1
|
Jain S, Uritskiy G, Mahalingam M, Batra H, Chand S, Trinh HV, Beck C, Shin WH, Alsalmi W, Kijak G, Eller LA, Kim J, Kihara D, Tovanabutra S, Ferrari G, Robb ML, Rao M, Rao VB. A remarkable genetic shift in a transmitted/founder virus broadens antibody responses against HIV-1. eLife 2024; 13:RP92379. [PMID: 38619110 PMCID: PMC11018346 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A productive HIV-1 infection in humans is often established by transmission and propagation of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, which then evolves into a complex mixture of variants during the lifetime of infection. An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit broad immune responses in order to block the entry of diverse T/F viruses. Currently, no such vaccine exists. An in-depth study of escape variants emerging under host immune pressure during very early stages of infection might provide insights into such a HIV-1 vaccine design. Here, in a rare longitudinal study involving HIV-1 infected individuals just days after infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, we discovered a remarkable genetic shift that resulted in near complete disappearance of the original T/F virus and appearance of a variant with H173Y mutation in the variable V2 domain of the HIV-1 envelope protein. This coincided with the disappearance of the first wave of strictly H173-specific antibodies and emergence of a second wave of Y173-specific antibodies with increased breadth. Structural analyses indicated conformational dynamism of the envelope protein which likely allowed selection of escape variants with a conformational switch in the V2 domain from an α-helix (H173) to a β-strand (Y173) and induction of broadly reactive antibody responses. This differential breadth due to a single mutational change was also recapitulated in a mouse model. Rationally designed combinatorial libraries containing 54 conformational variants of V2 domain around position 173 further demonstrated increased breadth of antibody responses elicited to diverse HIV-1 envelope proteins. These results offer new insights into designing broadly effective HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Gherman Uritskiy
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Subhash Chand
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Hung V Trinh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Charles Beck
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Woong-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
- Department of Chemistry Education, Sunchon National UniversitySuncheonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National UniversitySuncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Wadad Alsalmi
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Gustavo Kijak
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Leigh A Eller
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jerome Kim
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmoudi MK, Letafati A, Soltani BM, Jazayeri SM, Ghaziasadi A. A negative correlation between hsa-miR29a-3p level and HIV-1 viral load in human serum; potentiate criteria for patients screening. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106376. [PMID: 37777141 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes persistent and life-threatening infection, leading to progressive disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression which can be found in circulating human blood samples. hsa-miR-29a-3p has been identified as a potential regulator of the Negative Regulatory Factor (Nef) gene from the HIV-1 viral genome. In this study, we aimed to compare the serum levels of hsa-miR-29a-3p with HIV-1 viral load in a substantial number of infected individuals. We collected serum samples from a total of 48 participants, including 36 untreated HIV-positive patients, and 12 HIV-negative individuals as a control group, matched for age and sex. The HIV-1 viral load in both the case and control groups was confirmed using qRT-PCR. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis of circulating hsa-miR-29a-3p levels revealed lower miRNA expression in the groups with higher viral loads. A negative correlation (r = -0.58) was calculated between hsa-miR-29a-3p levels and HIV-1 viral load. These findings suggest that the expression level of hsa-miR-29a-3p may serve as an indicator of HIV-1 viral load in human serum samples. Additionally, this miR may hold promise as a potential tool for enhancing HIV-1 treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parker Miller E, Finkelstein MT, Erdman MC, Seth PC, Fera D. A Structural Update of Neutralizing Epitopes on the HIV Envelope, a Moving Target. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091774. [PMID: 34578355 PMCID: PMC8472920 DOI: 10.3390/v13091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains develop in ~10–20% of HIV-1 infected individuals, and their elicitation is a goal of vaccine design. Such antibodies can also serve as therapeutics for those who have already been infected with the virus. Structural characterizations of broadly reactive antibodies in complex with the HIV-1 spike indicate that there are a limited number of sites of vulnerability on the spike. Analysis of their structures can help reveal commonalities that would be useful in vaccine design and provide insights on combinations of antibodies that can be used to minimize the incidence of viral resistance mutations. In this review, we give an update on recent structures determined of the spike in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies in the context of all epitopes on the HIV-1 spike identified to date.
