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Pullambhatla M, Rowe SP, Lisok A, Wang Y, Todd GP, Danilkovitch A, Pomper MG. Enhancement of Radiotherapy with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Containing Gold Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:373-378. [PMID: 33364427 PMCID: PMC7744188 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common approach for the treatment of a wide variety of cancer types. Available data indicate that nanoparticles can enhance the effect of radiotherapy. We report the use of human mesenchymal stem cells to selectively deliver gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts in mice for the purpose of enhancing the effect of radiation therapy. Targeted delivery of GNPs to the tumor site, followed by irradiation of the tumor, enabled control of tumor growth. The results indicate that tumor-selective GNP delivery by human mesenchymal stem cells may represent a viable way to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Pullambhatla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Steven P Rowe
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Ala Lisok
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | | | | | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
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2
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Song P, Yao X, Zhong T, Zhang S, Guo Y, Ren W, Huang D, Duan XC, Yin YF, Zhang SS, Zhang X. The anti-tumor efficacy of 3-(2-Nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel (NPPA-PTX): a novel paclitaxel bioreductive prodrug. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48467-48480. [PMID: 27366947 PMCID: PMC5217032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important microenvironmental pressure present in the majority of solid tumors and, so, tumor hypoxia might be considered an attractive target for tumor therapy. One strategy for targeting hypoxia is to develop bioreductive prodrugs. In the present research, we synthesized a bioreductive paclitaxel prodrug, 3-(2-Nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel (NPPA-PTX). The stability of NPPA-PTX in PBS and rat plasma was investigated. The anti-tumor activity of NPPA-PTX was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of our stability study indicated that NPPA-PTX was stable in PBS and rat plasma as well as in the blood circulation. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of NPPA-PTX was confirmed in both KB cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results also indicated that NPPA-PTX could completely convert to active PTX in tumor tissues and produced the anti-tumor activity in both KB and MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing nude mice. We suggest that the dissociated PTX which converted from NPPA-PTX in tumor tissues played a key role in producing anti-tumor activity. Considering all our results, we suggest that NPPA-PTX is a novel bioreductive PTX prodrug which could undergo further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shu-Shi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Karnthaler-Benbakka C, Groza D, Kryeziu K, Pichler V, Roller A, Berger W, Heffeter P, Kowol CR. Tumorspezifische, Hypoxie-basierte Aktivierung von EGFR-Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Karnthaler-Benbakka C, Groza D, Kryeziu K, Pichler V, Roller A, Berger W, Heffeter P, Kowol CR. Tumor-targeting of EGFR inhibitors by hypoxia-mediated activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12930-12935. [PMID: 25079700 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was a major step forward in cancer treatment. However, the therapy with TKIs is limited by strong side effects and drug resistance. The aim of this study was the design of novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors that are specifically activated in malignant tissue. Thus, a Co(III) -based prodrug strategy for the targeted release of an EGFR inhibitor triggered by hypoxia in the solid tumor was used. New inhibitors with chelating moieties were prepared and tested for their EGFR-inhibitory potential. The most promising candidate was coupled to Co(III) and the biological activity tested in cell culture. Indeed, hypoxic activation and subsequent EGFR inhibition was proven. Finally, the compound was tested in vivo, also revealing potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Groza
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Verena Pichler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna (Austria); Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Austria)
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna (Austria); Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Austria)
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna (Austria); Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Austria)
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5
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Bothon FTD, Debiton E, Avlessi F, Forestier C, Teulade JC, Sohounhloue DKC. In vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal plants used in Benin as folk medicine. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:51. [PMID: 23452899 PMCID: PMC3599091 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts from Polygonum senegalensis (Polygonaceae) and Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) are two important traditionally used medicinal plants in rural Benin to treat many diseases and notably type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of those plants extract: Polygonum senegalensis leaves, and Pseudocedrela kotschyi root. METHODS Hydro-alcoholic (50%) extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical content and tested for their inhibition potency on α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and DCFH-DA (cell based) assay. Finally, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using MIC determination on four Gram-positive cocci (Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram-negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and the yeast Candida albicans. RESULTS Each extract presented significant α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activities. Polygonum senegalensis leaf extracts were the most active in each in vitro assay with an IC50 = 1.5 μg/ml for α-glucosidase inhibition and an IC50 = 6.8 μg/ml for DPPH scavenging, - 4.5 μmol Fe II/g of dry matter - 9366 μmol Trolox / g DW - for FRAP and ORAC values, respectively. IC50 = 2.3 μg GA / ml for DCFH-DA assay. Concerning its antibacterial activity, a growth inhibitory effect was observed only against three Gram negative bacilli: B. subtilis, E. faecalis, S. aureus and the yeast C. albicans at high concentration. CONCLUSION The results showed that the semi alcoholic extract of the two studied plants possess α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, antioxidant potency, and low antibacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fifa TD Bothon
