when approaching this rare pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Suttorp
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-458-3522; Fax: +49-351-458-5864
| | - Frédéric Millot
- Inserm CIC 1402, University Hospital Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; (F.M.); (H.D.)
| | - Stephanie Sembill
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91504 Erlangen, Germany; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Hélène Deutsch
- Inserm CIC 1402, University Hospital Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France; (F.M.); (H.D.)
| | - Markus Metzler
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91504 Erlangen, Germany; (S.S.); (M.M.)
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Regev O, Kidan N, Nicola M, Khamisie H, Ruthardt M, Mahajna J. Mesenchymal soluble factors confer imatinib drug resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:266-274. [PMID: 33488882 PMCID: PMC7811319 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Regev
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Noa Kidan
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Meshel Nicola
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Hazem Khamisie
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Martin Ruthardt
- Department of Hematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, and Experimental Clinical Medical Center (ECMC), Medical School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Resistance to Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitors Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2020; 46:420-432. [PMID: 33717518 PMCID: PMC7948018 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.46.04.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress involves disruption of the cellular redox status through excessive production of reactive oxygen species or through deficiency in the cellular antioxidant capacity. It is involved in the pathogeny of multiple entities (hematological diseases, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular and renal pathology etc.), as well as in the pharmacokinetics of specific treatments for these pathologies. Chronic myeloid leukemia is a chronic myeloproliferative disease for which current standard treatment is BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The innovation of this therapy has significantly improved life expectancy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, but in some cases, this treatment becomes ineffective, installing the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy. There were described two types of tyrosin kinase inhibitors resistance: primary and secondary resistance. In the present paper we proposed to evaluate the involvement of oxidative in the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy, in the clonal instability in chronic myeloid leukemia and in the progression of the disease to an advanced stage. We concluded that oxidative stress can play a dual role in the evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia: on the one hand it can promote genomic instability and accelerate the progression of the disease to advanced stages associated with tyrosin kinase inhibitors resistance and, on the other hand, it can contribute to leukemic cell apoptosis. It seems to be outlined a fragile balance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic effects of the reactive oxygen species, closely related to their level in the leukemic cells.
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Cheng J, Liao Y, Bin T, OUYang J, Chen S, Chen X, Zou W. Secondary chronic myeloid leukemia following acute myeloid leukemia treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:1807-1812. [PMID: 32936052 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1808452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic stem cell malignancy and the most common type of leukemia, with the 5-year relative survival rate of 19% in Europe. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a slowly progressive clonal malignant disease, and a myeloproliferative disorder which is derived from biphasic hematopoietic stem cells but driven by progenitor cells. AML following CML is common, which can be caused by an antecedent myeloid malignancy, leukemogenic therapy, or without an identifiable prodrome or exposure to cytotoxic agents. However, the case of secondary chronic myeloid leukemia following acute myeloid leukemia treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is rare. METHODS Here we report a unique case of secondary CML after AML treated by chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. The 34-year-old male was diagnosed with AML subtype M5b according to clinical features in 2011. The patient was treated with the MAE program (mitoxantrone, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide) for two courses, followed by the IAE program (idarubicin, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide) and cytosine arabinoside for consolidation chemotherapy. An autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate cytarabine and dexamethasone was initiated. RESULTS Subsequently, the patient achieved complete remission in 2012. After 4 years, the patient presented with leukocyte elevation of more than 4 months, and then was diagnosed with secondary CML. Based on this diagnosis, and with respect to the patient's severely compromised overall condition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) therapy was conducted in 2016. The patient achieved, and continue to be in, complete remission. CONCLUSIONS The case expands the understanding of secondary CML and emphasizes the importance of oncological vigilance in patients with secondary CML after AML therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytarabine/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Male
- Mitoxantrone/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Remission Induction
- Transplantation, Autologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Liao
- Department of Hematology, The Eight Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Bin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan OUYang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Longhua Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Waiyi Zou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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PML-RARA Fusion Transcripts Detectable 8 Months prior to Promyelocytic Blast Crisis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Case Rep Hematol 2020; 2020:8830595. [PMID: 32953185 PMCID: PMC7481999 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8830595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic blast crisis arising from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is rare. We present a 40-year-old male who developed promyelocytic blast crisis 17 months after CML diagnosis, confirmed by the presence of the t(15;17) and t(9;22) translocations in the leukemic cells. Preserved nucleic acids from routine BCR-ABL1 testing provided a unique opportunity to evaluate clonal progression over time. Retrospective analysis demonstrated PML-RARA fusion transcripts were first detectable 8 months prior to blast crisis presentation. A review of 21 cases of promyelocytic blasts crisis published in the literature reveals a male predominance with earlier age at onset as compared to females. Interestingly, TKI therapy during chronic phase did not impact the time interval between diagnosis and promyelocytic blast crisis. Treatment with standard acute promyelocytic leukemia regimens provides more favorable outcomes with complete molecular remission. Although rare, it is important to consider a promyelocytic blast crisis when evaluating for transformation of CML due to its effective treatment with specific therapies.