Collapse
|
4
|
Balena F, Bavaro DF, Volpe A, Lagioia A, Angarano G, Monno L, Saracino A. Influence of HIV-1 V2 sequence variability on bacterial translocation in antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3271-3278. [PMID: 32609386 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 V2 domain binds α4β7, which assists lymphocyte homing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. This triggers bacterial translocation, thus contributing to immune activation. We investigated whether variability of V2 179-181 binding site could influence plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), markers of microbial translocation/immune activation. HIV gp120 sequences from antiretroviral naïve patients were analyzed for V2 tripeptide composition, length, net charge, and potential N-linked-glycosylation sites. LPS and sCD14 plasma levels were quantified. Clinical/immuno-virologic data were retrieved. Overall, 174 subjects were enrolled, 8% with acute infection, 71% harboring a subtype B. LDV179-181 was detected in 41% and LDI in 27%. No difference was observed between levels of LPS or sCD14 according to different mimotopes or according to other sequence characteristics. By multivariable analysis, only acute infection was significantly associated with higher sCD14 levels. In conclusion, no association was observed between V2 tripeptide composition and extent of bacterial translocation/immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Balena
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide F Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Volpe
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lagioia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Angarano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Monno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Msafiri F, Joachim A, Held K, Nadai Y, Chissumba RM, Geldmacher C, Aboud S, Stöhr W, Viegas E, Kroidl A, Bakari M, Munseri PJ, Wahren B, Sandström E, Robb ML, McCormack S, Joseph S, Jani I, Ferrari G, Rao M, Biberfeld G, Lyamuya E, Nilsson C. Frequent Anti-V1V2 Responses Induced by HIV-DNA Followed by HIV-MVA with or without CN54rgp140/GLA-AF in Healthy African Volunteers. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111722. [PMID: 33158007 PMCID: PMC7693996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses that correlated with reduced risk of HIV acquisition in the RV144 efficacy trial were assessed in healthy African volunteers who had been primed three times with HIV-DNA (subtype A, B, C) and then randomized into two groups; group 1 was boosted twice with HIV-MVA (CRF01_AE) and group 2 with the same HIV-MVA coadministered with subtype C envelope (Env) protein (CN54rgp140/GLA-AF). The fine specificity of plasma Env-specific antibody responses was mapped after the final vaccination using linear peptide microarray technology. Binding IgG antibodies to the V1V2 loop in CRF01_AE and subtype C Env and Env-specific IgA antibodies were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Functional antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibody responses were measured using luciferase assay. Mapping of linear epitopes within HIV-1 Env demonstrated strong targeting of the V1V2, V3, and the immunodominant region in gp41 in both groups, with additional recognition of two epitopes located in the C2 and C4 regions in group 2. A high frequency of V1V2-specific binding IgG antibody responses was detected to CRF01_AE (77%) and subtype C antigens (65%). In conclusion, coadministration of CN54rgp140/GLA-AF with HIV-MVA did not increase the frequency, breadth, or magnitude of anti-V1V2 responses or ADCC-mediating antibodies induced by boosting with HIV-MVA alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Msafiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (A.J.); (S.A.); (E.L.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (A.J.); (S.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuka Nadai
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (A.J.); (S.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London WC1V 6LJ, UK; (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Edna Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo 3943, Mozambique; (R.M.C.); (E.V.); (I.J.)
| | - Arne Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (M.B.); (P.J.M.)
| | - Patricia J. Munseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (M.B.); (P.J.M.)
