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Akotkar L, Aswar U, Ganeshpurkar A, Rathod K, Bagad P, Gurav S. Phytoconstituents Targeting the Serotonin 5-HT 3 Receptor: Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Disorders. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1694-1710. [PMID: 38898946 PMCID: PMC11184608 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor (5-HT3R), a subtype of serotonin receptor, is a ligand-gated ion channel crucial in mediating fast synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This receptor significantly influences various neurological activities, encompassing neurotransmission, mood regulation, and cognitive processing; hence, it may serve as an innovative target for neurological disorders. Multiple studies have revealed promising results regarding the beneficial effects of these phytoconstituents and extracts on conditions such as nausea, vomiting, neuropathic pain depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, cognition, epilepsy, sleep, and dyskinesia via modulation of 5-HT3R in the pathophysiology of neurological disorder. The review delves into a detailed exploration of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies and clinical studies that discussed phytoconstituents acting on 5-HT3R and attenuates difficulties in neurological diseases. The diverse mechanisms by which plant-derived phytoconstituents influence 5-HT3R activity offer exciting avenues for developing innovative therapeutic interventions. Besides producing an agonistic or antagonistic effect, some phytoconstituents exert modulatory effects on 5-HT3R activity through multifaceted mechanisms. These include γ-aminobutyric acid and cholinergic neuronal pathways, interactions with neurokinin (NK)-1, NK2, serotonergic, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)ergic systems, dopaminergic influences, and mediation of calcium ions release and inflammatory cascades. Notably, the phytoconstituent's capacity to reduce oxidative stress has also emerged as a significant factor contributing to their modulatory role. Despite the promising implications, there is currently a dearth of exploration needed to understand the effect of phytochemicals on the 5-HT3R. Comprehensive preclinical and clinical research is of the utmost importance to broaden our knowledge of the potential therapeutic benefits associated with these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likhit Akotkar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Urmila Aswar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College
of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune411038, India
| | - Kundlik Rathod
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Pradnya Bagad
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Shailendra Gurav
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Goa 403001, India
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Kanchi S, Meesala G. Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Wistar Male Albino Rats with Reference to Glutamate Metabolism. J Epilepsy Res 2024; 14:21-28. [PMID: 38978532 PMCID: PMC11227920 DOI: 10.14581/jer.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Epilepsy is a common and heterogenous neurological disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Animal models like rats play a crucial role in finding of mechanism of epilepsy in different brain regions. i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pons medulla. Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also glutamate plays a vital role in neuronal development and memory. The process of neuronal death evolved by glutamate receptor activation, has been hypothesized in both acute and chronic degenerative disorders including epilepsy. Considering the multifactorial neurochemical and neurophysiological malfunctions consequent to epileptic seizures, a few antiepileptic drugs are designed, to mitigate the debilitating aspects of epilepsy. Methods Rat model, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), an anticonvulsant drug, was selected for the present study. Induction of epilepsy/convulsions was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg body weight) in saline. Biochemical assays performed through spectrophotometer. Results Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase levels were decreased in the epileptic rats brain regions i.e., hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and pons medulla; glutamate dehydrogenase and glutaminase levels were increased in all the regions of epilepsy induced rats. Highest values are recorded in hippocampus when compared to other brain regions. Conclusion PTZ suppresses the function of Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase activities in selected brain regions of rat and enhances the activities of the glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase when compared to control rats.
