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Syczewska M, Stęplowska A, Szczerbik E, Kalinowska M, Cwyl M. Functional impairments in NBIA patients: Preliminary results. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2024; 13:172-177. [PMID: 39220277 PMCID: PMC11350201 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2024.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a heterogeneous group (genetically and phenotypically) of genetically determined disorders. Up to date there is no cure for this disease, so the applied treatments focus on symptoms control and palliative care. The main problems are delayed motor development, gait deterioration, postural instability, cognitive dysfunctions, abnormal muscle tone and many others. As gait and balance deficits are predominant features of NBIA patients this study aimed at the use of the objective, instrumented functional tests as well as functional assessment scales to assess their functional impairments. Twenty three NBIA patients recruited for the study underwent objective, instrumented gait analysis, balance assessment, pedobarography and functional evaluation with Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88). The results showed high variability and heterogeneity of NBIA functional status (GMFM from 27.5 to 100.0), but also showed some differences in gait pattern between their types (p < 0.05 at the pelvis, hip and knee). We think that these results could help design objective assessment protocols in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Syczewska
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Szczerbik
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kalinowska
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warszawa, Poland
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Croucher KM, Fleming SM. ATP13A2 (PARK9) and basal ganglia function. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1252400. [PMID: 38249738 PMCID: PMC10796451 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1252400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP13A2 is a lysosomal protein involved in polyamine transport with loss of function mutations associated with multiple neurodegenerative conditions. These include early onset Parkinson's disease, Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While ATP13A2 mutations may result in clinical heterogeneity, the basal ganglia appear to be impacted in the majority of cases. The basal ganglia is particularly vulnerable to environmental exposures such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial agents which are also established risk factors for many neurodegenerative conditions. Not surprisingly then, impaired function of ATP13A2 has been linked to heavy metal toxicity including manganese, iron, and zinc. This review discusses the role of ATP13A2 in basal ganglia function and dysfunction, potential common pathological mechanisms in ATP13A2-related disorders, and how gene x environment interactions may contribute to basal ganglia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Croucher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
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3
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Talaverón-Rey M, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Villalón-García I, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Rivero JM, Gómez-Fernández D, Romero-González A, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Cilleros-Holgado P, Reche-López D, Piñero-Pérez R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation corrects pathological alterations in cellular models of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration with residual PANK2 expression levels. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:80. [PMID: 37046296 PMCID: PMC10091671 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that have in common the accumulation of iron in the basal nuclei of the brain which are essential components of the extrapyramidal system. Frequent symptoms are progressive spasticity, dystonia, muscle rigidity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and retinal degeneration or optic nerve atrophy. One of the most prevalent subtypes of NBIA is Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). It is caused by pathogenic variants in the gene of pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) which encodes the enzyme responsible for the first reaction on the coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis pathway. Thus, deficient PANK2 activity induces CoA deficiency as well as low expression levels of 4'-phosphopantetheinyl proteins which are essential for mitochondrial metabolism. METHODS This study is aimed at evaluating the role of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) in reversing the pathological alterations in fibroblasts and induced neurons derived from PKAN patients. Iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, transcript and protein expression levels of PANK2, mitochondrial ACP (mtACP), 4''-phosphopantetheinyl and lipoylated proteins, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and Complex I activity were examined. RESULTS Treatment with α-LA was able to correct all pathological alterations in responsive mutant fibroblasts with residual PANK2 enzyme expression. However, α-LA had no effect on mutant fibroblasts with truncated/incomplete protein expression. The positive effect of α-LA in particular pathogenic variants was also confirmed in induced neurons derived from mutant fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that α-LA treatment can increase the expression levels of PANK2 and reverse the mutant phenotype in PANK2 responsive pathogenic variants. The existence of residual enzyme expression in some affected individuals raises the possibility of treatment using high dose of α-LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Fernández
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Romero-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: a case series highlighting phenotypic and genotypic diversity in 20 Indian families. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:113-127. [PMID: 36790591 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is an umbrella term encompassing various inherited neurological disorders characterised by abnormal iron accumulation in basal ganglia. We aimed to study the clinical, radiological and molecular spectrum of disorders with NBIA. All molecular-proven cases of NBIA presented in the last 5 years at 2 tertiary care genetic centres were compiled. Demographic details and clinical and neuroimaging findings were collated. We describe 27 individuals from 20 unrelated Indian families with causative variants in 5 NBIA-associated genes. PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) was the most common, observed in 13 individuals from 9 families. They mainly presented in infancy with neuroregression and hypotonia. A recurrent pathogenic variant in COASY was observed in two neonates with prenatal-onset severe neurodegeneration. Pathogenic bi-allelic variants in PANK2, FA2H and C19ORF12 genes were observed in the rest, and these individuals presented in late childhood and adolescence with gait abnormalities and extrapyramidal symptoms. No intrafamilial and interfamilial variability were observed. Iron deposition on neuroimaging was seen in only 6/17 (35.3%) patients. A total of 22 causative variants across 5 genes were detected including a multiexonic duplication in PLA2G6. The variants c.1799G > A and c.2370 T > G in PLA2G6 were observed in three unrelated families. In silico assessments of 8 amongst 9 novel variants were also performed. We present a comprehensive compilation of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of various subtypes of NBIA from the Indian subcontinent. Clinical presentation of NBIAs is varied and not restricted to extrapyramidal symptoms or iron accumulation on neuroimaging.