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobel’s Rd 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Eric Sandström
- Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
| | - Sheena McCormack
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London WC1V 6LJ, UK; (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo 3943, Mozambique; (R.M.C.); (E.V.); (I.J.)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Eligius Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania; (A.J.); (S.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
López Zúñiga MÁ, Chueca N, de Salazar A, Fernández Caballero JA, Gutierrez Valencia A, Vinuesa García D, Omar Mohamed Balgahata M, Hidalgo Tenorio C, Lopez-Ruz MA, Garcia F. Genetic diversity of HIV in seminal plasma remains higher than in blood after short-term antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2020; 96:337-341. [PMID: 32245779 PMCID: PMC7402555 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide insight on viral kinetics and genetic diversity of HIV in seminal plasma at baseline and 1 month after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients and methods Blood and seminal samples from patients with newly diagnosed HIV were obtained before ART initiation (T0) and 1 month after ART initiation (T1). HIV env genetic diversity was studied using deep sequencing Nextera and V3 chemistry in a MiSeq Illumina platform. The number of viral quasispecies (5% cut-off) and Shannon Index were used to analyse diversity. Results Forty-seven ART-naive patients were recruited between September 2016 and November 2018. At enrolment, the number of quasispecies in blood (median 4 (IQR 2–5)) was lower than in the seminal compartment (median 6, (IQR 4–8)) (p<0.01); the Shannon Index was also higher (p<0.001) in the seminal compartment than in blood (1.77 vs 0.64). At T1, for the 13 patients with detectable HIV in both blood/seminal plasma, viral diversity remained higher (p=0.139) in seminal plasma (median 2 (IQR 1–4.5)) than in blood (median 1 (IQR 1–1.5)) Integrase inhibitors (INI)-based regimens achieved higher levels of undetectability and led more frequently to lower variability (p<0.001) than protease inhibitors (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Conclusion We provide here further evidence of a larger genetic diversity in seminal plasma, both at diagnosis and short term after ART initiation. Our results strengthen previous findings on HIV diversity in seminal plasma. In addition, INIs decrease variability more rapidly than PI and NNRTI in both blood and seminal plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Microbiology Department, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfo de Salazar
- Microbiology Department, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Angel Lopez-Ruz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garcia
- Microbiology Department, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lepore L, Fabrizio C, Bavaro DF, Milano E, Volpe A, Lagioia A, Angarano G, Saracino A, Monno L. Gp120 substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-positive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1580-1587. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Fostemsavir, a novel attachment inhibitor targeting the HIV-1 gp120, has demonstrated wide in vitro activity. However, the high rate of HIV gp120 substitutions could jeopardize its efficacy. We investigated envelope (env) substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in patients with a new HIV-1 diagnosis according to HIV subtype and tropism.
Methods
Gp120 sequences from 409 subjects were retrospectively analysed and the presence of the L116P, A204D, S375H/M/T, M426L, M434I and M475I mutations was evaluated. Other amino acid changes at the same positions were also recorded. The variability at each amino acid position was evaluated using Shannon entropy.
Results
The frequency of mutations was: S375T (13.2%); M426L (6.8%); M434I (2.9%); M475I (2.7%); S375H (1.0%)/M (0.8%) and L116P (0.31%). Statistically significant differences were found at positions 375 (R5/non-R5 strains and B/non-B subtypes) and 426 (B/non-B subtypes); post hoc analysis revealed that significance for position 375 was steered by S375T while for position 426 significance was governed by unusual substitutions, in particular M426R (B/non-B, P < 0.00001). The variability of env constant domains appeared to be more relevant in the non-B virus population.