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DU Y, Li Z, Zhao Y, Han J, Hu W, Liu Z. Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors in the regulation of anxiety reactions. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:23-37. [PMID: 38163664 PMCID: PMC10758207 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) type 3 receptor (5-HT3R) is the only type of ligand-gated ion channel in the 5-HT receptor family. Through the high permeability of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ and activation of subsequent voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), 5-HT3R induces a rapid increase of neuronal excitability or the release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals in the central nervous system (CNS). 5-HT3Rs are widely expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HIP), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other brain regions closely associated with anxiety reactions. They have a bidirectional regulatory effect on anxiety reactions by acting on different types of cells in different brain regions. 5-HT3Rs mediate the activation of the cholecystokinin (CCK) system in the AMYG, and the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) "disinhibition" mechanism in the prelimbic area of the mPFC promotes anxiety by the activation of GABAergic intermediate inhibitory neurons (IINs). In contrast, a 5-HT3R-induced GABA "disinhibition" mechanism in the infralimbic area of the mPFC and the ventral HIP produces anxiolytic effects. 5-HT2R-mediated regulation of anxiety reactions are also activated by 5-HT3R-activated 5-HT release in the HIP and PAG. This provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of anxiety disorders or the production of anxiolytic drugs by targeting 5-HT3Rs. However, given the circuit specific modulation of 5-HT3Rs on emotion, systemic use of 5-HT3R agonism or antagonism alone seems unlikely to remedy anxiety, which deeply hinders the current clinical application of 5-HT3R drugs. Therefore, the exploitation of circuit targeting methods or a combined drug strategy might be a useful developmental approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan DU
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yukui Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China. ,
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Fang M, Liu W, Tuo J, Liu M, Li F, Zhang L, Yu C, Xu Z. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of post-traumatic epilepsy: a literature review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1141434. [PMID: 37638179 PMCID: PMC10449544 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1141434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe head trauma can lead to seizures. Persistent epileptic seizures and their progression are associated with the severity of trauma. Although case reports have revealed that early use of anti-seizure drugs after trauma can prevent epilepsy, clinical case-control studies have failed to confirm this phenomenon. To date, many brain trauma models have been used to study the correlation between post-traumatic seizures and related changes in neural circuit function. According to these studies, neuronal and glial responses are activated immediately after brain trauma, usually leading to significant cell loss in injured brain regions. Over time, long-term changes in neural circuit tissues, especially in the neocortex and hippocampus, lead to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and an increased risk of spontaneous seizures. These changes include alterations in inhibitory interneurons and the formation of new, over-recurrent excitatory synaptic connections. In this study, we review the progress of research related to post-traumatic epilepsy to better understand the mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of post-traumatic seizures and to provide theoretical references for the clinical treatment of post-traumatic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Medical Group Chuantou Xichang Hospital, Xichang, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangjing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Ma W, Su Y, Zhang P, Wan G, Cheng X, Lu C, Gu X. Identification of mitochondrial-related genes as potential biomarkers for the subtyping and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1205541. [PMID: 37470054 PMCID: PMC10352499 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder prevalent among older adults. Although AD symptoms can be managed through certain treatments, advancing the understanding of underlying disease mechanisms and developing effective therapies is critical. Methods In this study, we systematically analyzed transcriptome data from temporal lobes of healthy individuals and patients with AD to investigate the relationship between AD and mitochondrial autophagy. Machine learning algorithms were used to identify six genes-FUNDC1, MAP1LC3A, CSNK2A1, VDAC1, CSNK2B, and ATG5-for the construction of an AD prediction model. Furthermore, AD was categorized into three subtypes through consensus clustering analysis. Results The identified genes are closely linked to the onset and progression of AD and can serve as reliable biomarkers. The differences in gene expression, clinical features, immune infiltration, and pathway enrichment were examined among the three AD subtypes. Potential drugs for the treatment of each subtype were also identified. Discussion The findings observed in the present study can help to deepen the understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms of AD and enable the development of precision medicine and personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelin Su