- Clermont University, Université d’Auvergne, IMTV, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM, UMR 990, IMTV, F-63005, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Abomey Calavi, Laboratoire d’étude et de Recherche en chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Eric Debiton
- Clermont University, Université d’Auvergne, IMTV, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM, UMR 990, IMTV, F-63005, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Felicien Avlessi
- University of Abomey Calavi, Laboratoire d’étude et de Recherche en chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Christiane Forestier
- Clermont University, Université d’Auvergne, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, F-63177, Aubiere, France
| | - Jean-Claude Teulade
- Clermont University, Université d’Auvergne, IMTV, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM, UMR 990, IMTV, F-63005, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique KC Sohounhloue
- University of Abomey Calavi, Laboratoire d’étude et de Recherche en chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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Gonda M, Nieves M, Nunes E, López de Ceráin A, Monge A, Lavaggi ML, González M, Cerecetto H. Phenazine N,N′-dioxide scaffold as selective hypoxic cytotoxin pharmacophore. Structural modifications looking for further DNA topoisomerase II-inhibition activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Kimura S, Umeda IO, Moriyama N, Fujii H. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel (99m)Tc-labeled bioreductive probe for tumor hypoxia imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7359-62. [PMID: 22078213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is closely associated with the malignant progression and/or the high metastatic ability of tumors and often induces resistance to chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Thus, the detection and evaluation of hypoxia is important for the optimization of cancer therapy. We designed a novel (99m)Tc-labeled probe for tumor hypoxia imaging that utilizes bioreductive reactions in hypoxic cells. This probe, which contains a 4-nitrobenzyl ester group, is reduced in hypoxic cells to produce a corresponding carboxylate anion that cannot penetrate cell membranes because of its hydrophilicity and negative charge; therefore, it is expected to be trapped inside hypoxic cells. Based on this unique strategy, we synthesized the Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-labeled probe (99m)Tc-SD32. The uptake of (99m)Tc-SD32 in tumor cells was investigated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (99m)Tc-SD32 showed sufficient accumulation and good retention in hypoxic cells. In addition, we demonstrated that (99m)Tc-SD32 was subjected to bioreduction in hypoxic cells and was trapped as the corresponding carboxylate anion. These results indicated that (99m)Tc-SD32 would be a promising agent for in vivo hypoxia imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaaki Kimura
- Functional Imaging Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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Giglio J, Fernández S, Rey A, Cerecetto H. Synthesis and biological characterisation of novel dithiocarbamate containing 5-nitroimidazole 99mTc-complexes as potential agents for targeting hypoxia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:394-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Chevalier S, Goupille C, Mahéo K, Domingo I, Dussiau C, Renoux B, Bougnoux P, Papot S. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid proposed to sensitize breast tumors to locally delivered drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Blanche EA, Maskell L, Colucci MA, Whatmore JL, Moody CJ. Synthesis of potential prodrug systems for reductive activation. Prodrugs for anti-angiogenic isoflavones and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory oxindoles. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Lavaggi ML, Cabrera M, González M, Cerecetto H. Differential Enzymatic Reductions Governing the Differential Hypoxia-Selective Cytotoxicities of Phenazine 5,10-Dioxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1900-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Lavaggi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Synthesis of 2-aryl-6-methyl-5-nitroquinoline derivatives as potential prodrug systems for reductive activation. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Adikesavan AK, Jaiswal AK. Thioredoxin-like domains required for glucose regulatory protein 58 mediated reductive activation of mitomycin C leading to DNA cross-linking. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:2719-27. [PMID: 17938265 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose regulatory protein (GRP58) is known to mediate mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DNA cross-linking. However, the mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesized that thioredoxin-like domains, one at NH2 terminus and another at COOH terminus, are required for GRP58-mediated MMC reductive activation leading to DNA cross-linking. Site-directed mutagenesis mutated cysteines in thioredoxin domains to serines. Wild-type (WT) and mutant GRP58 were cloned in pcDNA to produce GRP58 V5-tagged WT and mutant proteins on transfection in mammalian cells. Human colon carcinoma (HCT116) cells transiently expressing and Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing WT and mutant GRP58 were analyzed for MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. WT GRP58 was highly efficient in MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. However, both NH2- and COOH-terminal thioredoxin mutants showed significant reduction in MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. The coexpression of GRP58 with thioredoxin reductase 1 and/or treatment of cells with NADPH increased MMC-induced DNA cross-linking from the WT GRP58. In similar experiments, siRNA inhibition of thioredoxin reductase 1 led to decreased MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. Further experiments revealed that mutations in thioredoxin domains led to significant decrease in metabolic reductive activation of MMC. These results led to conclusion that GRP58, through its two thioredoxin-like domains, functions as a reductase leading to bioreductive drug MMC activation and DNA cross-linking.