Conclusions
In conclusion, gp120 substitutions were detected in different subtypes and in both R5 and non-R5 variants. Despite the great variability of gp120, the frequency of mutations was low overall and the predominant substitution was S375T, the role of which in reducing fostemsavir efficacy is less substantial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lepore
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabrizio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Ospedale Oncologico San Giuseppe Moscati, Taranto, Italy
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Milano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Volpe
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lagioia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Angarano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Monno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fabrizio C, Bavaro DF, Scudeller L, Lepore L, Balena F, Lagioia A, Angarano G, Monno L, Saracino A. Variability OF HIV-1 V2 env domain for integrin binding: Clinical correlates. Virology 2019; 535:266-271. [PMID: 31357165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV V2179-181 (HXB2 numbering) tripeptide mediates binding to α4β7 integrin, which is responsible for GALT homing. Our study aimed to assess V2 variability in naive HIV-1 infected patients and its association with clinical and viro-immunological features. Gp120 sequences were obtained from 322 subjects; length, potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGs), net-charge (NC) and 179-181tripeptide α4β7-binding-motif of V2 were evaluated. At multivariate analysis, lower V2 length and higher NC correlated with low CD4 cells; no association was found with PNGs. A greater variability pertained positions 162-163, 164-167, 169, 175-179, 187, 194 and 195 in B sequences, and 163 and 177 in X4 tropic viruses. LDV was the most common tripeptide. Asp180 was highly conserved; Leu179 was more frequently observed in non-B and in recent infections compared to others, while Val181 was found in recent infections and in MSM. Further studies to deeply explore the clinical significance of these associations are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fabrizio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy; Malattie Infettive e Tropicali Ospedale Oncologico San Giuseppe Moscati, Taranto, Italy
| | - Davide F Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigia Scudeller
- Scientific Direction, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciana Lepore
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Flavia Balena
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lagioia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Angarano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Monno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Munusamy Ponnan S, Swaminathan S, Tiruvengadam K, K. K. V, Cheedarla N, Nesakumar M, Kathirvel S, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction of circulating T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells correlating with HIV-1 gp120 variable loop antibodies by a subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203037. [PMID: 30157242 PMCID: PMC6114930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A Phase I HIV-1 vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009 to test a subtype C prophylactic vaccine in a prime-boost regimen comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and MVA (TBC-M4) boost. The trial demonstrated that the regimen was safe and well tolerated and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. Preliminary observations on vaccine-induced immune responses were limited to analysis of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ ELISPOT response. The present study involves a more detailed analysis of the nature of the vaccine-induced humoral immune response using specimens that were archived from the volunteers at the time of the trial. Interestingly, we found vaccine induced production of V1/V2 and V3 region-specific antibodies in a significant proportion of vaccinees. Variable region antibody levels correlated directly with the frequency of circulating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the tested vaccine. Better insights into vaccine-induced immune responses can aid in informing future design of a successfulHIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Tiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Vidyavijayan K. K.
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Narayana Cheedarla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rao M, Onkar S, Peachman KK, White Y, Trinh HV, Jobe O, Zhou Y, Dawson P, Eller MA, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Liposome-Encapsulated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 Induces Potent V1V2-Specific Antibodies in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1541-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sayali Onkar
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yohann White
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hung V Trinh
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ousman Jobe
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael A Eller
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary R Matyas