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlian Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Sayahi Z, Komaki A, Saidi Jam M, Karimi SA, Raoufi S, Mardani P, Naderishahab M, Sarihi A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of ramosetron, a 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist on the severity of seizures and memory impairment in electrical amygdala kindled rats. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:1. [PMID: 35034601 PMCID: PMC10717980 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) plays a pivotal role in epileptogenesis and seizures. EC expresses high density of serotonergic receptors, especially 5-HT3 receptors. Cognitive impairment is common among people with epilepsy. The present study investigated the role of 5-HT3 receptor on the severity of seizures and learning and memory impairment by electrical kindling of amygdala in rats. The amygdala kindling was conducted in a chronic kindling manner in male Wistar rats. In fully kindled animals, ramosetron (as a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) was microinjected unilaterally (ad doses of 1, 10 or 100 µg/0.5 µl) into the EC 5 min before the novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests or kindling stimulations. Applying ramosetron at the concentration of 100 μg/0.5 µl (but not at 1 and 10 µg/0.5 µl) reduced afterdischarge (AD) duration and increased stage 4 latency in the kindled rats. Moreover, the obtained data from the NOR test showed that treatment by ramosetron (10 and 100 µg/0.5 µl) increased the discrimination index in the fully kindled animals. Microinjection of ramosetron (10 and 100 µg/0.5 µl) in fully kindled animals reversed the kindling induced changes in the percentage of spontaneous alternation in Y-maze task. The findings demonstrated an anticonvulsant role for a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist microinjected into the EC, therefore, suggesting an excitatory role for the EC 5-HT3 receptors in the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy. This anticonvulsive effect was accompanied with a restoring effect on cognitive behavior in NOR and Y-maze tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Sayahi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoud Saidi Jam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoura Raoufi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parastoo Mardani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Marzieh Naderishahab
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 1411713116, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu HM, Ma LL, Li C, Cao B, Jiang Y, Han L, Xu R, Lin J, Zhang D. The molecular mechanism of chronic stress affecting the occurrence and development of breast cancer and potential drug therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101281. [PMID: 34875482 PMCID: PMC8652015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the 2020 data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the world's most newly diagnosed first-time cancer. Compared with patients with other types of cancer, those with breast cancer experience greater mental stress and more severe psychological impacts because of the life-threatening diagnosis, physical changes, treatment side effects, and family and social life dysfunctions. These usually manifest as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and insomnia, all of which elicit stress responses. Particularly under chronic stress, the continuous release of neurotransmitters from the neuroendocrine system can have a highly profound impact on the occurrence and prognosis of breast cancer. However, because of the complex mechanisms underlying chronic stress and the variability in individual tolerance, evidence of the role of chronic stress in the occurrence and evolution of breast cancer remains unclear. This article reviewed previous research on the correlation between chronic stress and the occurrence and development of breast cancer, particularly the molecular mechanism through which chronic stress promotes breast cancer via neurotransmitters secreted by the nervous system. We also review the progress in the development of potential drugs or blockers for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China; National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yifang Jiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
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An J, He Y, Yin JJ, Ding ZB, Han QX, Chen YY, Wang Q, Chai Z, Yu JZ, Song LJ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination induced by cuprizone. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1756-1771. [PMID: 34669500 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00224.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we report the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model. CPZ did not significantly induce the damage of axons and neurons after 2 wk of feeding. However, after 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding, axons and neurons were markedly reduced in the cortex, posterior thalamic nuclear group, and hippocampus. Simultaneously, the expression of TPH+ tryptophan neurons and VGLUT1+ glutamate neurons was obviously decreased, and the expression of TH+ dopaminergic neurons was slightly decreased in the tail part of the substantia nigra striatum, whereas the number of ChAT+ cholinergic neurons was not significantly different in the brain. In the second week of feeding, CPZ caused a higher level of glutamate secretion and upregulated the expression of EAAT2 on astrocytes, which should contribute to rapid and sufficient glutamate uptake and removal. This finding reveals that astrocyte-driven glutamate reuptake protected the CNS from excitotoxicity by rapid reuptake of glutamate in 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding. At this stage, although NG2+ oligodendroglia progenitor cells (OPCs) were enhanced in the demyelination foci, the myelin sheath was still absent. In conclusion, we comprehensively observed the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons. Our results will assist with understanding how demyelination affects neurons during CPZ-induced demyelination and provide novel information for neuroprotection in myelin regeneration and demyelinating diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results further indicate temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during the demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model, which mainly occur 4-6 wk after CPZ feeding. At the same time, the axonal compartment is damaged and, consequently, neuronal death occurs, while glutamate neurons are lost obviously. The astrocyte-mediated glutamate reuptake could protect the neurons from the excitatory effects of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun An