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Colucci MA, Moody CJ, Couch GD. Natural and synthetic quinones and their reduction by the quinone reductase enzyme NQO1: from synthetic organic chemistry to compounds with anticancer potential. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 6:637-56. [PMID: 18264564 DOI: 10.1039/b715270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quinone reductase enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a ubiquitous flavoenzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones. This Perspective briefly reviews the structure and mechanism, physiological role, and upregulation and induction of the enzyme, but focuses on the synthesis of new heterocyclic quinones and their metabolism by recombinant human NQO1. Thus a range of indolequinones, some of which are novel analogues of mitomycin C, benzimidazolequinones, benzothiazolequinones and quinolinequinones have been prepared and evaluated, leading to detailed knowledge of the structural requirements for efficient metabolism by the enzyme. Potent mechanism-based inhibitors (suicide substrates) of NQO1 have also been developed. These indolequinones irreversibly alkylate the protein, preventing its function both in standard enzyme assays and also in cells. Some of these quinones are also potent inhibitors of growth of human pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting a potential role for such compounds as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Colucci
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
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15
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Thomson P, Naylor MA, Stratford MRL, Lewis G, Hill S, Patel KB, Wardman P, Davis PD. Hypoxia-driven elimination of thiopurines from their nitrobenzyl prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4320-2. [PMID: 17517505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel bioreductive prodrug of 6-thioguanine, 2-amino-6-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-ylsulfanyl]-9H-purine, containing a gem-dimethyl thioether linkage, was synthesised and compared with its unsubstituted analogue. In A549 whole cell experiments hypoxia selective release of 6-thioguanine was observed with the substituted prodrug only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomson
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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16
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Lynch M, Hehir S, Kavanagh P, Leech D, O'Shaughnessy J, Carty MP, Aldabbagh F. Synthesis by radical cyclization and cytotoxicity of highly potent bioreductive alicyclic ring fused [1,2-a]benzimidazolequinones. Chemistry 2007; 13:3218-26. [PMID: 17200920 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The key step in the synthesis of new five, six and seven-membered alicyclic ring [1,2-a]-fused bioreductive benzimidazolequinones was radical cyclisation. Six and seven-membered tributyltin hydride-mediated homolytic aromatic substitutions of nucleophilic N-alkyl radicals onto the benzimidazole-2-position occurred in high yields (63-70 %) when quaternising the pyridine-like 3-N of imidazole with camphorsulfonic acid and using large excesses of the azo-initiator, 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), to supplement the non-chain reaction. Elaboration of benzimidazoles to the benzimidazolequinones occurred in excellent yields. The IC50 values for the cytotoxicity of benzimidazolequinones towards the human skin fibroblast cell line GM00637 were in the nanomolar range, as determined by using the MTT assay. The benzimidazolequinones were much more cytotoxic than indolequinone analogues. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole-6,9-dione was the most potent compound prepared being more than 300 times more cytotoxic than the clinically used bioreductive drug, mitomycin C. The latter benzimidazolequinone was more potent under hypoxic conditions (associated with solid tumors), being 4.4 times more cytotoxic than under aerobic conditions, while mitomycin C was 1.8 times more selective towards hypoxia. The cyclopropane fused pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazolequinone, 1a,2,3,9b-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa[3,4]pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole-5,8-dione was less cytotoxic and selective than the five-membered ring analogue, 1,1a,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[3,4]pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole-3,6-dione. Modifying the structure of the most potent pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazolequinone by attaching methyl substituents onto the quinone moiety increased reductive potentials and decreased cytotoxicity and selectivity towards hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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17
