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Joo K, Karsulovic C, Sore M, Hojman L. Pivotal Role of mTOR in Non-Skin Manifestations of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6778. [PMID: 38928483 PMCID: PMC11204213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting 2% of the Western population. It includes diverse manifestations influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune status. The sustained activation of mTOR is a key element in psoriasis pathogenesis, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation of cytokines. Furthermore, mTOR activation has been linked with the transition from psoriasis to non-skin manifestations such as psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular events. While therapies targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines have shown efficacy, additional pathways may offer therapeutic potential. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, known for its role in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in psoriasis. This review explores the relevance of mTOR in psoriasis pathophysiology, focusing on its involvement in cutaneous and atheromatous plaque proliferation, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. The activation of mTOR promotes keratinocyte and synovial cell proliferation, contributing to plaque formation and joint inflammation. Moreover, mTOR activation may exacerbate the cardiovascular risk by promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and dysregulation lipid and glucose metabolism. The inhibition of mTOR has shown promise in preclinical studies, reducing skin inflammation and plaque proliferation. Furthermore, mTOR inhibition may mitigate cardiovascular risk by modulating cholesterol metabolism and attenuating atherosclerosis progression. Understanding the role of mTOR in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiovascular disease provides insight into the potential treatment avenues and sheds light on the complex interplay of the immune and metabolic pathways in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Joo
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile;
- Investigation in Dermatology and Autoimmunity—IDeA Lab, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile; (C.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Claudio Karsulovic
- Investigation in Dermatology and Autoimmunity—IDeA Lab, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile; (C.K.); (M.S.)
- Rheumatology Section, Internal Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile
| | - Milisa Sore
- Investigation in Dermatology and Autoimmunity—IDeA Lab, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile; (C.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Lia Hojman
- Investigation in Dermatology and Autoimmunity—IDeA Lab, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile; (C.K.); (M.S.)
- Dermatology Section, Surgery Department, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago P.O. Box 7630000, Chile
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2
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Sidorov VY, Sidorova TN, Samson PC, Reiserer RS, Britt CM, Neely MD, Ess KC, Wikswo JP. Contractile and Genetic Characterization of Cardiac Constructs Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Modeling of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and the Effects of Rapamycin. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:234. [PMID: 38534508 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The implementation of three-dimensional tissue engineering concurrently with stem cell technology holds great promise for in vitro research in pharmacology and toxicology and modeling cardiac diseases, particularly for rare genetic and pediatric diseases for which animal models, immortal cell lines, and biopsy samples are unavailable. It also allows for a rapid assessment of phenotype-genotype relationships and tissue response to pharmacological manipulation. Mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes lead to dysfunctional mTOR signaling and cause tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems, principally the brain, heart, skin, and kidneys. Here we differentiated healthy (CC3) and tuberous sclerosis (TSP8-15) human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into cardiomyocytes to create engineered cardiac tissue constructs (ECTCs). We investigated and compared their mechano-elastic properties and gene expression and assessed the effects of rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The TSP8-15 ECTCs had increased chronotropy compared to healthy ECTCs. Rapamycin induced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects (i.e., increased contractility and beating frequency, respectively) in the CC3 ECTCs but did not cause significant changes in the TSP8-15 ECTCs. A differential gene expression analysis revealed 926 up- and 439 down-regulated genes in the TSP8-15 ECTCs compared to their healthy counterparts. The application of rapamycin initiated the differential expression of 101 and 31 genes in the CC3 and TSP8-15 ECTCs, respectively. A gene ontology analysis showed that in the CC3 ECTCs, the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of rapamycin correlated with positively regulated biological processes, which were primarily related to the metabolism of lipids and fatty and amino acids, and with negatively regulated processes, which were predominantly associated with cell proliferation and muscle and tissue development. In conclusion, this study describes for the first time an in vitro TSC cardiac tissue model, illustrates the response of normal and TSC ECTCs to rapamycin, and provides new insights into the mechanisms of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniamin Y Sidorov
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Tatiana N Sidorova
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Philip C Samson
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Ronald S Reiserer
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Clayton M Britt
