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Zhang LY, Zhang SY, Wen R, Zhang TN, Yang N. Role of histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in neurological diseases. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107410. [PMID: 39276955 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are zinc-dependent deacetylases that remove acetyl groups from lysine residues of histones or form protein complexes with other proteins for transcriptional repression, changing chromatin structure tightness, and inhibiting gene expression. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have amply demonstrated the critical role of HDACs in the cell biology of the nervous system during both physiological and pathological processes and have provided new insights into the conduct of research on neurological disease targets. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies on HDAC inhibitors show promise for the treatment of various diseases. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of HDAC and the important role of its downstream targets in nervous system diseases, and summarizes the therapeutic mechanisms and efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in various nervous system diseases. Additionally, the current pharmacological situation, problems, and developmental prospects of HDAC inhibitors are described. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of HDACs in the nervous system may reveal new targets for therapeutic interventions in diseases and help to relieve healthcare pressure through preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Sen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ri Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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2
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San José-Enériz E, Gimenez-Camino N, Rabal O, Garate L, Miranda E, Gómez-Echarte N, García F, Charalampopoulou S, Sáez E, Vilas-Zornoza A, San Martín-Uriz P, Valcárcel LV, Barrena N, Alignani D, Tamariz-Amador LE, Pérez-Ruiz A, Hilscher S, Schutkowski M, Alfonso-Pierola A, Martinez-Calle N, Larrayoz MJ, Paiva B, Calasanz MJ, Muñoz J, Isasa M, Martin-Subero JI, Pineda-Lucena A, Oyarzabal J, Agirre X, Prósper F. Epigenetic-based differentiation therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5570. [PMID: 38956053 PMCID: PMC11219871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of novel therapies for acute myeloid leukemia, outcomes remain poor for most patients, and therapeutic improvements are an urgent unmet need. Although treatment regimens promoting differentiation have succeeded in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, their role in other acute myeloid leukemia subtypes needs to be explored. Here we identify and characterize two lysine deacetylase inhibitors, CM-444 and CM-1758, exhibiting the capacity to promote myeloid differentiation in all acute myeloid leukemia subtypes at low non-cytotoxic doses, unlike other commercial histone deacetylase inhibitors. Analyzing the acetylome after CM-444 and CM-1758 treatment reveals modulation of non-histone proteins involved in the enhancer-promoter chromatin regulatory complex, including bromodomain proteins. This acetylation is essential for enhancing the expression of key transcription factors directly involved in the differentiation therapy induced by CM-444/CM-1758 in acute myeloid leukemia. In summary, these compounds may represent effective differentiation-based therapeutic agents across acute myeloid leukemia subtypes with a potential mechanism for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne San José-Enériz
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naroa Gimenez-Camino
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small-Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Garate
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Miranda
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nahia Gómez-Echarte
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando García
- ProteoRed-ISCIII, Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella Charalampopoulou
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sáez
- Small-Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Vilas-Zornoza
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patxi San Martín-Uriz
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis V Valcárcel
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- TECNUN, Universidad de Navarra, Manuel de Lardizábal 13, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Naroa Barrena
- TECNUN, Universidad de Navarra, Manuel de Lardizábal 13, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Alignani
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Esteban Tamariz-Amador
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and CCUN, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Ruiz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Hilscher
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Ana Alfonso-Pierola
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and CCUN, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Martinez-Calle
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and CCUN, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María José Larrayoz
- CIMA LAB Diagnostics, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Calasanz
- CIMA LAB Diagnostics, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces Plaza, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marta Isasa
- ProteoRed-ISCIII, Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martin-Subero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Small-Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small-Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, IDISNA, CCUN, Avenida Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and CCUN, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Zhang T, Zhou C, Lv M, Yu J, Cheng S, Cui X, Wan X, Ahmad M, Xu B, Qin J, Meng X, Luo H. Trifluoromethyl quinoline derivative targets inhibiting HDAC1 for promoting the acetylation of histone in cervical cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106706. [PMID: 38244809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological malignant tumors, especially due to the poor prognosis of patients with advanced tumors due to recurrence, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, exploring new antineoplastic drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity may bring new expectations in patients with cervical cancer. Natural products and their derivatives exert an antitumor activity. Therefore, in this work, combined with network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation, we investigated the anti-cervical cancer activity and molecular mechanism of a new trifluoromethyl quinoline (FKL) derivative in vivo and in vitro. FKL117 inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner, induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and regulated the expression of the apoptotic and cell cycle-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin B1, and CDC2. We used online databases to obtain HDAC1 as one of the possible targets of FKL117 and the target binding and binding affinity were modeled by molecular docking. The results showed that FKL117 formed a hydrogen bond with HDAC1 and had good binding ability. We found that FKL117 targeted to inhibit the expression and function of HDAC1 and increased the acetylation of histone H3 and H4, which was also confirmed in vivo. The migration of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm further verified the above results. In conclusion, our study suggested that FKL117 might be used as a novel candidate for targeting the inhibition of HDAC1 against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Changhua Zhou
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Mengfan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xudong Cui
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xinwei Wan
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Mashaal Ahmad
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Bixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Juan Qin
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xueling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Heng Luo
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China.