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Wardman P. Chemical radiosensitizers for use in radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:397-417. [PMID: 17478086 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiosensitizers are intended to enhance tumour cell killing while having much less effect on normal tissues. Some drugs target different physiological characteristics of the tumour, particularly hypoxia associated with radioresistance. Oxygen is the definitive hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, the large differential radiosensitivity of oxic vs hypoxic cells being an attractive factor. The combination of nicotinamide to reduce acute hypoxia with normobaric carbogen breathing is showing clinical promise. 'Electron-affinic' chemicals that react with DNA free radicals have the potential for universal activity to combat hypoxia-associated radioresistance; a nitroimidazole, nimorazole, is clinically effective at tolerable doses. Hypoxia-specific cytotoxins, such as tirapazamine, are valuable adjuncts to radiotherapy. Nitric oxide is a potent hypoxic cell radiosensitizer; variations in endogenous levels might have prognostic significance, and routes to deliver nitric oxide specifically to tumours are being developed. In principle, many drugs can be delivered selectively to hypoxic tumours using either reductase enzymes or radiation-produced free radicals to activate drug release from electron-affinic prodrugs. A redox-active agent based on a gadolinium chelate is being evaluated clinically. Pyrimidines substituted with bromine or iodine are incorporated into DNA and enhance free radical damage; fluoropyrimidines act by different mechanisms. A wide variety of drugs that influence the nature or repair of DNA damage are being evaluated in conjunction with radiation; it is often difficult to define the mechanisms underlying chemoradiation regimens. Drugs being evaluated include topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g. camptothecin, topotecan), and the hypoxia-activated anthraquinone AQ4N; alkylating agents include temozolomide. Drugs involved in DNA repair pathways being investigated include the potent poly(ADP ribose)polymerase inhibitor, AG14,361. Proteins involved in cell signalling, such as the Ras family, are attractive targets linked to radioresistance, as are epidermal growth factor receptors and linked kinases (drugs including vandetanib [ZD6,474], cetuximab and gefitinib), and cyclooxygenase-2 (celecoxib). The suppression of radioprotective thiols seems to offer more potential with alkylating agents than with radiotherapy, although it remains a strategy worthy of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wardman
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, PO Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood HA6 2JR, UK.
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Shyu KG, Huang ST, Kuo HS, Cheng WP, Lin YL. Antitumor activity of a novel bis-aziridinylnaphthoquinone (AZ4) mediating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H460. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:559-66. [PMID: 17376296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The cytotoxic activities of a series of bis-aziridinylnaphthoquinone, AZ1 to AZ4, on human lung carcinoma cell lines, H460, and normal lung cells fibroblast cell line, MRC-5, and the mechanisms of H460 cells induced by AZ4 were investigated. METHODS The MTT assay was used to determine the cell proliferation. Cell cycle was analysed by FACS. The activity of caspase 3, 8 and 9 was determined by cell-permeable fluorogenic detection system. Western blot assay was used to evaluate the regulation of cyclin B, Cdc-2, p53, p21, and the Bcl-2 protein. RESULTS AZ1 to AZ4 displayed various cytotoxicity activities against H460 and MRC-5 cells. Compared to those compounds, AZ4 was with the most effective agent among the 5 tested analogues at reducing H460 cell viability with an IC(50) value of 1.23 micromol/L; it also exhibited weak cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells with an IC(50) value of 12.7 micromol/L. The results show that growth arrest on the G2-M phase of H460 cells induced by AZ4 for 24 h was discovered, and this might be altered with the reduced Cdc-2 protein expression of 47% at 2.0 micromol/L AZ4, but not with cyclin B protein expression. The AZ4 treated cells were then led to apoptosis after 48 h. This was associated with the activation of apoptotic enzyme caspase 3 and mediated by caspase 8, but not caspase 9 at various concentrations of AZ4 after being cultured for 48 h and 30 h, respectively. The anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) expression in H460 cells altered by 39% with downregulation, and the p53 protein by 25% with upregulation after being cultured with 2.0 micromol/L AZ4 for 48 h. In a time-dependent manner, the expression of the p53 and p21 proteins were increased to the maximum at 24 h, and then decreased at 48. CONCLUSION AZ4 represents a novel antitumor aziridinylnaphthoquinone with therapeutic potential against the non-small cell lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-gea Shyu
- Division of Cardiac, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan, China