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carl R Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arthos J, Cicala C, Nawaz F, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F, Santangelo PJ, Ansari AA, Fauci AS. The Role of Integrin α 4β 7 in HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 15:127-135. [PMID: 29478152 PMCID: PMC5882766 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute HIV infection is characterized by high-level viral replication throughout the body's lymphoid system, particularly in gut-associated lymphoid tissues resulting in damage to structural components of gut tissue. This damage is irreversible and believed to contribute to the development of immune deficiencies. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not restore gut structure and function. Studies in macaques point to an alternative treatment strategy that may ameliorate gut damage. Integrin α4β7 mediates the homing of lymphocytes to gut tissues. Vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) antagonist of α4β7, has demonstrated efficacy and has been approved for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Here, we describe our current knowledge, and the gaps in our understanding, of the role of α4β7 in HIV pathogenesis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS When administered to macaques prior to infection, a nonhuman primate analogue of vedolizumab prevents transmission of SIV. In combination with ART, this mAb facilitates durable virologic control following treatment interruption. Targeting α4β7 represents a novel therapeutic approach to prevent and treat HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30680, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ashokkumar M, Nesakumar M, Cheedarla N, Vidyavijayan KK, Babu H, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Molecular Characteristics of the Envelope of Vertically Transmitted HIV-1 Strains from Infants with HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:796-806. [PMID: 28401776 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV offers a good opportunity to study the dynamics of early viral evolution in the host environment to which the virus has partially adapted. Such studies would throw light on the unique features of the infecting viruses, which will subsequently help to design preventive or therapeutic measures against the newly infecting and evolving strains of HIV. Therefore, we undertook a study to determine the genetic divergence of proviral envelope sequences from the HIV-infected infants (<2 years). Detailed analysis revealed unique features of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) and their frequency of occurrence that built on the difference in length of the V1V2 region of the envelope sequences. Surprisingly, frequency of PNGS in the V5 region was found to revert rapidly, in about 75% of the sequences, which could surmise a fitness disadvantage in the variant forms. Further, a stable net charge was observed in the V2 and V3 regions prompting us to speculate on the established interaction of the transmitted variant with the integrin α4β7 receptor and R5 co-receptor, respectively. In brief, our observations suggest that differences in the length of the variable regions and variation in the frequency of PNGS in the envelope of the viruses obtained from very recently infected individuals in our population could be important characteristics of the unique quasispecies that is responsible for the spread of HIV in the early stages of infection in MTCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ashokkumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayaniah Cheedarla
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K K Vidyavijayan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Structural Elements Recognized by Abacavir-Induced T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071464. [PMID: 28686208 PMCID: PMC5535955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in health care worldwide. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been strongly associated with drug hypersensitivities, and the causative drugs have been shown to stimulate specific T cells at the sites of autoimmune destruction. The structural elements recognized by drug-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) in vivo are poorly defined. Drug-stimulated T cells express TCRs specific for peptide/HLA complexes, but the characteristics of peptides (sequence, or endogenous or exogenous origin) presented in the context of small molecule drugs are not well studied. Using HLA-B*57:01 mediated hypersensitivity to abacavir as a model system, this study examines structural similarities of HLA presented peptides recognized by drug-specific TCRs. Using the crystal structure of HLA-B*57:01 complexed with abacavir and an immunogenic self peptide, VTTDIQVKV SPT5a 976-984, peptide side chains exhibiting flexibility and solvent exposure were identified as potential drug-specific T cell recognition motifs. Viral sequences with structural motifs similar to the immunogenic self peptide were identified. Abacavir-specific T cell clones were used to determine if virus peptides presented in the context of abacavir stimulate T cell responsiveness. An abacavir-specific T cell clone was stimulated by VTQQAQVRL, corresponding to HSV1/2 230-238, in the context of HLA-B*57:01. These data suggest the T cell polyclonal response to abacavir consists of multiple subsets, including T cells that recognize self peptide/HLA-B*57:01 complexes and crossreact with viral peptide/HLA-B*57:01 complexes due to similarity in TCR contact residues.
Collapse
|
14
|