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan He
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and Neurology, Affiliated Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing-Xian Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang-Yang Chen
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and Neurology, Affiliated Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China.,Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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Lin CH, Hsieh CL. Chinese Herbal Medicine for Treating Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682821. [PMID: 34276290 PMCID: PMC8284486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of use for treating epilepsy. Because of the side effects of Western antiepileptic therapy and the quest for more accessible treatment, complementary and alternative medicines have become popular. Traditional Chinese medical diet therapy appears to be safe and effective. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library through November 2020 for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical settings, including plants, fungi, and animals. Combinations of keywords included “epilepsy,” “seizure,” “antiepileptic,” “anticonvulsive,” “Chinese herbal medicine,” “Chinese herb,” and each of the Latin names, English names, and scientific names of herbs. We also summarized the sources and functions of these herbs in Chinese medicine. Different herbs can be combined to increase antiepileptic effects through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, GABAergic effect enhancement, modulation of NMDA channels and sodium channel, and neuroprotection. Despite reports of their anticonvulsive effects, adequate experimental evidence and randomized controlled clinical trials are required to confirm their antiepileptic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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He LY, Hu MB, Li RL, Zhao R, Fan LH, He L, Lu F, Ye X, Huang YL, Wu CJ. Natural Medicines for the Treatment of Epilepsy: Bioactive Components, Pharmacology and Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:604040. [PMID: 33746751 PMCID: PMC7969896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.604040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that can cause temporary brain dysfunction as a result of sudden abnormal discharge of the brain neurons. The seizure mechanism of epilepsy is closely related to the neurotransmitter imbalance, synaptic recombination, and glial cell proliferation. In addition, epileptic seizures can lead to mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and the disorder of sugar degradation. Although the mechanism of epilepsy research has reached up to the genetic level, the presently available treatment and recovery records of epilepsy does not seem promising. Recently, natural medicines have attracted more researches owing to their low toxicity and side-effects as well as the excellent efficacy, especially in chronic diseases. In this study, the antiepileptic mechanism of the bioactive components of natural drugs was reviewed so as to provide a reference for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs. Based on the different treatment mechanisms of natural drugs considered in this review, it is possible to select drugs clinically. Improving the accuracy of medication and the cure rate is expected to compensate for the shortage of the conventional epilepsy treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Hong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Karin KN, Poklis JL, Peace MR. Evaluation of extraction methods for pharmacologically active compounds from anticonvulsant traditional Chinese medicines: Gou Teng, Tian Ma, Jiang Can using DART-TOF-MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:884-893. [PMID: 33459310 PMCID: PMC8323813 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are classified as dietary supplements. Interactions with western medications, the presence of contaminants or adulterants, or a mis-labeled or mis-used CHM may lead to toxicological emergencies that can be undetected in death investigations. Laboratories must be able to efficiently analyze cases in which CHMs are suspected. Five extractions were evaluated for their ability to extract pharmacologically active compounds from herbal matrices: water, ethanol, microwave-assisted (MAE), ethanol : chloroform, and acid-wash. Anticonvulsive and other pharmacologically active compounds in Gou Teng, Tian Ma, and Jiang Can purchased from Beijing, China and New York were compared in the powder and the extracts using Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS). Approximately 0.25 g of macerated herb was used per extraction. The water and ethanol extractions were simple liquid extractions. For the MAE, powdered herb was soaked in 65% ethanol, microwaved, and concentrated. The ethanol : chloroform extraction involved soaking in 1 : 1 ethanol : chloroform, sonication, and concentration. In the acid-wash extraction, powdered herb was soaked in acetic acid, followed by addition of sodium hydroxide, hexane extraction, and reconstitution in ethyl acetate. The powdered herbs and extracts were analyzed using a Jeol JMS T100LC AccuTOF DART-MS in positive and negative mode. Of the evaluated methods, no single extraction worked for all active compounds from the three CHMs. The MAE extract contained the most pharmacologically active compounds, while the acid-wash contained the least for the three products. Gou Teng purchased from different sources did exhibit a difference in pharmacologically active compounds, potentially from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N. Karin