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Maskell L, Blanche EA, Colucci MA, Whatmore JL, Moody CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of prodrugs for anti-angiogenic pyrrolylmethylidenyl oxindoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1575-8. [PMID: 17254788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potential prodrugs of inhibitors of VEGF-induced angiogenesis have been investigated. The prodrug systems studied were the 4-nitrobenzyl, 2-nitrophenylacetyl and 3-methyl-3-(3,6-dimethylbenzo-1,4-quinon-2-yl)butanoyl groups, readily attached to acidic OH or NH groups in drug molecules, and released upon bioreductive activation. The anti-angiogenic compounds studied were the pyrrolylmethylidenyl oxindole SU5416 (semaxanib) and its novel 6-hydroxy derivative. The potentially pro-anti-angiogenic compounds were assayed for their ability to block VEGF-induced angiogenesis in HUVECS in comparison to the free agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Maskell
- Peninsula Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Thomson P, Naylor MA, Everett SA, Stratford MRL, Lewis G, Hill S, Patel KB, Wardman P, Davis PD. Synthesis and biological properties of bioreductively targeted nitrothienyl prodrugs of combretastatin A-4. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:2886-94. [PMID: 17121936 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrothienylprop-2-yl ether formation on the 3'-phenolic position of combretastatin A-4 (1) abolishes the cytotoxicity and tubulin polymerization-inhibitory effects of the drug. 5-Nitrothiophene derivatives of 1 were synthesized following model kinetic studies with analogous coumarin derivatives, and of these, compound 13 represents a promising new lead in bioreductively targeted cytotoxic anticancer therapies. In this compound, optimized gem-dimethyl alpha-carbon substitution enhances both the aerobic metabolic stability and the efficiency of hypoxia-mediated drug release. Only the gem-substituted derivative 13 released 1 under anoxia in either in vitro whole-cell experiments or supersomal suspensions. The rate of release of 1 from the radical anions of these prodrugs is enhanced by greater methyl substitution on the alpha-carbon. Cellular and supersomal studies showed that this alpha-substitution pattern controls the useful range of oxygen concentrations over which 1 can be effectively released by the prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomson
- Gray Cancer Institute, University of Oxford, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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Price JA, Sanny CG, Shevlin D. Application of manual assessment of oxygen radical absorbent capacity (ORAC) for use in high throughput assay of “total” antioxidant activity of drugs and natural products. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 54:56-61. [PMID: 16337142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antioxidants are of particular interest in a spectrum of diseases, and thus are an active area of drug discovery and design. It is important to make considered choices as to which assay chemistry will best serve for particular investigations. We examined the manual oxygen radical absorbent capacity (ORAC) assay for "total" antioxidant activity, including a direct comparison to an alternative technique, the AOP-490 assay, using a panel of extracts from 12 phylogenetically unrelated algae. METHODS The AOP-490 assay was done per manufacturer's protocol. The ORAC assay was done by hand, in 96-well plates, not by machine as had been previously published. Our ORAC calculations were done using an in-experiment antioxidant standard curve. Results were reported as equivalents of the antioxidant Trolox, which was used as a standard. RESULTS With the AOP-490 kit (from Oxis Research) widespread activity was found, but not in all samples. When the ORAC method was used to assay aliquots of the same extracts there was significant activity detected in all samples, and the rank order of activity by the two methods was not identical. The data showed the wide occurrence of antioxidants in algae. The standard curve with the manual ORAC assay was linear in the range tested (0-100 mM Trolox) and had excellent reproducibility. DISCUSSION The importance of the beneficial effects of antioxidants is currently an area of active interest for drug development, and thus it is of great value to have an assay that is robust and approximates "total" antioxidant activity in a high throughput format. The ORAC (oxygen radical absorbent capacity) method was adapted to microplates and an eight-channel pipette and was more effective in detecting "total" antioxidant activity than the AOP-490 assay. These results might vary with other types of samples, and would depend on the active agents measured, but do suggest the practical value of the ORAC assay for any laboratory not ready for robotics but using manual 96-well format assays, and the utility of the ORAC assay for evaluating algal, and probably other samples as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Price
- Department of Pathology, OSU-COM, 1111 W. 17th. St., Tulsa, OK 74107, USA.