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - M Diana Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Evans TD, Chen S, Sergin I, Stitham J, Jeong SJ, Rodriguez-Velez A, Yeh YS, Park A, Jung IH, Diwan A, Schilling JD, Rom O, Yurdagul A, Epelman S, Cho J, Lodhi IJ, Mittendorfer B, Razani B. Loss of Macrophage mTORC2 Drives Atherosclerosis via FoxO1 and IL-1β Signaling. Circ Res 2023; 133:200-219. [PMID: 37350264 PMCID: PMC10527041 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway is a complex signaling cascade that regulates cellular growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Although activation of mTOR signaling has been linked to atherosclerosis, its direct role in lesion progression and in plaque macrophages remains poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) activation promotes atherogenesis through inhibition of autophagy and increased apoptosis in macrophages. METHODS Using macrophage-specific Rictor- and mTOR-deficient mice, we now dissect the distinct functions of mTORC2 pathways in atherogenesis. RESULTS In contrast to the atheroprotective effect seen with blockade of macrophage mTORC1, macrophage-specific mTORC2-deficient mice exhibit an atherogenic phenotype, with larger, more complex lesions and increased cell death. In cultured macrophages, we show that mTORC2 signaling inhibits the FoxO1 (forkhead box protein O1) transcription factor, leading to suppression of proinflammatory pathways, especially the inflammasome/IL (interleukin)-1β response, a key mediator of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In addition, administration of FoxO1 inhibitors efficiently rescued the proinflammatory response caused by mTORC2 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, collective deletion of macrophage mTOR, which ablates mTORC1- and mTORC2-dependent pathways, leads to minimal change in plaque size or complexity, reflecting the balanced yet opposing roles of these signaling arms. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first mechanistic details of macrophage mTOR signaling in atherosclerosis and suggest that therapeutic measures aimed at modulating mTOR need to account for its dichotomous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Trent D. Evans
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunny Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J. Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Solanki A, Savla SR, Borkar MR, Bhatt LK. Sulfamethizole attenuates poloxamer 407-induced atherosclerotic neointima formation via inhibition of mTOR in C57BL/6 mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23322. [PMID: 36799065 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of Rapamycin C1 (mTORC1) inhibition limits plaque progression in atherosclerosis. The present study evaluated the protective effect of sulfamethizole on poloxamer 407-induced atherosclerotic neointima formation in C57BL/6 mice via mTOR inhibition. Poloxamer 407 (P-407) (0.5 g/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally to male C57BL/6 mice every third day for 148 days to induce chronic hyperlipidemia. From Day 121 to 148, animals were additionally administered Sulfamethizole (5, 10, and 50 mg/kg, p.o.), Rapamycin (0.5 mg/kg, positive control), or vehicle (1 ml/kg). Plasma lipid levels were measured on Days 120 and 148. Upon sacrifice, histological studies were performed, and aortic tissue interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and mTOR levels were evaluated. A molecular docking study was carried out to mimic the interaction of sulfamethizole with mTOR protein. Chronic P-407 administration significantly (p < 0.001) elevated plasma lipid levels, compared with those of the normal control group. Chronic hyperlipidemia resulted in increased tunica intima thickness, collagen deposition, and IL-6, TNF-α, and mTOR levels. Treatment with Sulfamethizole attenuated these parameters significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking studies showed a significant interaction of Sulfamethizole with mTOR. In conclusion, this study suggests that sulfamethizole significantly limits poloxamer 407-induced atherosclerotic neointima formation in C57BL/6 mice via mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Solanki
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Maheshkumar R Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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5
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Wu Q, Lv Q, Liu X, Ye X, Cao L, Wang M, Li J, Yang Y, Li L, Wang S. Natural compounds from botanical drugs targeting mTOR signaling pathway as promising therapeutics for atherosclerosis: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1083875. [PMID: 36744254 PMCID: PMC9894899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Hence, the mechanisms of AS are still being explored. A growing compendium of evidence supports that the activity of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is highly correlated with the risk of AS. The mTOR signaling pathway contributes to AS progression by regulating autophagy, cell senescence, immune response, and lipid metabolism. Various botanical drugs and their functional compounds have been found to exert anti- AS effects by modulating the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of AS based on the mTOR signaling pathway from the aspects of immune response, autophagy, cell senescence, and lipid metabolism, and comb the recent advances in natural compounds from botanical drugs to inhibit the mTOR signaling pathway and delay AS development. This review will provide a new perspective on the mechanisms and precision treatments of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Lv
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao’an Liu
- Capital University of Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Ye
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manshi Wang
- Beijing Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjia Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Shihan Wang,
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6