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Kola S, Meka SSL, Fathima ST, Wahed A, Kandadai RM, Borgohain R. Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (MPAN): Two Phenotypes-Dystonia and Spastic Paraparesis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:1200-1202. [PMID: 36911454 PMCID: PMC9996515 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_658_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Kola
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sai S. L. Meka
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Syed T. Fathima
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Wahed
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rukmini M. Kandadai
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rupam Borgohain
- Department of Neurology, Citi Neuro Center, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Álvarez-Córdoba M, Reche-López D, Cilleros-Holgado P, Talaverón-Rey M, Villalón-García I, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Rivero JM, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Piñero-Pérez R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Therapeutic approach with commercial supplements for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration with residual PANK2 expression levels. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:311. [PMID: 35945593 PMCID: PMC9364590 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of rare neurogenetic disorders frequently associated with iron accumulation in the basal nuclei of the brain characterized by progressive spasticity, dystonia, muscle rigidity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and retinal degeneration or optic nerve atrophy. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is one of the most widespread NBIA subtypes. It is caused by mutations in the gene of pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) that result in dysfunction in PANK2 enzyme activity, with consequent deficiency of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, as well as low levels of essential metabolic intermediates such as 4′-phosphopantetheine, a necessary cofactor for essential cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins. Methods In this manuscript, we examined the therapeutic effectiveness of pantothenate, panthetine, antioxidants (vitamin E and omega 3) and mitochondrial function boosting supplements (L-carnitine and thiamine) in mutant PANK2 cells with residual expression levels. Results Commercial supplements, pantothenate, pantethine, vitamin E, omega 3, carnitine and thiamine were able to eliminate iron accumulation, increase PANK2, mtACP, and NFS1 expression levels and improve pathological alterations in mutant cells with residual PANK2 expression levels. Conclusion Our results suggest that several commercial compounds are indeed able to significantly correct the mutant phenotype in cellular models of PKAN. These compounds alone or in combinations are of common use in clinical practice and may be useful for the treatment of PKAN patients with residual enzyme expression levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02465-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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7
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Natera-Villalba E, Martínez-Castrillo JC, López-Sendón Moreno JL, Gómez-López A, Sánchez-Sánchez A, López-Martínez MJ, Rábano A, Alonso-Cánovas A. Eye-of-the-Tiger Sign with an Unexpected Pathological Diagnosis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:98-103. [PMID: 35005073 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical diagnosis of atypical parkinsonisms may be challenging. The eye-of-the-tiger sign on brain MRI, typical of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, has been anecdotally observed in cases clinically diagnosed as atypical parkinsonisms. Objectives To show how clinical syndromes and even neuroimaging sometimes may lead the neurologist to a misunderstanding, just as to emphasize the important role of pathology to establish the final diagnosis in these cases. Methods Clinico-pathological case. Results A 67-year-old-woman presented with progressive painful stiffness and allodynia in her left arm. On examination, she presented parkinsonism without tremor with greater involvement of left limbs. She developed dystonia, with myoclonic tremor and hypoesthesia involving her left arm, as well as an impairment of balance with falls, a significant axial involvement with disabling rigidity, supranuclear gaze abnormalities, facial dystonia, dysphonia, severe dysphagia, and anarthria. There was no response to levodopa. Syndromic diagnosis and findings on neuroimaging are discussed. Afterwards, the underlying pathology is revealed. Conclusions We present the first case of neuropathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy with the eye-of-the-tiger sign on brain MRI. The presence of supranuclear vertical gaze palsy further complicated a correct clinical diagnosis. A pathological postmortem study remains essential to establish a definite diagnosis in atypical parkinsonisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo
- Neurology Department Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain.,IRYCIS (Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria). Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis López-Sendón Moreno
- Neurology Department Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain.,IRYCIS (Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria). Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Gómez-López
- Neurology Department Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology and Tissue Bank Foundation Neurological Diseases Research Center Madrid Spain
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Álvarez-Córdoba M, Talaverón-Rey M, Villalón-García I, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Rivero JM, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Salas JJ, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Down regulation of the expression of mitochondrial phosphopantetheinyl-proteins in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: pathophysiological consequences and therapeutic perspectives. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:201. [PMID: 33952316 PMCID: PMC8101147 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of genetic neurological disorders frequently associated with iron accumulation in the basal nuclei of the brain characterized by progressive spasticity, dystonia, muscle rigidity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and retinal degeneration or optic nerve atrophy. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is the most widespread NBIA disorder. It is caused by mutations in the gene of pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) which catalyzes the first reaction of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. Thus, altered PANK2 activity is expected to induce CoA deficiency as well as low levels of essential metabolic intermediates such as 4′-phosphopantetheine which is a necessary cofactor for critical proteins involved in cytosolic and mitochondrial pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, mitochondrial respiratory complex I assembly and lysine and tetrahydrofolate metabolism, among other metabolic processes. Methods In this manuscript, we examined the effect of PANK2 mutations on the expression levels of proteins with phosphopantetheine cofactors in fibroblast derived from PKAN patients. These proteins include cytosolic acyl carrier protein (ACP), which is integrated within the multifunctional polypeptide chain of the fatty acid synthase involved in cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis type I (FASI); mitochondrial ACP (mtACP) associated with mitocondrial fatty acid biosynthesis type II (FASII); mitochondrial alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS); and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases (cytosolic, ALD1L1, and mitochondrial, ALD1L2). Results In PKAN fibroblasts the expression levels of cytosolic FAS and ALD1L1 were not affected while the expression levels of mtACP, AASS and ALD1L2 were markedly reduced, suggesting that 4′-phosphopantetheinylation of mitochondrial but no cytosolic proteins were markedly affected in PKAN patients. Furthermore, the correction of PANK2 expression levels by treatment with pantothenate in selected mutations with residual enzyme content was able to correct the expression levels of mitochondrial phosphopantetheinyl-proteins and restore the affected pathways. The positive effects of pantothenate in particular mutations were also corroborated in induced neurons obtained by direct reprograming of mutant PANK2 fibroblasts. Conclusions Our results suggest that the expression levels of mitochondrial phosphopantetheinyl-proteins are severely reduced in PKAN cells and that in selected mutations pantothenate increases the expression levels of both PANK2 and mitochondrial phosphopantetheinyl-proteins associated with remarkable improvement of cell pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01823-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular de Productos Vegetales, Instituto de La Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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9
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Erskine D, Koss D, Korolchuk VI, Outeiro TF, Attems J, McKeith I. Lipids, lysosomes and mitochondria: insights into Lewy body formation from rare monogenic disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:511-526. [PMID: 33515275 PMCID: PMC7952289 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of the protein α-synuclein into insoluble intracellular deposits termed Lewy bodies (LBs) is the characteristic neuropathological feature of LB diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with LB (DLB). α-Synuclein aggregation is thought to be a critical pathogenic event in the aetiology of LB disease, based on genetic analyses, fundamental studies using model systems, and the observation of LB pathology in post-mortem tissue. However, some monogenic disorders not traditionally characterised as synucleinopathies, such as lysosomal storage disorders, iron storage disorders and mitochondrial diseases, appear disproportionately vulnerable to the deposition of LBs, perhaps suggesting the process of LB formation may be a result of processes perturbed as a result of these conditions. The present review discusses biological pathways common to monogenic disorders associated with LB formation, identifying catabolic processes, particularly related to lipid homeostasis, autophagy and mitochondrial function, as processes that could contribute to LB formation. These findings are discussed in the context of known mediators of α-synuclein aggregation, highlighting the potential influence of impairments to these processes in the aetiology of LB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David Koss
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee With an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Ayton S, Wang Y, Diouf I, Schneider JA, Brockman J, Morris MC, Bush AI. Brain iron is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2932-2941. [PMID: 30778133 PMCID: PMC6698435 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cortical iron has been shown to be elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the impact of the directly measured iron on the clinical syndrome has not been assessed. We investigated the association between post-mortem iron levels with the clinical and pathological diagnosis of AD, its severity, and the rate of cognitive decline in the 12 years prior to death in subjects from the Memory and Aging Project (n = 209). Iron was elevated (β [SE] = 9.7 [2.6]; P = 3.0 × 10-4) in the inferior temporal cortex only in subjects who were diagnosed with clinical AD during life and had a diagnosis of AD confirmed post-mortem by standardized criteria. Although iron was weakly associated with the extent of proteinopathy in tissue with AD neuropathology, it was strongly associated with the rate of cognitive decline (e.g., global cognition: β [SE] = -0.040 [0.005], P = 1.6 × 10-14). Thus, cortical iron might act to propel cognitive deterioration upon the underlying proteinopathy of AD, possibly by inducing oxidative stress or ferroptotic cell death, or may be related to an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yamin Wang
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - John Brockman
- Missouri University Research Reactor, Columbia (Brockman), USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,Correspondence may be addressed to: Ashley I. Bush, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne. 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,
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11
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Is brain iron trafficking part of the physiology of the amyloid precursor protein? J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1171-1177. [PMID: 31578640 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein is so named, because a proteolytic fragment of it was found associated with a neuropathic disorder now known as Alzheimer's disease. This fragment, Aβ, along with tau makes up the plaques and tangles that are the hallmark of AD. Iron (and other first-row transition metals) is found associated with these proteinaceous deposits. Much research has focused on the relationship of the plaques and iron to the etiology of the disease. This commentary asks another question, one only more recently addressed namely, what is the physiologic function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its secretase-generated soluble species? Overall, the data make clear that APP and its products have neurotrophic functions and some data indicate one of these may be to modulate the trafficking of iron in the brain.