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Peng YC, Kuo HS, Tsai HD, Yang YP, Lin YL. The lethal effect of bis-type azridinylnaphthoquinone derivative on oral cancer cells (OEC-M1) associated with anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:263-72. [PMID: 16213738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs of aziridinylbenzoquinone analogs have undergone clinical trials as potential antitumor drugs. These bioreductive compounds are designed to kill tumor cells preferentially within the hypoxic microenvironment. From our previous reported data, it was found that the synthesized 2-aziridin-1-yl-3-[(2-[2-[(3-aziridin-1-yl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)thio]ethoxy]ethyl)thio]naphthoquinone (AZ-1) is a bioreductive compound with potent lethal effect on oral cancer cell, OEC-M1. It was found in this study that the lethal effect of the oral cancer cell lines OEC-M1 induced by AZ-1 was mediated through the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathway. The LC50 values of OEC-M1 and KB cells induced by AZ-1 compound were 0.72 and 1.02 microM, respectively, which were much lower than that of normal fibroblast cells (SF with LC50 = 5.6 microM) with more than 90% of normal fibroblasts surviving as compared to control at a concentration of AZ-1 as high as 2 microM. It was interesting to note that the LC50 of monotype diaziridinylbenzoquinone compound, diaziquone (AZQ), was 50 microM on OEC-M1 cells. Comparing the cytotoxicity of AZ-1 and AZQ on OEC-M1 cells, AZ-1 is approximately 70 times more potent than AZQ. By using Western blot, both G2/M phase cell cycle arresting protein, cyclin B, and anti-apoptotic protein, bcl-2, were expressed in OEC-M1 cell when the concentrations of AZ-1 were increased from 0.125 to 0.5 microM and then decreased from 1 to 2 microM of AZ-1 treatment as compared with control for 24 h. Both proteins were expressed most abundantly at 0.5 microM AZ-1. However, the expression of bcl-2 protein in OEC-M1 was significantly decreasing in a dose-dependent manner and was only about 50% protein level at 2 microM AZ-1 for 48h as compared with control. The cell survival check protein p53 increased from 1.72- to 2.8-fold and 1.36- to 2.16-fold at concentrations of AZ-1 from 0.125 to 2.0 microM in a dose-dependently increasing manner on OEC-M1 as compared with control for 24 and48 h treatments, respectively. The apoptotic-related phenomena were observed, which included apoptotic body formation and the enzyme activity change of caspase-3. The apoptotic bodies and caspase-3 activity of OEC-M1 were induced only at 2 microM AZ-1 for a 24h treatment, yet apoptotic body formation was observed at as low as 0.5 microM AZ-1 and in a dose-dependently increasing manner for a 48 h treatment. The caspase-3 activity was increased 20.6%, 26.8%, and 84.2%, respectively, at 0.5, 1, and 2muM concentrations of AZ-1 for a 48 h treatment as compared with control. These results indicate that AZ-1 induced the cell death of OEC-M1 through the G2/M phase arrest of cell cycle and anti-apoptosis first and then apoptosis following a 48 h treatment. All of the pathway might be associated with bcl-2 and p53 protein expression. We propose that the AZ-1 could be used as anti-oral cancer drug for future studies with animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Peng
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, ROC
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Zhang Z, Tanabe K, Hatta H, Nishimoto SI. Bioreduction activated prodrugs of camptothecin: molecular design, synthesis, activation mechanism and hypoxia selective cytotoxicity. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1905-10. [PMID: 15889173 DOI: 10.1039/b502813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several water-soluble derivatives (CPT3, CPT3a-d) of camptothecin (CPT) were synthesized, among which CPT3 bearing an N,N'-dimethyl-1-aminoethylcarbamate side-chain was further conjugated with reductively eliminating structural units of indolequinone, 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol and 4-nitrofuryl alcohol to produce novel prodrugs of camptothecin (CPT4-6). All CPT derivatives were of lower cytotoxicity than their parent compound of CPT. In contrast, CPT4 and CPT6 showed higher hypoxia selectivity of cytotoxicity towards tumor cells than CPT. A mechanism by which a representative prodrug CPT4 is activated in the presence of DT-diaphorase to release CPT was also discussed. The bioreduction activated CPT prodrugs including CPT4 and CPT6 are identified to be promising for application to the hypoxia targeting tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouen Zhang
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martin Brown
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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