Torres OB, Matyas GR, Rao M, Peachman KK, Jalah R, Beck Z, Michael NL, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Alving CR. Heroin-HIV-1 (H2) vaccine: induction of dual immunologic effects with a heroin hapten-conjugate and an HIV-1 envelope V2 peptide with liposomal lipid A as an adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:13. [PMID: 29263870 PMCID: PMC5604742 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic heroin analog (MorHap) and a synthetic 42 amino acid V2 loop peptide from A/E strain of HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein that was previously used in a successful phase III vaccine trial were constructed as antigens together with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant, to explore the feasibility of producing a dual use vaccine both for treatment of heroin addiction and prevention of HIV-1 infection among injection drug users. The V2 peptide was tethered by a palmitoyl fatty acyl tail embedded in the liposomal lipid bilayer, and the heroin analog was conjugated to tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein that was mixed with the adjuvant. Upon comparison of a linear V2 peptide with a cyclic peptide, differences were found in the secondary configurations by circular dichroism, with the tethered cyclic peptide (palm-cyclic peptide) entirely in a random coil, and the tethered linear V2 peptide (palm-linear V2 peptide) entirely in a beta-sheet. Upon immunization of mice, palm-cyclic peptide induced anti-cyclic peptide endpoint titers >106 and was considered to be a better immunogen overall than palm-linear V2 peptide for inducing antibodies to gp120 and gp70-V1V2. The antibodies also inhibited the binding of V2 peptide to the HIV-1 α4β7 integrin receptor. Antibody titers to MorHap, even with the presence of injected cyclic peptide, were very high, and resulted in inhibition of the hyper-locomotion and antinociception effects of injected heroin. From these initial experiments, we conclude that with a potent adjuvant and mostly synthetic constituents, a vaccine directed to heroin and HIV-1 (H2 vaccine) could be a feasible objective. A vaccine designed to treat heroin addiction while at the same time preventing HIV infection elicited strong immune responses in mice. Scientists from the US government led by Carl Alving from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Bethesda, Maryland, created a dual vaccine formulated with three main components: a segment of a protein expressed on the surface of HIV; synthetic molecules that resemble heroin and its degradation products; and a potent adjuvant to stimulate the immune system. Mice immunized with this vaccine had high antibody titers against the HIV surface protein as well as heroin and its derivatives. These mice also showed dulled responses to injected heroin. The findings suggest this vaccine strategy could help fight heroin abuse and the high risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B Torres
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clinical challenges in HIV/AIDS: Hints for advancing prevention and patient management strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:5-19. [PMID: 27117711 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome has been one of the most devastating epidemics of the last century. The current estimate for people living with the HIV is 36.9 million. Today, despite availability of potent and safe drugs for effective treatment, lifelong therapy is required for preventing HIV re-emergence from a pool of latently infected cells. However, recent evidence show the importance to expand HIV testing, to offer antiretroviral treatment to all infected individuals, and to ensure retention through all the cascade of care. In addition, circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and other biomedical tools are now available for included in a comprehensive preventive package. Use of all the available tools might allow cutting the HIV transmission in 2030. In this article, we review the status of the epidemic, the latest advances in prevention and treatment, the concept of treatment as prevention and the challenges and opportunities for the HIV cure agenda.
Collapse
|
16
|
Peachman KK, Karasavvas N, Chenine AL, McLinden R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Jaranit K, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Tovanabutra S, Zolla-Pazner S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alving CR, Rao M. Identification of New Regions in HIV-1 gp120 Variable 2 and 3 Loops that Bind to α4β7 Integrin Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143895. [PMID: 26625359 PMCID: PMC4666614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut mucosal homing integrin receptor α4β7 present on activated CD4+ T cells interacts with the HIV-1 gp120 second variable loop (V2). Case control analysis of the RV144 phase III vaccine trial demonstrated that plasma IgG binding antibodies specific to scaffolded proteins expressing the first and second variable regions (V1V2) of HIV envelope protein gp120 containing the α4β7 binding motif correlated inversely with risk of infection. Subsequently antibodies to the V3 region were also shown to correlate with protection. The integrin receptor α4β7 was shown to interact with the LDI/V motif on V2 loop but recent studies suggest that additional regions of V2 loop could interact with the α4β7. Thus, there may be several regions on the V2 and possibly V3 loops that may be involved in this binding. Using a cell line, that constitutively expressed α4β7 receptors but lacked CD4, we examined the contribution of V2 and V3 loops and the ability of V2 peptide-, V2 integrin-, V3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and purified IgG from RV144 vaccinees to block the V2/V3-α4β7 interaction. Results We demonstrate that α4β7 on RPMI8866 cells bound specifically to its natural ligand mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) as well as to cyclic-V2 and cyclic-V3 peptides. This binding was inhibited by anti-α4β7-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) ACT-1, mAbs specific to either V2 or V3 loops, and