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12
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Peng W, Minakaki G, Nguyen M, Krainc D. Preserving Lysosomal Function in the Aging Brain: Insights from Neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:611-634. [PMID: 31183763 PMCID: PMC6694346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, membrane-bound organelles that serve as the primary catabolic compartment of the cell. They are crucial to a variety of cellular processes from nutrient storage to autophagy. Given the diversity of lysosomal functions, it is unsurprising that lysosomes are also emerging as important players in aging. Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in several aging-related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's. Although the precise role of lysosomes in the aging brain is not well-elucidated, some insight into their function has been gained from our understanding of the pathophysiology of age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic strategies targeting lysosomes and autophagic machinery have already been tested in several of these diseases with promising results, suggesting that improving lysosomal function could be similarly beneficial in preserving function in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Peng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Nguyen
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
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13
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Benger M, Mankad K, Proukakis C, Mazarakis ND, Kinali M. The Interaction of Genetic Mutations in PARK2 and FA2H Causes a Novel Phenotype in a Case of Childhood-Onset Movement Disorder. Front Neurol 2019; 10:555. [PMID: 31191442 PMCID: PMC6549119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PARK2 gene have been implicated in the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson's disease. We present a case of movement disorder in a 4-year-old child from consanguineous parents and with a family history of Dopamine responsive dystonia, who was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinson's disease based on initial identification of a pathogenic PARK2 mutation. However, the evolution of the child's clinical picture was unusually rapid, with a preponderance of pyramidal rather than extrapyramidal symptoms, leading to re-investigation of the case with further imaging and genetic sequencing. Interestingly, a second homozygous mutation in the FA2H gene, implicated in Hereditary spastic paraplegia, was revealed, appearing to have contributed to the novel phenotype observed, and highlighting a potential interaction between the two mutated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Benger
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Mazarakis
- Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kinali
- Honorary Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Neurology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Nikseresht S, Bush AI, Ayton S. Treating Alzheimer's disease by targeting iron. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3622-3635. [PMID: 30632143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
No disease modifying drugs have been approved for Alzheimer's disease despite recent major investments by industry and governments throughout the world. The burden of Alzheimer's disease is becoming increasingly unsustainable, and given the last decade of clinical trial failures, a renewed understanding of the disease mechanism is called for, and trialling of new therapeutic approaches to slow disease progression is warranted. Here, we review the evidence and rational for targeting brain iron in Alzheimer's disease. Although iron elevation in Alzheimer's disease was reported in the 1950s, renewed interest has been stimulated by the advancement of fluid and imaging biomarkers of brain iron that predict disease progression, and the recent discovery of the iron-dependent cell death pathway termed ferroptosis. We review these emerging clinical and biochemical findings and propose how this pathway may be targeted therapeutically to slow Alzheimer's disease progression. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation Disorders: Valuable Models Aimed at Understanding the Pathogenesis of Iron Deposition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010027. [PMID: 30744104 PMCID: PMC6469182 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a set of neurodegenerative disorders, which includes very rare monogenetic diseases. They are heterogeneous in regard to the onset and the clinical symptoms, while the have in common a specific brain iron deposition in the region of the basal ganglia that can be visualized by radiological and histopathological examinations. Nowadays, 15 genes have been identified as causative for NBIA, of which only two code for iron-proteins, while all the other causative genes codify for proteins not involved in iron management. Thus, how iron participates to the pathogenetic mechanism of most NBIA remains unclear, essentially for the lack of experimental models that fully recapitulate the human phenotype. In this review we reported the recent data on new models of these disorders aimed at highlight the still scarce knowledge of the pathogenesis of iron deposition.
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16
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Maser J, Grau A, Hornberger E. [Aceruloplasminemia : Diagnosis and treatment of a rare disease]. DER NERVENARZT 2019; 90:185-187. [PMID: 30215131 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-018-0617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Maser
- Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Bremserstraße 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Deutschland.
| | - A Grau
- Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Bremserstraße 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Deutschland
| | - E Hornberger
- Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Bremserstraße 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Deutschland
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17
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Parkinson's Disease and Metal Storage Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8110194. [PMID: 30384510 PMCID: PMC6267486 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal storage disorders (MSDs) are a set of rare inherited conditions with variable clinical pictures including neurological dysfunction. The objective of this study was, through a systematic review, to identify the prevalence of Parkinsonism in patients with MSDs in order to uncover novel pathways implemented in Parkinson’s disease. Human studies describing patients of any age with an MSD diagnosis were analysed. Foreign language publications as well as animal and cellular studies were excluded. Searches were conducted through PubMed and Ovid between April and September 2018. A total of 53 publications were identified including 43 case reports, nine cross-sectional studies, and one cohort study. The publication year ranged from 1981 to 2018. The most frequently identified MSDs were Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) with 11 papers describing Parkinsonism, Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) (7 papers), and Wilson’s disease (6 papers). The mean ages of onset of Parkinsonism for these MSDs were 33, 53, and 48 years old, respectively. The Parkinsonian features described in the PKAN and HH patients were invariably atypical while the majority (4/6) of the Wilson’s disease papers had a typical picture. This paper has highlighted a relationship between MSDs and Parkinsonism. However, due to the low-level evidence identified, further research is required to better define what the relationship is.