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Wang L, Wu T, Si C, Wang H, Yue K, Shang S, Li X, Chen Y, Guan H. Danlou Tablet Activates Autophagy of Vascular Adventitial Fibroblasts Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR to Protect Cells From Damage Caused by Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:730525. [PMID: 34867337 PMCID: PMC8637544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Danlou tablet (DLT), a commercial Chinese patent medicine, has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases for many years. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy plays a vital role in the development of AS. Here we investigated whether DLT could activate autophagy to improve AS and further clarified its underlying mechanisms. In an ApoE−/− mice model, the results of Oil red O, Masson’s trichrome, and H&E staining techniques showed that DLT significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and fibrosis formation in atherosclerotic plaque tissue. DLT also inhibited serum triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels and suppressed serum levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, DLT suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of human vascular adventitial fibroblasts (HVAFs) by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In addition, western blot analysis showed that Danlou tablet treatment decreased the expression of p62 and increased Beclin 1 and LC3 I -to-LC3 II ratios in HVAFs. The role of autophagy in treating atherosclerosis by DLT is confirmed by 3-methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor) and rapamycin (autophagy activator) in HVAFs. In summary, DLT activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy of vascular adventitial fibroblasts to protect cells from damage caused by atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunying Si
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Yue
- The First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shasha Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaimin Guan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang S. The Role of Rapamycin in Healthspan Extension via the Delay of Organ Aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101376. [PMID: 34089901 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging can not only shorten a healthy lifespan, but can also lead to multi-organ dysfunction and failure. Anti-aging is a complex and worldwide conundrum for eliminating the various pathologies of senility. The past decade has seen great progress in the understanding of the aging-associated signaling pathways and their application for developing anti-aging approaches. Currently, some drugs can improve quality of life. The activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the core and detrimental mechanisms related to aging; rapamycin can reduce the rate of aging, improve age-related diseases by inhibiting the mTOR pathway, and prolong lifespan and healthspan effectively. However, the current evidence for rapamycin in lifespan extension and organ aging is fragmented and scattered. In this review, we summarize the efficacy and safety of rapamycin in prolonging a healthy lifespan by systematically alleviating aging in multiple organ systems, i.e., the nervous, urinary, digestive, circulatory, motor, respiratory, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary and immune systems, to provide a theoretical basis for the future clinical application of rapamycin in anti-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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8
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Wei J, Huang L, Li D, He J, Li Y, He F, Fang W, Wei G. Total Flavonoids of Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall. Leaves Alleviated Foam Cells Formation through AKT/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy in the Progression of Atherosclerosis. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100308. [PMID: 34259387 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall. is a traditional Chinese medicine used for treating cardiovascular diseases. Our previous study has implicated potential effects of total flavonoids of Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall. (TFER) against hyperlipidemia. The aim of the study is to uncover the effects and underlying mechanisms of TFER on foam cells formation after atherosclerosis. We used high fat diet (HFD) induced Apoe-/- mice and oxidized density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced THP-1 cells to mimic process of atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Lipid accumulation, inflammation response, autophagosomes formation and expressions of autophagy related target genes were assessed. Our present study demonstrated TFER (500 mg/kg) alleviated macrophage infiltration and lipid accumulation in thoracic aortas of HFD-treated mice. In ox-LDL-treated THP-1 cells, MDC staining and Western blot analysis all indicated that the TFER (200 μg/ml) reduced foam cells formation and IL-1β releasing, activated autophagy through suppressing AKT/mTOR signaling, significantly regulating expressions of AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR, Beclin 1, LC3-II, p62. It is suggested that TFER alleviated atherosclerosis progression in vivo and in vitro through reducing foam cells formation and inflammatory responses, and the possible mechanism may be due to the activation of macrophage autophagy by inhibiting AKT and mTOR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
| | - Junhui He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
| | - Yanjing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guining Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, 530022, P. R. China
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9