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University RichmondVAUSA
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University RichmondVAUSA
| | - Michelle R. Peace
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University RichmondVAUSA
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12
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Canto AM, Matos AHB, Godoi AB, Vieira AS, Aoyama BB, Rocha CS, Henning B, Carvalho BS, Pascoal VDB, Veiga DFT, Gilioli R, Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I. Multi-omics analysis suggests enhanced epileptogenesis in the Cornu Ammonis 3 of the pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus 2020; 31:122-139. [PMID: 33037862 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by the occurrence of seizures, and histopathological abnormalities in the mesial temporal lobe structures, mainly hippocampal sclerosis (HS). We used a multi-omics approach to determine the profile of transcript and protein expression in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3) in an animal model of MTLE induced by pilocarpine. We performed label-free proteomics and RNAseq from laser-microdissected tissue isolated from pilocarpine-induced Wistar rats. We divided the DG and CA3 into dorsal and ventral areas and analyzed them separately. We performed a data integration analysis and evaluated enriched signaling pathways, as well as the integrated networks generated based on the gene ontology processes. Our results indicate differences in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles among the DG and the CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Moreover, our data suggest that epileptogenesis is enhanced in the CA3 region when compared to the DG, with most abnormalities in transcript and protein levels occurring in the CA3. Furthermore, our results show that the epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine model involves predominantly abnormal regulation of excitatory neuronal mechanisms mediated by N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, changes in the serotonin signaling, and neuronal activity controlled by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) regulation and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)/WNT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Canto
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H B Matos
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B Godoi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz B Aoyama
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Henning
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benilton S Carvalho
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius D B Pascoal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiroz, Brazil
| | - Diogo F T Veiga
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rovilson Gilioli
- Laboratory of Animal Quality Control, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences. University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Kim SY, Kim WJ, Kim H, Choi SA, Lim BC, Chae JH, Kim KJ. Clinical Experience with Perampanel in Intractable Focal Epilepsy Over 12 Months of Follow-Up. J Epilepsy Res 2018; 8:61-65. [PMID: 30809498 PMCID: PMC6374530 DOI: 10.14581/jer.18010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose There are only limited studies on perampanel (PER), one of the latest antiepileptic drug. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of perampanel as an add-on therapy in patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Methods The medical records of 97 patients (age, 12-30 years) were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. The patients had been diagnosed with focal epilepsy, treated with PER, and regularly followed up over 12 months. Results All patients had uncontrolled seizures despite treatment with two or more antiepileptic drugs. The mean age of seizure onset was 5.2 years (range, 0-17.0). PER was first prescribed at an average age of 15.7 years (range, 12.0-25.3), and mean follow-up duration after PER initiation was 15.9 months (range, 12-20). The responder rate was 41.7%, with over 75% seizure reduction obtained in 11 cases (15.3%), including three seizure-free cases (4.2%). The retention rates at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months of follow-up were 82.5% (80/97), 72.1% (70/97), 60.8% (59/97), and 37.5% (6/16), respectively. Forty-four patients (44/97, 45.4%) discontinued PER, because of treatment-related adverse events in 20 (20.6%) and no efficacy in 24 (24.7%). Treatment-related adverse events were reported by 52 patients (53.6%). The most common adverse event was somnolence or lethargy, reported by 17 patients (17/97, 23%), followed by dizziness (15/97, 20%) and psychological problems such as aggressiveness or irritability (15/97, 20%). Thirty-three patients (33/52, 63.4%) showed their first adverse symptom for 2 or 4 mg/day of PER. Conclusions PER would be an effective therapeutic option for patients with intractable focal epilepsy. However, careful monitoring of adverse events is essential from treatment initiation, with particular attention to psychological problems in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuna Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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