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18
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Sharma LK, Subramanian C, Yun MK, Frank MW, White SW, Rock CO, Lee RE, Jackowski S. A therapeutic approach to pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4399. [PMID: 30352999 PMCID: PMC6199309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase (PANK) is a metabolic enzyme that regulates cellular coenzyme A (CoA) levels. There are three human PANK genes, and inactivating mutations in PANK2 lead to pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). Here we performed a library screen followed by chemical optimization to produce PZ-2891, an allosteric PANK activator that crosses the blood brain barrier. PZ-2891 occupies the pantothenate pocket and engages the dimer interface to form a PANK•ATP•Mg2+•PZ-2891 complex. The binding of PZ-2891 to one protomer locks the opposite protomer in a catalytically active conformation that is refractory to acetyl-CoA inhibition. Oral administration of PZ-2891 increases CoA levels in mouse liver and brain. A knockout mouse model of brain CoA deficiency exhibited weight loss, severe locomotor impairment and early death. Knockout mice on PZ-2891 therapy gain weight, and have improved locomotor activity and life span establishing pantazines as novel therapeutics for the treatment of PKAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Nurix, Inc, 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chitra Subramanian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Yun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stephen W White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Suzanne Jackowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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19
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION DBS is initially used for treatment of essential tremor and Parkinson's disease in adults. In 1996, a child with severe life-threatening dystonia was offered DBS to the internal globus pallidus (GPi) with lasting efficacy at 20 years. Since that time, increasing number of children benefited from DBS. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated our database of patients who underwent DBS from 2011 to 2017. All patients ≤ 17 years of age at the time of implantation of DBS were included in this series. Subjective Benefit Rating Scale (SBRS), Hoehn Yahr Scale (HYS), Fahn Marsden Rating Scale (FMRS), Clinical Global Impressions Scales (CGI), and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGT) were used to evaluate clinical outcome. RESULTS Between May 2014 and October 2017, 11 children underwent DBS procedure in our institution. Six of them were female and five of them were male. Mean age at surgery was 11.8 ± 4.06 years (range 5-17 years). In our series, four patients had primary dystonia (PDY) (36.3%), three patients had secondary dystonia (SDY) (27.2%), two patients had JP (18.1%), and two patients had Tourette Syndrome (TS) (18.1%). Two JP patients underwent bilateral STN DBS while the other nine patients underwent bilateral GPi DBS. SBRS scores were 1.75 ± 0.5 for patients with PDY, 3 ± 0 for patients with JP, 2.5 ± 0.7 for patients with TS, and 2 ± 1 for patients with SDY. Mean FMRS reduction rate was 40.5 for patients with dystonia. Significant improvement was also defined in patients with TS and JP after DBS. None of the patients experienced any intracerebral hemorrhage or other serious adverse neurological effect related to the DBS. Wound complications occurred in two patients. CONCLUSION There are many literatures that support DBS as a treatment option for pediatric patients with medically refractory neurological disorders. DBS has replaced ablative procedures as a treatment of choice not only for adult patients, but also for pediatric patients. Wound-related complications still remain the most common problem in pediatric patients. Development of smaller and more flexible hardware will improve quality of children's life and minimize wound-related complications in the future.
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Merelli A, Rodríguez JCG, Folch J, Regueiro MR, Camins A, Lazarowski A. Understanding the Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor During Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutics Opportunities. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1484-1498. [PMID: 29318974 PMCID: PMC6295932 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180110130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration (NDG) is linked with the progressive loss of neural function with intellectual and/or motor impairment. Several diseases affecting older individuals, including Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Multiple Sclerosis and many others, are the most relevant disorders associated with NDG. Since other pathologies such as refractory epilepsy, brain infections, or hereditary diseases such as "neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation", also lead to chronic brain inflammation with loss of neural cells, NDG can be said to affect all ages. Owing to an energy and/or oxygen supply imbalance, different signaling mechanisms including MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, glutamatergic synapse formation, and/or translocation of phosphatidylserine, might activate some central executing mechanism common to all these pathologies and also related to oxidative stress. Hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) plays a twofold role through gene activation, in the sense that this factor has to "choose" whether to protect or to kill the affected cells. Most of the afore-mentioned processes follow a protracted course and are accompanied by progressive iron accumulation in the brain. We hypothesize that the neuroprotective effects of iron chelators are acting against the generation of free radicals derived from iron, and also induce sufficient -but not excessive- activation of HIF-1α, so that only the hypoxia-rescue genes will be activated. In this regard, the expression of the erythropoietin receptor in hypoxic/inflammatory neurons could be the cellular "sign" to act upon by the nasal administration of pharmacological doses of Neuro-EPO, inducing not only neuroprotection, but eventually, neurorepair as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-Argentina, Junín 954, Buenos Aires-Argentina; Tel: +54-11-5950-8674;, E-mail:
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21
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Schüle R. Reply: Complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia due to ATP13A2 mutations: what's in a name? Brain 2017; 140:e74. [PMID: 29112700 PMCID: PMC5841037 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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PARK14 PLA2G6 mutants are defective in preventing rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS generation and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:79046-79060. [PMID: 29108286 PMCID: PMC5668019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 group 6 (PLA2G6) cause the recessive familial type 14 of Parkinson’s disease (PARK14). Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PLA2G6 is believed to be required for maintaining mitochondrial function. In the present study, rotenone-induced cellular model of PD was used to investigate possible molecular pathogenic mechanism of PARK14 mutant PLA2G6-induced PD. Overexpression of wild-type (WT) PLA2G6 ameliorated rotenone-induced apoptotic death of SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells. PARK14 mutant (D331Y), (G517C), (T572I), (R632W), (N659S) or (R741Q) PLA2G6 failed to prevent rotenone-induced activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and exert a neuroprotective effect. WT PLA2G6, but not PARK14 mutant PLA2G6, prevented rotenone-induced mitophagy impairment. In contrast to WT PLA2G6, PARK14 mutant PLA2G6 was ineffective in attenuating rotenone-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in the level of mitochondrial superoxide. WT PLA2G6, but not PARK14 PLA2G6 mutants, restored enzyme activity of mitochondrial complex I and cellular ATP content in rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells. In contrast to WT PLA2G6, PARK14 mutant PLA2G6 failed to prevent rotenone-induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c release. These results suggest that PARK14 PLA2G6 mutants lose their ability to maintain mitochondrial function and are defective inpreventing mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in rotenone-induced cellular model of PD.