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Prognosis and Therapy: Criticisms and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061709. [PMID: 32498406 PMCID: PMC7357035 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disease whose clinical course is characterized by progression disease from the early chronic phase (CP) to the fatal blastic phase (BP). This programmed course is closely related to the translocation t(9;22)(q22;q11) and the resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion protein (p210) that drives the leukemic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, the cure of CML can only pass through the abrogation of the Ph+ clone. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and interferon-alpha (IFNα) have been proven to reduce the Ph+ clone in a limited proportion of CML population and this translated in a lower rate of progression to BP and in a significant prolongation of survival. Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), lastly introduced in 2000, by preventing the disease blastic transformation and significantly prolonging the survival in up to 90% of the patient population, radically changed the fate of CML. The current therapy with TKIs induces a chronicization of the disease but several criticisms still persist, and the most relevant one is the sustainability of long-term therapy with TKIs in terms of compliance, toxicity and costs. The perspectives concern the optimization of therapy according to the age, the risk of disease, the potency and the safety profiles of the TKIs. The prolongation of survival is the most important end point which should be guaranteed to all patients. The treatment free remission (TFR) is the new goal that we would like to give to an increasing number of patients. The cure remains the main objective of CML therapy.
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13
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Omsland M, Andresen V, Gullaksen SE, Ayuda-Durán P, Popa M, Hovland R, Brendehaug A, Enserink J, McCormack E, Gjertsen BT. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and interferon-α increase tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation and cell adhesion in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines. FASEB J 2020; 34:3773-3791. [PMID: 31945226 PMCID: PMC10894852 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802061rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell disease of the bone marrow where mechanisms of inter-leukemic communication and cell-to-cell interactions are proposed to be important for optimal therapy response. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are novel intercellular communication structures transporting different cargos with potential implications in therapy resistance. Here, we have investigated TNTs in CML cells and following treatment with the highly effective CML therapeutics tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and interferon-α (IFNα). CML cells from chronic phase CML patients as well as the blast crisis phase cell lines, Kcl-22 and K562, formed few or no TNTs. Treatment with imatinib increased TNT formation in both Kcl-22 and K562 cells, while nilotinib or IFNα increased TNTs in Kcl-22 cells only where the TNT increase was associated with adherence to fibronectin-coated surfaces, altered morphology, and reduced movement involving β1integrin. Ex vivo treated cells from chronic phase CML patients showed limited changes in TNT formation similarly to bone marrow cells from healthy individuals. Interestingly, in vivo nilotinib treatment in a Kcl-22 subcutaneous mouse model resulted in morphological changes and TNT-like structures in the tumor-derived Kcl-22 cells. Our results demonstrate that CML cells express low levels of TNTs, but CML therapeutics increase TNT formation in designated cell models indicating TNT functionality in bone marrow derived malignancies and their microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Integrin beta1/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Omsland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vibeke Andresen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein-Erik Gullaksen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pilar Ayuda-Durán
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mihaela Popa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KinN Therapeutics, Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi Hovland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Atle Brendehaug
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jorrit Enserink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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14
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The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and Progression of Myeloid Leukemias. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030544. [PMID: 32110991 PMCID: PMC7140463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor is one of the best characterized PP2A substrates. Deregulation of the MYC oncogene, along with inactivation of PP2A, are two frequent events in cancer. Both proteins are essential regulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and they, directly and indirectly, regulate each other’s activity. Studies in cancer suggest that targeting the MYC/PP2A network is an achievable strategy for the clinic. Here, we focus on and discuss the role of MYC and PP2A in myeloid leukemias.