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4
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Patil RS, Maloney ME, Lucas R, Fulton DJR, Patel V, Bagi Z, Kovacs-Kasa A, Kovacs L, Su Y, Verin AD. Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology. Biomolecules 2024; 14:140. [PMID: 38397377 PMCID: PMC10886568 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and, as such, provides a semi-selective barrier between the blood and the interstitial space. Compromise of the lung EC barrier due to inflammatory or toxic events may result in pulmonary edema, which is a cardinal feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The EC functions are controlled, at least in part, via epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Zinc-dependent HDACs represent the largest group of HDACs and are activated by Zn2+. Members of this HDAC group are involved in epigenetic regulation primarily by modifying the structure of chromatin upon removal of acetyl groups from histones. In addition, they can deacetylate many non-histone histone proteins, including those located in extranuclear compartments. Recently, the therapeutic potential of inhibiting zinc-dependent HDACs for EC barrier preservation has gained momentum. However, the role of specific HDAC subtypes in EC barrier regulation remains largely unknown. This review aims to provide an update on the role of zinc-dependent HDACs in endothelial dysfunction and its related diseases. We will broadly focus on biological contributions, signaling pathways and transcriptional roles of HDACs in endothelial pathobiology associated mainly with lung diseases, and we will discuss the potential of their inhibitors for lung injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - McKenzie E. Maloney
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vijay Patel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Laszlo Kovacs
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Yu X, Zhao H, Wang R, Chen Y, Ouyang X, Li W, Sun Y, Peng A. Cancer epigenetics: from laboratory studies and clinical trials to precision medicine. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:28. [PMID: 38225241 PMCID: PMC10789753 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of a myriad of human diseases, particularly cancer. Defining the epigenetic defects associated with malignant tumors has become a focus of cancer research resulting in the gradual elucidation of cancer cell epigenetic regulation. In fact, most stages of tumor progression, including tumorigenesis, promotion, progression, and recurrence are accompanied by epigenetic alterations, some of which can be reversed by epigenetic drugs. The main objective of epigenetic therapy in the era of personalized precision medicine is to detect cancer biomarkers to improve risk assessment, diagnosis, and targeted treatment interventions. Rapid technological advancements streamlining the characterization of molecular epigenetic changes associated with cancers have propelled epigenetic drug research and development. This review summarizes the main mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation and discusses past and present examples of epigenetic inhibitors in cancer diagnosis and treatment, with an emphasis on the development of epigenetic enzyme inhibitors or drugs. In the final part, the prospect of precise diagnosis and treatment is considered based on a better understanding of epigenetic abnormalities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital Affiliated with China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443000, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yingyin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Xumei Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yihao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Anghui Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Das T, Khatun S, Jha T, Gayen S. HDAC9 as a Privileged Target: Reviewing its Role in Different Diseases and Structure-activity Relationships (SARs) of its Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:767-784. [PMID: 37818566 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575267301230919165827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
HDAC9 is a histone deacetylase enzyme belonging to the class IIa of HDACs which catalyses histone deacetylation. HDAC9 inhibit cell proliferation by repairing DNA, arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and altering genetic expression. HDAC9 plays a significant part in human physiological system and are involved in various type of diseases like cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and CVD, autoimmune response, inflammatory disease, osteoporosis and liver fibrosis. This review discusses the role of HDAC9 in different diseases and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of various hydroxamate and non-hydroxamate-based inhibitors. SAR of compounds containing several scaffolds have been discussed in detail. Moreover, structural requirements regarding the various components of HDAC9 inhibitor (cap group, linker and zinc-binding group) has been highlighted in this review. Though, HDAC9 is a promising target for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer, a very few research are available. Thus, this review may provide useful information for designing novel HDAC9 inhibitors to fight against different diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Samima Khatun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Nakagawa-Saito Y, Mitobe Y, Suzuki S, Togashi K, Sugai A, Kitanaka C, Okada M. Domatinostat Targets the FOXM1-Survivin Axis to Reduce the Viability of Ovarian Cancer Cells Alone and in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10817. [PMID: 37445993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of the FOXM1 transcription factor is a key molecular alteration in ovarian cancer, contributing to the development and progression of ovarian cancer via activation of the target genes. As such, FOXM1 is a highly attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of ovarian cancer, but there has been no clinically tested FOXM1 inhibitor