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Duce JA, Wong BX, Durham H, Devedjian JC, Smith DP, Devos D. Post translational changes to α-synuclein control iron and dopamine trafficking; a concept for neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:45. [PMID: 28592304 PMCID: PMC5463308 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, the aetiology of which remains elusive. The primary clinical feature of progressively impaired motor control is caused by a loss of midbrain substantia nigra dopamine neurons that have a high α-synuclein (α-syn) and iron content. α-Syn is a neuronal protein that is highly modified post-translationally and central to the Lewy body neuropathology of the disease. This review provides an overview of findings on the role post translational modifications to α-syn have in membrane binding and intracellular vesicle trafficking. Furthermore, we propose a concept in which acetylation and phosphorylation of α-syn modulate endocytic import of iron and vesicle transport of dopamine during normal physiology. Disregulated phosphorylation and oxidation of α-syn mediate iron and dopamine dependent oxidative stress through impaired cellular location and increase propensity for α-syn aggregation. The proposition highlights a connection between α-syn, iron and dopamine, three pathological components associated with disease progression in sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Duce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Oxidation Biology Unit, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruce X Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Oxidation Biology Unit, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Durham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - David P Smith
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM U1171, CHU of Lille, Lille, France
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24
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Estrada-Cuzcano A, Martin S, Chamova T, Synofzik M, Timmann D, Holemans T, Andreeva A, Reichbauer J, De Rycke R, Chang DI, van Veen S, Samuel J, Schöls L, Pöppel T, Mollerup Sørensen D, Asselbergh B, Klein C, Zuchner S, Jordanova A, Vangheluwe P, Tournev I, Schüle R. Loss-of-function mutations in the ATP13A2/PARK9 gene cause complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78). Brain 2017; 140:287-305. [PMID: 28137957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs due to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. In a Bulgarian family with three siblings affected by complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, we performed whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping and identified a homozygous p.Thr512Ile (c.1535C > T) mutation in ATP13A2. Molecular defects in this gene have been causally associated with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (#606693), an autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset parkinsonism, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (#606693), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments. Further analysis of 795 index cases with hereditary spastic paraplegia and related disorders revealed two additional families carrying truncating biallelic mutations in ATP13A2. ATP13A2 is a lysosomal P5-type transport ATPase, the activity of which critically depends on catalytic autophosphorylation. Our biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in COS-1 and HeLa cells and patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated that the hereditary spastic paraplegia-associated mutations, similarly to the ones causing Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, cause loss of ATP13A2 function due to transcript or protein instability and abnormal intracellular localization of the mutant proteins, ultimately impairing the lysosomal and mitochondrial function. Moreover, we provide the first biochemical evidence that disease-causing mutations can affect the catalytic autophosphorylation activity of ATP13A2. Our study adds complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78) to the clinical continuum of ATP13A2-associated neurological disorders, which are commonly hallmarked by lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The disease presentation in our patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia was dominated by an adult-onset lower-limb predominant spastic paraparesis. Cognitive impairment was present in most of the cases and ranged from very mild deficits to advanced dementia with fronto-temporal characteristics. Nerve conduction studies revealed involvement of the peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Only one of five patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia showed clinical indication of extrapyramidal involvement in the form of subtle bradykinesia and slight resting tremor. Neuroimaging cranial investigations revealed pronounced vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy. Notably, reduced striatal dopamine was apparent in the brain of one of the patients, who had no clinical signs or symptoms of extrapyramidal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albena Andreeva
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jennifer Reichbauer
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dae-In Chang
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Samuel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pöppel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Open-Label Fosmetpantotenate, a Phosphopantothenate Replacement Therapy in a Single Patient with Atypical PKAN. Case Rep Neurol Med 2017; 2017:3247034. [PMID: 28567317 PMCID: PMC5439260 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3247034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an autosomal recessive disorder with variable onset, rate of progression, and phenotypic expression. Later-onset, more slowly progressive PKAN often presents with neuropsychiatric as well as motor manifestations that include speech difficulties, progressive dystonia, rigidity, and parkinsonism. PKAN is caused by biallelic PANK2 mutations, a gene that encodes pantothenate kinase 2, a regulatory enzyme in coenzyme A biosynthesis. Current therapeutic strategies rely on symptomatic relief. We describe the treatment of the first, later-onset PKAN patient with oral fosmetpantotenate (previously known as RE-024), a novel replacement therapy developed to bypass the enzymatic defect. Methods. This was an open-label, uncontrolled, 12-month treatment with fosmetpantotenate of a single patient with a later-onset, moderately severe, and slowly progressive form of PKAN. Results. The patient showed improvement in all clinical parameters including the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale, the EuroQol five-dimensional three-level (EQ-5D-3L) scale, timed 25-foot walk test, and electroglottographic speech analysis. Fosmetpantotenate was well-tolerated with only transient liver enzyme elevation which normalized after dose reduction and did not recur after subsequent dose increases. Conclusions. Fosmetpantotenate showed promising results in a single PKAN patient and should be further studied in controlled trials.
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Corbin DR, Rehg JE, Shepherd DL, Stoilov P, Percifield RJ, Horner L, Frase S, Zhang YM, Rock CO, Hollander JM, Jackowski S, Leonardi R. Excess coenzyme A reduces skeletal muscle performance and strength in mice overexpressing human PANK2. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:350-362. [PMID: 28189602 PMCID: PMC5382100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a cofactor that is central to energy metabolism and CoA synthesis is controlled by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK). A transgenic mouse strain expressing human PANK2 was derived to determine the physiological impact of PANK overexpression and elevated CoA levels. The Tg(PANK2) mice expressed high levels of the transgene in skeletal muscle and heart; however, CoA was substantially elevated only in skeletal muscle, possibly associated with the comparatively low endogenous levels of acetyl-CoA, a potent feedback inhibitor of PANK2. Tg(PANK2) mice were smaller, had less skeletal muscle mass and displayed significantly impaired exercise tolerance and grip strength. Skeletal myofibers were characterized by centralized nuclei and aberrant mitochondria. Both the content of fully assembled complex I of the electron transport chain and ATP levels were reduced, while markers of oxidative stress were elevated in Tg(PANK2) skeletal muscle. These abnormalities were not detected in the Tg(PANK2) heart muscle, with the exception of spotty loss of cristae organization in the mitochondria. The data demonstrate that excessively high CoA may be detrimental to skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Danielle L Shepherd
- Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ryan J Percifield
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cell and Tissue Imaging-Electron Microscopy Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cell and Tissue Imaging-Electron Microscopy Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John M Hollander
- Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Suzanne Jackowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Skowronska M, Kmiec T, Czlonkowska A, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Transcranial Sonography in Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration. Clin Neuroradiol 2017; 28:385-392. [PMID: 28352978 PMCID: PMC6105161 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-017-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Although the nature of basal ganglia hyperechogenicity in transcranial sonography (TCS) examinations remains unclear, many studies have shown associations between hyperechogenicity and iron accumulation. The role of iron in basal ganglia hyperechogenicity raises interest in the use of TCS in forms of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Here we analyzed TCS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings among patients affected by one type of NBIA, mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). Methods Investigations using MRI and TCS were performed on 13 patients exhibiting a C19orf12 gene mutation. Results The use of T2/T2* MRI revealed hypointense lesions restricted to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Using TCS examination, 12 patients exhibited bilateral hyperechogenicity of the lenticular nucleus, while no patients showed substantia nigra hyperechogenicity. Conclusion Investigations with TCS revealed a distinctive hyperechogenicity pattern of the basal ganglia in MPAN patients, which might be useful for differential diagnostics. The variable TCS imaging findings in NBIA patients may result from the presence of different iron content, iron binding partners, such as ferritin and neuromelanin, as well as structural changes, such as gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowronska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Ingrassia R, Memo M, Garavaglia B. Ferrous Iron Up-regulation in Fibroblasts of Patients with Beta Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN). Front Genet 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28261264 PMCID: PMC5314138 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in WDR45 gene, coding for a beta-propeller protein, have been found in patients affected by Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation, NBIA5 (also known as BPAN). BPAN is a movement disorder with Non Transferrin Bound Iron (NTBI) accumulation in the basal ganglia as common hallmark between NBIA classes (Hayflick et al., 2013). WDR45 has been predicted to have a role in autophagy, while the impairment of iron metabolism in the different NBIA subclasses has not currently been clarified. We found the up-regulation of the ferrous iron transporter (-)IRE/Divalent Metal Transporter1 and down-regulation of Transferrin receptor in the fibroblasts of two BPAN affected patients with splicing mutations 235+1G>A (BPAN1) and 517_519ΔVal 173 (BPAN2). The BPAN patients showed a concomitant increase of intracellular ferrous iron after starvation. An altered pattern of iron transporters with iron overload is highlighted in BPAN human fibroblasts, supporting for a role of DMT1 in NBIA. We here present a novel element, about iron accumulation, to the existing knowledge in field of NBIA. Attention is focused to a starvation-dependent iron overload, possibly accounting for iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Further investigation could clarify iron regulation in BPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ingrassia
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta Milan, Italy
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29
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Pérez‐Torre P, Escobar Villalba A, Martínez Ulloa P, Kawiorski M, Jiménez‐Escrig A, Bazán E, Gonzalo‐Gobernado R, Herranz AS. PLA2G6 -Associated Neurodegeneration: Report of a Novel Mutation in Two Siblings with Strikingly Different Clinical Presentation. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:129-131. [PMID: 30713958 PMCID: PMC6353338 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
View Supplementary Video 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pérez‐Torre
- Servicio de NeurologíaHospital Universitario Ramón y CajalMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Michal Kawiorski
- Servicio de NeurologíaHospital Universitario Ramón y CajalMadridSpain
| | | | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología‐InvestigaciónInstituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo‐Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología‐InvestigaciónInstituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
| | - Antonio S. Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología‐InvestigaciónInstituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
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30
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Wang Z, Luo XG, Gao C. Utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging in Parkinson's disease and atypical Parkinsonian disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:17. [PMID: 27761236 PMCID: PMC5054585 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) largely depends on clinicians' experience. When the diagnosis is made, approximately 80% of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra (SN) have been lost. Additionally, it is rather challenging to differentiate PD from atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD). Clinially-available 3T conventional MRI contributes little to solve these problems. The pathologic alterations of parkinsonism show abnormal brain iron deposition, and therefore susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), which is sensitive to iron concentration, has been applied to find iron-related lesions for the diagnosis and differentiation of PD in recent decades. Until now, the majority of research has revealed that in SWI the signal intensity changes in deep brain nuclei, such as the SN, the putamen (PUT), the globus pallidus (GP), the thalamus (TH), the red nucleus (RN) and the caudate nucleus (CN), thereby raising the possibility of early diagnosis and differentiation. Furthermore, the signal changes in SN, PUT and TH sub-regions may settle the issues with higher accuracy. In this article, we review the brain iron deposition of PD, MSA-P and PSP in SWI in the hope of exhibiting a profile of SWI features in PD, MSA and PSP and its clinical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# Nanjing Bei Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# Nanjing Bei Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- Neurology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ruijin 2nd Road 197, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China
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Gore E, Appleby BS, Cohen ML, DeBrosse SD, Leverenz JB, Miller BL, Siedlak SL, Zhu X, Lerner AJ. Clinical and imaging characteristics of late onset mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). Neurocase 2016; 22:476-483. [PMID: 27801611 PMCID: PMC5568540 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1247458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Young onset dementias present significant diagnostic challenges. We present the case of a 35-year-old Kuwaiti man with social withdrawal, drowsiness, irritability, anxiety, aphasia, memory loss, hypereflexia, and Parkinsonism. Brain MRI showed bilateral symmetric gradient echo hypointensities in the globi pallidi and substantiae nigrae. Left cortical hypometabolism was seen on brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. A cortical brain biopsy revealed a high Lewy body burden. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous p.T11M mutation in the C19orf12 gene consistent with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. This is the oldest onset age of MPAN reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Gore
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 3619 Park East Drive, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Mark L. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne D. DeBrosse
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandra L. Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan J. Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Beachwood, OH, USA
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Lowe VJ, Curran G, Fang P, Liesinger AM, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Kantarci K, Boeve BF, Pandey MK, Bruinsma T, Knopman DS, Jones DT, Petrucelli L, Cook CN, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Murray ME. An autoradiographic evaluation of AV-1451 Tau PET in dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:58. [PMID: 27296779 PMCID: PMC4906968 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is essential to determine the specificity of AV-1451 PET for tau in brain imaging by using pathological comparisons. We performed autoradiography in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders to evaluate the specificity of AV-1451 binding for tau aggregates. Methods Tissue samples were selected that had a variety of dementia-related neuropathologies including Alzheimer disease, primary age-related tauopathy, tangle predominant dementia, non-Alzheimer disease tauopathies, frontotemporal dementia, parkinsonism, Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy (n = 38). Brain tissue sections were stained for tau, TAR DNA-binding protein-43, and α-synuclein and compared to AV-1451 autoradiography on adjacent sections. Results AV-1451 preferentially localized to neurofibrillary tangles, with less binding to areas enriched in neuritic pathology and less mature tau. The strength of AV-1451 binding with respect to tau isoforms in various neurodegenerative disorders was: 3R + 4R tau (e.g., AD) > 3R tau (e.g., Pick disease) or 4R tau. Only minimal binding of AV-1451 to TAR DNA-binding protein-43 positive regions was detected. No binding of AV-1451 to α-synuclein was detected. “Off-target” binding was seen in vessels, iron-associated regions, substantia nigra, calcifications in the choroid plexus, and leptomeningeal melanin. Conclusions Reduced AV-1451 binding in neuritic pathology compared to neurofibrillary tangles suggests that the maturity of tau pathology may affect AV-1451 binding and suggests complexity in AV-1451 binding. Poor association of AV-1451 with tauopathies that have preferential accumulation of either 4R tau or 3R tau suggests limited clinical utility in detecting these pathologies. In contrast, for disorders associated with 3R + 4R tau, such as Alzheimer disease, AV-1451 binds tau avidly but does not completely reflect the early stage tau progression suggested by Braak neurofibrillary tangle staging. AV-1451 binding to TAR DNA-binding protein-43 or TAR DNA-binding protein-43 positive regions can be weakly positive. Clinical use of AV-1451 will require a familiarity with distinct types of “off-target” binding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0315-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kumar N, Rizek P, Jog M. Neuroferritinopathy: Pathophysiology, Presentation, Differential Diagnoses and Management. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 6:355. [PMID: 27022507 PMCID: PMC4795517 DOI: 10.7916/d8kk9bhf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroferritinopathy (NF) is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by
mutations in the ferritin light chain 1 (FTL1) gene
leading to abnormal excessive iron accumulation in the brain, predominantly in the
basal ganglia. Methods A literature search was performed on Pubmed, for English-language articles,
utilizing the terms iron metabolism, neurodegeneration with brain iron
accumulation, and NF. The relevant articles were reviewed with a focus on the
pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, and management of
NF. Results There have been nine reported mutations worldwide in the FTL1
gene in 90 patients, the most common mutation being 460InsA. Chorea and dystonia
are the most common presenting symptoms in NF. There are specific features, which
appear to depend upon the genetic mutation. We discuss the occurrence of specific
mutations in various regions along with their associated presenting phenomenology.