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15
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Moradi F, Babashah S, Sadeghizadeh M, Jalili A, Hajifathali A, Roshandel H. Signaling pathways involved in chronic myeloid leukemia pathogenesis: The importance of targeting Musashi2-Numb signaling to eradicate leukemia stem cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:581-589. [PMID: 31231484 PMCID: PMC6570743 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.31879.7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloid clonal proliferation disease defining by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome that shows the movement of BCR-ABL1. In this study, the critical role of the Musashi2-Numb axis in determining cell fate and relationship of the axis to important signaling pathways such as Hedgehog and Notch that are essential for self-renewal pathways in CML stem cells will be reviewed meticulously. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, a PubMed search using the keywords of Leukemia, signaling pathways, Musashi2-Numb was performed, and then we summarized different research works . RESULTS Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as Imatinib significantly kill and remove the cell with BCR-ABL1 translocation, they are unable to target BCR-ABL1 leukemia stem cells. The main problem is stem cells resistance to Imatinib therapy. Therefore, the identification and control of downstream molecules/ signaling route of the BCR-ABL1 that are involved in the survival and self-renewal of leukemia stem cells can be an effective treatment strategy to eliminate leukemia stem cells, which supposed to be cured by Musashi2-Numb signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The control of molecules /pathways downstream of the BCR-ABL1 and targeting Musashi2-Numb can be an effective therapeutic strategy for treatment of chronic leukemia stem cells. While Musashi2 is a poor prognostic marker in leukemia, in treatment and strategy, it has significant diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foruzan Moradi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajifathali Roshandel
- Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Mancini M, De Santis S, Monaldi C, Bavaro L, Martelli M, Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Rosti G, Santucci MA, Martinelli G, Cavo M, Soverini S. Hyper-activation of Aurora kinase a-polo-like kinase 1-FOXM1 axis promotes chronic myeloid leukemia resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:216. [PMID: 31122263 PMCID: PMC6533706 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the constitutive tyrosine kinase (TK) activity of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Accordingly, TK inhibitors have drastically changed the disease prognosis. However, persistence of the transformed hematopoiesis even in patients who achieved a complete response to TK inhibitors and the disease relapse upon therapy discontinuation represent a major obstacle to CML cure. METHODS Thiostrepton, Danusertib and Volasertib were used to investigate the effects of FOXM1, AKA and Plk1 inhibition in K562-S and K562-R cells. Apoptotic cell death was quantified by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to assess BCR-ABL1, FOXM1, PLK1 and AURKA expression. Protein expression and activation was assessed by Western Blotting (WB). Clonogenic assay were performed to confirm K562-R resistance to Imatinib and to evaluate cells sensitivity to the different drugs. RESULTS Here we proved that BCR-ABL1 TK-dependent hyper-activation of Aurora kinase A (AURKA)-Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-FOXM1 axis is associated with the outcome of Imatinib (IM) resistance in an experimental model (K562 cell line) and bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Notably, such a biomolecular trait was detected in the putative leukemic stem cell (LSC) compartment characterized by a CD34+ phenotype. Constitutive phosphorylation of FOXM1 associated with BCR-ABL1 TK lets FOXM1 binding with β-catenin enables β-catenin nuclear import and recruitment to T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF) transcription complex, hence supporting leukemic cell proliferation and survival. Lastly, the inhibition of single components of AURKA-PLK1-FOXM1 axis in response to specific drugs raises the expression of growth factor/DNA damage-inducible gene a (GADD45a), a strong inhibitor of AURKA and, as so, a critical component whose induction may mediate the eradication of leukemic clone. CONCLUSIONS Our conclusion is that AURKA, PLK1 and FOXM1 inhibition may be considered as a promising therapeutic approach to cure CML.
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MESH Headings
- Aurora Kinase A/genetics
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Pteridines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Thiostrepton/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. De Santis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Monaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Bavaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Martelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Castagnetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Gugliotta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Rosti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. A. Santucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) Srl Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - M. Cavo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Soverini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale – DIMES - Istituto di Ematologia “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Medical School, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Moorthi S, Burns TA, Yu GQ, Luberto C. Bcr-Abl regulation of sphingomyelin synthase 1 reveals a novel oncogenic-driven mechanism of protein up-regulation. FASEB J 2018; 32:4270-4283. [PMID: 29533737 PMCID: PMC6044059 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701016r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bcr-Abl (break-point cluster region-abelson), the oncogenic trigger of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has previously been shown to up-regulate the expression and activity of sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1), which contributes to the proliferation of CML cells; however, the mechanism by which this increased expression of SMS1 is mediated remains unknown. In the current study, we show that Bcr-Abl enhances the expression of SMS1 via a 30-fold up-regulation of its transcription. Of most interest, the Bcr-Abl-regulated transcription of SMS1 is initiated from a novel transcription start site (TSS) that is just upstream of the open reading frame. This shift in TSS utilization generates an SMS1 mRNA with a substantially shorter 5' UTR compared with its canonical mRNA. This shorter 5' UTR imparts a 20-fold greater translational efficiency to SMS1 mRNA, which further contributes to the increase of its expression in CML cells. Therefore, our study demonstrates that Bcr-Abl increases SMS1 protein levels via 2 concerted mechanisms: up-regulation of transcription and enhanced translation as a result of the shift in TSS utilization. Remarkably, this is the first time that an oncogene-Bcr-Abl-has been demonstrated to drive such a mechanism that up-regulates the expression of a functionally important target gene, SMS1.-Moorthi, S., Burns, T. A., Yu, G.-Q., Luberto, C. Bcr-Abl regulation of sphingomyelin synthase 1 reveals a novel oncogenic-driven mechanism of protein up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitapriya Moorthi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Tara Ann Burns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gui-Qin Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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