to date. We investigated in this study the effects of domatinostat, a class I-selective HDAC inhibitor currently in the clinical stage of development as a cancer therapeutic, on the expression of FOXM1 and viability of ovarian cancer cells. Cell viability, as well as protein and mRNA expression of FOXM1 and its transcriptional target survivin, was examined after domatinostat treatment of TOV21G and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines in the absence or presence of cisplatin and paclitaxel. The effect of FOXM1 knockdown on survivin expression and those of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of survivin alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agents on cell viability were also examined. Domatinostat reduced the protein and mRNA expression of FOXM1 and survivin and also the viability of ovarian cancer cells alone and in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel at clinically relevant concentrations. Knockdown experiments showed survivin expression was dependent on FOXM1 in ovarian cancer cells. Survivin inhibition was sufficient to reduce the viability of ovarian cancer cells alone and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agents. Our findings suggest that domatinostat, which effectively targets the FOXM1-survivin axis required for the viability of ovarian cancer cells, is a promising option for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Nakagawa-Saito
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuta Mitobe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keita Togashi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sugai
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chifumi Kitanaka
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Research Institute for Promotion of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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8
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Luo G, Liu B, Fu T, Liu Y, Li B, Li N, Geng Q. The Role of Histone Deacetylases in Acute Lung Injury-Friend or Foe. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097876. [PMID: 37175583 PMCID: PMC10178380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), caused by intrapulmonary or extrapulmonary factors such as pneumonia, shock, and sepsis, eventually disrupts the alveolar-capillary barrier, resulting in diffuse pulmonary oedema and microatasis, manifested by refractory hypoxemia, and respiratory distress. Not only is ALI highly lethal, but even if a patient survives, there are also multiple sequelae. Currently, there is no better treatment than supportive care, and we urgently need to find new targets to improve ALI. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetically important enzymes that, together with histone acetylases (HATs), regulate the acetylation levels of histones and non-histones. While HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) play a therapeutic role in cancer, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases, there is also a large body of evidence suggesting the potential of HDACs as therapeutic targets in ALI. This review explores the unique mechanisms of HDACs in different cell types of ALI, including macrophages, pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (VECs), alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bohao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tinglv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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9
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Duan Y, Yu T, Jin L, Zhang S, Shi X, Zhang Y, Zhou N, Xu Y, Lu W, Zhou H, Zhu H, Bai S, Hu K, Guan Y. Discovery of novel, potent, and orally bioavailable HDACs inhibitors with LSD1 inhibitory activity for the treatment of solid tumors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115367. [PMID: 37086699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) are attractive targets for epigenetic cancer therapy. There is an intimate interplay between the two enzymes. HDACs inhibitors have shown synergistic anticancer effects in combination with LSD1 inhibitors in several types of cancer. Herein, we describe the discovery of compound 5e, a highly potent HDACs inhibitor (HDAC1/2/6/8; IC50 = 2.07/4.71/2.40/107 nM) with anti-LSD1 potency (IC50 = 1.34 μM). Compound 5e exhibited marked antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell lines. 5e effectively induced mitochondrial apoptosis with G2/M phase arrest, inhibiting cell migration and invasion in MGC-803 and HCT-116 cancer cells. It also showed good liver microsomal stability and acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters in SD rats. More importantly, orally administered compound 5e demonstrated higher in vivo antitumor efficacy than SAHA in the MGC-803 (TGI = 71.5%) and HCT-116 (TGI = 57.6%) xenograft tumor models accompanied by good tolerability. This study provides a novel lead compound with dual inhibitory activity against HDACs and LSD1 to further develop epigenetic drugs for solid tumor therapy. Further optimization is needed to improve the LSD1 activity to achieve dual inhibitors with balanced potency on LSD1 and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Nanqian Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, 450003, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yongtao Xu
- School of Medical Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Lu
- School of Medical Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Suping Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Kua Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
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10