We have compared and contrasted the commonly occurring syndromes in the
differential diagnosis of NF to guide the clinician. Discussion NF must be considered in patients presenting clinically as a progressive movement
disorder with variable phenotype and imaging evidence of iron deposition within
the brain, decreased serum ferritin, and negative genetic testing for other more
common movement disorders such as Huntington’s disease. In the absence of a
disease-specific treatment, symptomatic drug therapy for specific movement
disorders may be used, although with variable success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Rizek
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mandar Jog
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Bettencourt C, Forabosco P, Wiethoff S, Heidari M, Johnstone DM, Botía JA, Collingwood JF, Hardy J, Milward EA, Ryten M, Houlden H. Gene co-expression networks shed light into diseases of brain iron accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 87:59-68. [PMID: 26707700 PMCID: PMC4731015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant brain iron deposition is observed in both common and rare neurodegenerative disorders, including those categorized as Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), which are characterized by focal iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Two NBIA genes are directly involved in iron metabolism, but whether other NBIA-related genes also regulate iron homeostasis in the human brain, and whether aberrant iron deposition contributes to neurodegenerative processes remains largely unknown. This study aims to expand our understanding of these iron overload diseases and identify relationships between known NBIA genes and their main interacting partners by using a systems biology approach. We used whole-transcriptome gene expression data from human brain samples originating from 101 neuropathologically normal individuals (10 brain regions) to generate weighted gene co-expression networks and cluster the 10 known NBIA genes in an unsupervised manner. We investigated NBIA-enriched networks for relevant cell types and pathways, and whether they are disrupted by iron loading in NBIA diseased tissue and in an in vivo mouse model. We identified two basal ganglia gene co-expression modules significantly enriched for NBIA genes, which resemble neuronal and oligodendrocytic signatures. These NBIA gene networks are enriched for iron-related genes, and implicate synapse and lipid metabolism related pathways. Our data also indicates that these networks are disrupted by excessive brain iron loading. We identified multiple cell types in the origin of NBIA disorders. We also found unforeseen links between NBIA networks and iron-related processes, and demonstrate convergent pathways connecting NBIAs and phenotypically overlapping diseases. Our results are of further relevance for these diseases by providing candidates for new causative genes and possible points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moones Heidari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel M Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Zarate YA, Jones JR, Jones MA, Millan F, Juusola J, Vertino-Bell A, Schaefer GB, Kruer MC. Lessons from a pair of siblings with BPAN. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:1080-3. [PMID: 26577041 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of inherited progressive neurological diseases. Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) has been estimated to account for ~7% of all cases of NBIA and has distinctive clinical and brain imaging findings. Heterozygous variants in the WDR45 gene located in Xp11.23 are responsible for BPAN. A clear female predominance supports an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance with proposed lethality for germline variants in hemizygous males. By whole-exome sequencing, we identified an in-frame deletion in the WDR45 gene (c.161_163delTGG) in the hemizygous state in a 20-year-old man with a history of profound neurocognitive impairment and seizures. His higher functioning 14-year-old sister, also with a history of intellectual disability, was found to carry the same variant in the heterozygous state. Their asymptomatic mother was mosaic for the alteration. From this pair of siblings with BPAN we conclude that: (1) inherited WDR45 variants are possible, albeit rare; (2) hemizygous germline variants in males can be viable, but likely result in a more severe phenotype; (3) for siblings with germline variants, males should be more significantly affected than females; and (4) because gonadal and germline mosaicism are possible and healthy female carriers can be found, parental testing for variants in WDR45 should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - G Bradley Schaefer
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Hahn K, Rohdin C, Jagannathan V, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F, Spitzbarth I, Grandon R, Drögemüller C, Jäderlund KH. TECPR2 Associated Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Spanish Water Dogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141824. [PMID: 26555167 PMCID: PMC4640708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical, pathological and genetic examination revealed an as yet uncharacterized juvenile-onset neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) in Spanish water dogs. Affected dogs presented with various neurological deficits including gait abnormalities and behavioral deficits. Histopathology demonstrated spheroid formation accentuated in the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, the brain stem and in the sensory pathways of the spinal cord. Iron accumulation was absent. Ultrastructurally spheroids contained predominantly closely packed vesicles with a double-layered membrane, which were characterized as autophagosomes using immunohistochemistry. The family history of the four affected dogs suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. SNP genotyping showed a single genomic region of extended homozygosity of 4.5 Mb in the four cases on CFA 8. Linkage analysis revealed a maximal parametric LOD score of 2.5 at this region. By whole genome re-sequencing of one affected dog, a perfectly associated, single, non-synonymous coding variant in the canine tectonin beta-propeller repeat-containing protein 2 (TECPR2) gene affecting a highly conserved region was detected (c.4009C>T or p.R1337W). This canine NAD form displays etiologic parallels to an inherited TECPR2 associated type of human hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP). In contrast to the canine NAD, the spinal cord lesions in most types of human HSP involve the sensory and the motor pathways. Furthermore, the canine NAD form reveals similarities to cases of human NAD defined by widespread spheroid formation without iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Thus TECPR2 should also be considered as candidate gene for human NAD. Immunohistochemistry and the ultrastructural findings further support the assumption, that TECPR2 regulates autophagosome accumulation in the autophagic pathways. Consequently, this report provides the first genetic characterization of juvenile canine NAD, describes the histopathological features associated with the TECPR2 mutation and provides evidence to emphasize the association between failure of autophagy and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hahn
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Grandon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Schroeder B, McNiven MA. Importance of endocytic pathways in liver function and disease. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1403-17. [PMID: 25428849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular endocytosis is a highly dynamic process responsible for the internalization of a variety of different receptor ligand complexes, trophic factors, lipids, and, unfortunately, many different pathogens. The uptake of these external agents has profound effects on seminal cellular processes including signaling cascades, migration, growth, and proliferation. The hepatocyte, like other well-polarized epithelial cells, possesses a host of different endocytic mechanisms and entry routes to ensure the selective internalization of cargo molecules. These pathways include receptor-mediated endocytosis, lipid raft associated endocytosis, caveolae, or fluid-phase uptake, although there are likely many others. Understanding and defining the regulatory mechanisms underlying these distinct entry routes, sorting and vesicle formation, as well as the postendocytic trafficking pathways is of high importance especially in the liver, as their mis-regulation can contribute to aberrant liver pathology and liver diseases. Further, these processes can be "hijacked" by a variety of different infectious agents and viruses. This review provides an overview of common components of the endocytic and postendocytic trafficking pathways utilized by hepatocytes. It will also discuss in more detail how these general themes apply to liver-specific processes including iron homeostasis, HBV infection, and even hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schroeder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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Transplanted Neural Stem Cells: Playing a Neuroprotective Role by Ceruloplasmin in the Substantia Nigra of PD Model Rats? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:618631. [PMID: 26146528 PMCID: PMC4469843 DOI: 10.1155/2015/618631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although mounting evidence suggests that ceruloplasmin (CP) deficiency and iron deposition are pivotal factors responsible for exacerbating demise of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the Parkinsonism and neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to be excellent candidates for compensating the lost dopaminergic neurons, there are few researches to explore the change of CP expression and of iron deposition in the pathological microenvironment of SN after NSCs transplantation and the ability of grafted NSCs to differentiate directionally into dopaminergic neurons under the changed homeostasis. With substantia nigral stereotaxic technique and NSCs transplantation, we found that tyrosine hydroxylase and CP expression decreased and iron deposition increased in the lesioned SN after 6-OHDA administration compared with control, while tyrosine hydroxylase and CP expression increased and iron deposition decreased after NSCs transplantation compared to 6-OHDA administration alone. Only a small number of embedding NSCs are able to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. These results suggest that grafted NSCs have an influence on improving the content of CP expression, which may play a neuroprotective role by decreasing iron deposition and ameliorating damage of dopaminergic neurons and possibly underline the iron-related common mechanism of Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease.