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Yurtseven E, Ural D, Baysal K, Tokgözoğlu L. An Update on the Role of PCSK9 in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:909-918. [PMID: 32713931 PMCID: PMC7508721 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by functional changes in the endothelium accompanied by accumulation, oxidation, and glycation of LDL-cholesterol in the inner layer of the arterial wall and continues with the expression of adhesion molecules and release of chemoattractants. PCSK9 is a proprotein convertase that increases circulating LDL levels by directing hepatic LDL receptors into lysosomes for degradation. The effects of PCSK9 on hepatic LDL receptors and contribution to atherosclerosis via the induction of hyperlipidemia are well defined. Monoclonal PCSK9 antibodies that block the effects of PCSK9 on LDL receptors demonstrated beneficial results in cardiovascular outcome trials. In recent years, extrahepatic functions of PCSK9, particularly its direct effects on atherosclerotic plaques have received increasing attention. Experimental trials have revealed that PCSK9 plays a significant role in every step of atherosclerotic plaque formation. It contributes to foam cell formation by increasing the uptake of LDL by macrophages via scavenger receptors and inhibiting cholesterol efflux from macrophages. It induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemoattractants, thereby increasing monocyte recruitment, inflammatory cell adhesion, and inflammation at the atherosclerotic vascular wall. Moreover, low shear stress is associated with increased PCSK9 expression. PCSK9 may induce endothelial cell apoptosis and autophagy and stimulate the differentiation of smooth muscle cells from the contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype. Increasing evidence indicates that PCSK9 is a molecular target in the development of novel approaches toward the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the molecular roles of PCSK9 in atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yurtseven
- Department of Cardiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ural
- Department of Cardiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Baysal
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lale Tokgözoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Wang C, Yang W, Liang X, Song W, Lin J, Sun Y, Guan X. MicroRNA-761 modulates foam cell formation and inflammation through autophagy in the progression of atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:135-146. [PMID: 32772311 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-derived foam cells formation is the initial stage of atherosclerosis, and lipid-laden macrophage accumulation is also considered as the symbol of unstable plaque. Autophagy is a subcellular process responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles and aggregated proteins in cells (Grootaert in Oxid Med Cell Longev: 7687083, 2018). Macrophage autophagy plays an important role in atherosclerosis under various stress conditions, and microRNAs are involved in this complicated process. The present study was programmed to explore the effects of microRNA-761 on macrophage-derived foam cell formation, focusing on the role of autophagy in this pathological process. The differentiated human THP-1 macrophages were used in the study. THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with miR-761 mimics or inhibitors and cultured with oxidized low-density lipoprotein to mimic the lipid-rich environment in blood vessel. The expression of miR-761 and mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The effect of miR-761 on autophagy was evaluated by the protein levels of Beclin1, p62/SQSTM1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), determined by immunoblot and autophagic flux detected by fluorescent staining. The secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent reaction kit. Lipid accumulation in foam cells was detected by oil red "O" staining. We demonstrated that miR-761 was able to repress foam cell formation and reduce the production of atherogenic inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in an autophagy-dependent manner in atherosclerosis, possibly via mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. In summary, we described an athero-protective function of miR-761 in macrophages incubated with excess ox-LDL and identified an important novel modulator of mTOR signaling and autophagy in macrophage-derived foam cells. This finding may provide a potential target for the prevention and early treatment in high-risk group of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuru Guan
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Nogieć A, Bzowska M, Demczuk A, Varol C, Guzik K. Phenotype and Response to PAMPs of Human Monocyte-Derived Foam Cells Obtained by Long-Term Culture in the Presence of oxLDLs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1592. [PMID: 32849539 PMCID: PMC7417357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden, foam macrophages constitute the most characteristic component of human atherosclerotic plaques. Persistent uptake of oxLDLs results in accumulation of lipid bodies inside the cells and determines their phenotype and subsequent functions. In this work, we describe the phenotype of human monocyte-derived foam cells obtained by differentiation in the constant presence of oxLDLs for 30 days (prolonged-hMDFCs). Although neither the total cellular nor the cell surface expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) was regulated by oxLDLs, the prolonged-hMDFCs changed dramatically their responsiveness to TLR ligands and inactivated bacteria. Using multiplex technology, we observed an acute decline in cytokine and chemokine production after surface and endosomal TLR stimulation with the exception of TLR2/6 triggering with agonists Pam2CSK4 and MALP-2. We also noted significant reduction of some surface receptors which can have accessory function in recognition of particulate antigens (CD47, CD81, and CD11b). In contrast, the prolonged-hMDFCs responded to inflammasome activation by LPS/nigericin with extensive, necrotic type cell death, which was partially independent of caspase-1. This pyroptosis-like cell death was aggravated by necrostatin-1 and rapamycin. These findings identify a potential contribution of mature foam cells to inflammatory status by increasing the immunogenic cell death burden. The observed cross-talk between foam cell death pathways may lead to recognition of a potential new marker for atherosclerosis disease severity. Overall, our study demonstrates that, in contrast to other cellular models of foam cells, the prolonged-hMDFCs acquire a functional phenotype which may help understanding the role of foam cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nogieć
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract & Liver Diseases, The Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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