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Sun N, Yang K, Yan W, Yao M, Yu C, Duan W, Gu X, Guo D, Jiang H, Xie C, Cheng J. Design and Synthesis of Triazole-Containing HDAC Inhibitors That Induce Antitumor Effects and Immune Response. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4802-4826. [PMID: 36934335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an epigenetic antitumor drug target, but most existing HDAC inhibitors show limited antitumor activity and their use is often accompanied by serious adverse effects. To overcome these problems, we designed and synthesized a series of triazole-containing compounds as novel HDAC inhibitors. Among them, compound 19h exhibited potent and selective inhibition of HDAC1, with good antiproliferative activity in vitro and an excellent pharmacokinetic profile. Compound 19h significantly inhibited the growth of human tumor xenografts in nude mice and murine tumor growth in immune-competent mice bearing MC38 colon cancer. In the MC38 model, 19h increased the ratio of splenic CD4+ T effector cells and promoted complete tumor regression in 5/6 animals when combined with the mPD-1 antibody. These results suggested that selective class I HDAC inhibitors exert direct tumor growth inhibition and indirect immune cell-mediated antitumor effects and are synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingyue Yao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Chengcheng Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenwen Duan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoke Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chengying Xie
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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11
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Therapeutic potential of natural molecules against Alzheimer's disease via SIRT1 modulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114474. [PMID: 36878051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. Recent studies have shown that regulating silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) expression has a significant neuroprotective effect, and SIRT1 may become a new therapeutic target for AD. Natural molecules are an important source of drug development for use in AD therapy and may regulate a wide range of biological events by regulating SIRT1 as well as other SIRT1-mediated signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the correlation between SIRT1 and AD and to identify in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the anti-AD properties of natural molecules as modulators of SIRT1 and SIRT1-mediated signaling pathways. A literature search was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and October 2022 using various literature databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and EMBASE. Natural molecules, such as resveratrol, quercetin, icariin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, dihydromyricetin, salidroside, patchouli, sesamin, rhein, ligustilide, tetramethoxyflavanone, 1-theanine, schisandrin, curcumin, betaine, pterostilbene, ampelopsin, schisanhenol, and eriodictyol, have the potential to modulate SIRT1 and SIRT1 signaling pathways, thereby combating AD. The natural molecules modulating SIRT1 discussed in this review provide a potentially novel multi-mechanistic therapeutic strategy for AD. However, future clinical trials need to be conducted to further investigate their beneficial properties and to determine the safety and efficacy of SIRT1 natural activators against AD.
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12
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Di Bello E, Sian V, Bontempi G, Zwergel C, Fioravanti R, Noce B, Castiello C, Tomassi S, Corinti D, Passeri D, Pellicciari R, Mercurio C, Varasi M, Altucci L, Tripodi M, Strippoli R, Nebbioso A, Valente S, Mai A. Novel pyridine-containing histone deacetylase inhibitors strongly arrest proliferation, induce apoptosis and modulate miRNAs in cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115022. [PMID: 36549114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
After over 30 years of research, the development of HDAC inhibitors led to five FDA/Chinese FDA-approved drugs and many others under clinical or preclinical investigation to treat cancer and non-cancer diseases. Herein, based on our recent development of pyridine-based isomers as HDAC inhibitors, we report a series of novel 5-acylamino-2-pyridylacrylic- and -picolinic hydroxamates and 2'-aminoanilides 5-8 as anticancer agents. The hydroxamate 5d proved to be quite HDAC3/6-selective exhibiting IC50 values of 80 and 11 nM, respectively, whereas the congener 5e behaved as inhibitor of HDAC1-3, -6, -8, and -10 (class I/IIb-selective inhibitor) at nanomolar level. Compound 5e provided a huge antiproliferative activity (nanomolar IC50 values) against both haematological and solid cancer cell lines. In leukaemia U937 cells, the hydroxamate 5d and the 2'-aminoanilide 8f induced remarkable cell death after 48 h, with 76% and 100% pre-G1 phase arrest, respectively, showing a stronger effect with respect to SAHA and MS-275 used as reference compounds. In U937 cells, the highest dose- and time-dependent cytodifferentiation was obtained by the 2'-aminoanilide 8d (up to 35% of CD11c positive/propidium iodide negative cells at 5 μM for 48 h). The same 8d and the hydroxamates 5d and 5e were the most effective in inducing p21 protein expression in the same cell line. Mechanistically, 5d, 5e, 8d and 8f increased mRNA expression of p21, BAX and BAK, downregulated cyclin D1 and BCL-2 and modulated pro- and anti-apoptotic microRNAs towards apoptosis induction. Finally, 5e strongly arrested proliferation in nine different haematological cancer cell lines, with dual-digit nanomolar potency towards MV4-11, Kasumi-1, and NB4, being more potent than mocetinostat, used as reference drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Bello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Sian
- Department of Precision Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Bontempi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Noce
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Castiello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Corinti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma S.r.l., Via P. Togliatti 20, Corciano, 06073, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Mercurio
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Varasi
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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