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Prashanth LK, Murugan S, Kamath V, Gupta R, Jadav R, Sreekantaswamy S, Ramprasad VL. First Report of Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome (PARK 9) from India, and a Novel Nonsense Mutation in ATP13A2 Gene. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:326-327. [PMID: 30838237 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L K Prashanth
- Department of Neurology Apollo Hospitals Bangalore India
| | | | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology Apollo Hospitals Bangalore India
| | | | - Rakesh Jadav
- Department of Neurology Apollo Hospitals Bangalore India
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Türkmen İnanır N, Eren F, Akgöz S, Eren B, Çetin S, Gündoğmuş UN, Çomunoğlu N, Çomunoğlu C. The importance of hemosiderin deposition in the infant brain: an autopsy study. Hippokratia 2015; 19:164-171. [PMID: 27418767 PMCID: PMC4938109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Iron is an essential element involved in many metabolic processes. Presence and accumulation of iron in various body systems can result in different outcomes. Its accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot be detected routinely by application of hematoxylin-eosin staining. Detection of the presence of hemosiderin in the brain and cerebellum by application of Perls' dye is of importance in cases of infant deaths. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, brain and cerebellar specimens obtained from 52 eligible infants (aged 0-1 years) autopsied in our institute between the years 2010 and 2013, independent of the cause of death, were analyzed in order to detect possible presence of hemosiderin. Perls' dye was used to detect histopathological staining intensity and distribution of hemosiderin in the brain and cerebellum. RESULTS Cases did not differ significantly as for the patients' age and gender (p =0.473), type of the culprit trauma (p =0.414), death/crime scene (p =0.587), and diagnosis groups (p =0.550). In this autopsy study blue colored hemosiderin granulations, stained with Perls' dye were detected in the brain (n: 39, 75%), and cerebellum (n: 35, 67.3%). A weakly negative, but significant correlation was detected between the postmortem interval and intensity values of cerebellar hemosiderin (Spearman's correlation coefficient: -0.381, p =0.024). A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution scores of cerebral hemosiderin in cases with and without trauma history (p =0.03). Median cerebral hemosiderin distribution scores were 2.5 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a correlation between the presence of cerebral and cerebellar hemosiderin, and postmortem interval in the age group of 0-1 years, should be interpreted as an important finding in the analysis of cerebral iron. The presence of hemosiderin in the CNS may be a significant finding in the elucidation of infant deaths and this procedure should be carried out on a routine basis.Hippokratia 2015; 19 (2):164-171.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Türkmen İnanır
- Forensic Medicine Department, Uludağ University Medical Faculty, Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, Bursa Morgue Department, Bursa, Turkey
| | - F Eren
- Bursa Morgue Department, Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S Akgöz
- Biostatistics Department, Çanakkale Onsekizmart University Medical Faculty, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - B Eren
- Bursa Morgue Department, Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S Çetin
- Kayseri Morgue Department, Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - U N Gündoğmuş
- Forensic Medicine Institute, Istanbul University, Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Çomunoğlu
- Pathology Department, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Çomunoğlu
- Pathology Department, Acıbadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Colombelli C, Aoun M, Tiranti V. Defective lipid metabolism in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) syndromes: not only a matter of iron. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:123-36. [PMID: 25300979 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of devastating and life threatening rare diseases. Adult and early-onset NBIA syndromes are inherited as X-chromosomal, autosomal dominant or recessive traits and several genes have been identified as responsible for these disorders. Among the identified disease genes, only two code for proteins directly involved in iron metabolism while the remaining NBIA genes encode proteins with a wide variety of functions ranging from fatty acid metabolism and autophagy to still unknown activities. It is becoming increasingly evident that many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with metabolic dysfunction that often involves altered lipid metabolism. This is not surprising since neurons have a peculiar and heterogeneous lipid composition critical for the development and correct functioning of the nervous system. This review will focus on specific NBIA forms, namely PKAN, CoPAN, PLAN, FAHN and MPAN, which display an interesting link between neurodegeneration and alteration of phospholipids and sphingolipids metabolism, mitochondrial morphology and membrane remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colombelli
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1045-60. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1127] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6.(] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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Deng H, Xiu X, Jankovic J. Genetic convergence of Parkinson's disease and lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1554-68. [PMID: 25099932 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by predominant degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of intracellular inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, resulting in a variety motor and nonmotor symptoms. Lysosomal storage disorders are a group of disorders including Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses caused by the defective activity of lysosomal and nonlysosomal proteins. In addition to an overlap in some clinical features between lysosomal storage disorders and Parkinson's disease, the two disorders may be also linked pathogenically. There is growing support for the notion that mutations in genes causing lysosomal storage disorders including the glucocerebrosidase gene, the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 gene, and the NPC1 gene may increase risk for developing Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the genetic convergence of Parkinson's disease and lysosomal storage disorders, shedding new light on the understanding of shared pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China,
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Adult-onset case of undiagnosed neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation with psychotic symptoms. Case Rep Psychiatry 2014; 2014:742042. [PMID: 24963432 PMCID: PMC4054610 DOI: 10.1155/2014/742042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a collective term to indicate a group of neurodegenerative diseases presenting accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. These disorders can result in progressive dystonia, spasticity, parkinsonism, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and optic atrophy or retinal degeneration. Onset age ranges from infancy to late adulthood and the rate of progression is very variable. So far, the genetic bases of nine types of NBIA have been identified, pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) being the most frequent type. The brain MRI “eye-of-the-tiger” sign, T2-weighted hypointense signal in the globus pallidus with a central region of hyperintensity, has been considered virtually pathognomonic for PKAN but recently several reports have denied this. A significant percentage of individuals with clinical and radiographic evidence of NBIA do not have an alternate diagnosis or mutation of one of the nine known NBIA-associated genes (idiopathic NBIA). Here we present an adult-onset case of “undiagnosed” NBIA with the brain MRI “eye-of-the-tiger” sign, and with psychotic symptoms which were successfully treated with antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications. Here, the term “undiagnosed” is used because the patient has not been screened for all known NBIA genes, but only for two of them.
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Abstract
Movement disorders, which include disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette's syndrome, restless legs syndrome, and akathisia, have traditionally been considered to be disorders of impaired motor control resulting predominantly from dysfunction of the basal ganglia. This notion has been revised largely because of increasing recognition of associated behavioural, psychiatric, autonomic, and other non-motor symptoms. The sensory aspects of movement disorders include intrinsic sensory abnormalities and the effects of external sensory input on the underlying motor abnormality. The basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and their connections, coupled with altered sensory input, seem to play a key part in abnormal sensorimotor integration. However, more investigation into the phenomenology and physiological basis of sensory abnormalities, and about the role of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and related structures in somatosensory processing, and its effect on motor control, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neepa Patel
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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47
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Waln O, Jankovic J. An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2013; 3:tre-03-161-4138-1. [PMID: 23858394 PMCID: PMC3709416 DOI: 10.7916/d88p5z71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD), characterized by oro-buccal-lingual stereotypy, can manifest in the form of akathisia, dystonia, tics, tremor, chorea, or as a combination of different types of abnormal movements. In addition to movement disorders (including involuntary vocalizations), patients with TD may have a variety of sensory symptoms, such as urge to move (as in akathisia), paresthesias, and pain. TD is a form of tardive syndrome-a group of iatrogenic hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment of this condition is often challenging. In this update, we provide the most current information on the history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Waln
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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