by purified primary virions or infectious molecular clones expressing envelopes from acute or chronic subtypes A, C, and CRF01_AE viruses. Plasma from HIV-1 infected Thai individuals as well as purified IgG from uninfected RV144 vaccinees inhibited (0–50%) the binding of V2 and V3 peptides to α4β7. Conclusion Our results indicate that in addition to the tripeptide LDI/V motif, other regions of the V2 and V3 loops of gp120 were involved in binding to α4β7 receptors and this interaction was blocked by anti-V2 peptide, anti-V2 integrin, and anti-V3 antibodies. The ability of purified IgG from some of the uninfected RV144 vaccinees to inhibit α4β7 raises the hypothesis that anti-V2 and anti-V3 antibodies may play a role in blocking the gp120-α4β7 interaction after vaccination and thus prevent HIV-1 acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K. Peachman
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Agnes-Laurence Chenine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert McLinden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Veterans Administration New York Harbor Health Care System and NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Romero-Maldonado A, García-Hernández AL, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Salazar-González JA, Korban SS, Rosales-Mendoza S, Moreno-Fierros L. A Plant-Derived Multi-HIV Antigen Induces Broad Immune Responses in Orally Immunized Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:662-74. [PMID: 25779638 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-HIV, a multiepitopic protein derived from both gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been proposed as a vaccine prototype capable of inducing broad immune responses, as it carries various B and T cell epitopes from several HIV strains. In this study, the immunogenic properties of a Multi-HIV expressed in tobacco chloroplasts are evaluated in test mice. BALB/c mice orally immunized with tobacco-derived Multi-HIV have elicited antibody responses, including both the V3 loop of gp120 and the ELDKWA epitope of gp41. Based on splenocyte proliferation assays, stimulation with epitopes of the C4, V3 domain of gp120, and the ELDKWA domain of gp41 elicits positive cellular responses. Furthermore, specific interferon gamma production is observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stimulated with HIV peptides. These results demonstrate that plant-derived Multi-HIV induces T helper-specific responses. Altogether, these findings illustrate the immunogenic potential of plant-derived Multi-HIV in an oral immunization scheme. The potential of this low-cost immunization approach and its implications on HIV/AIDS vaccine development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Different infectivity of HIV-1 strains is linked to number of envelope trimers required for entry. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004595. [PMID: 25569556 PMCID: PMC4287578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 enters target cells by virtue of envelope glycoprotein trimers that are incorporated at low density in the viral membrane. How many trimers are required to interact with target cell receptors to mediate virus entry, the HIV entry stoichiometry, still awaits clarification. Here, we provide estimates of the HIV entry stoichiometry utilizing a combined approach of experimental analyses and mathematical modeling. We demonstrate that divergent HIV strains differ in their stoichiometry of entry and require between 1 to 7 trimers, with most strains depending on 2 to 3 trimers to complete infection. Envelope modifications that perturb trimer structure lead to an increase in the entry stoichiometry, as did naturally occurring antibody or entry inhibitor escape mutations. Highlighting the physiological relevance of our findings, a high entry stoichiometry correlated with low virus infectivity and slow virus entry kinetics. The entry stoichiometry therefore directly influences HIV transmission, as trimer number requirements will dictate the infectivity of virus populations and efficacy of neutralizing antibodies. Thereby our results render consideration of stoichiometric concepts relevant for developing antibody-based vaccines and therapeutics against HIV. Our estimates of the HIV-1 entry stoichiometry, that is the number of envelope glycoprotein trimers needed to mediate fusion of viral and target cell membrane, close an important gap in our understanding of the HIV entry process. As we show, stoichiometric requirements for envelope trimers differ between HIV strains and steer virus entry efficacy and virus entry kinetics. Thus, the entry stoichiometry has important implications for HIV transmission, as demands on trimer numbers will dictate the infectivity of virus populations, target cell preferences and virus inactivation by trimer-targeting inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. Beyond this, our data contribute to the general understanding of mechanisms and energetic requirements of protein-mediated membrane fusion, as HIV entry proved to follow similar stoichiometries as described for Influenza virus HA and SNARE protein mediated membrane fusion. In summary, our findings provide a relevant contribution towards a refined understanding of HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis with particular importance for ongoing efforts to generate neutralizing antibody based therapeutics and vaccines targeting the HIV-1 envelope trimer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Soria-Guerra RE, Nieto-Gomez R, Govea-Alonso DO, Rosales-Mendoza S. An overview of bioinformatics tools for epitope prediction: implications on vaccine development. J Biomed Inform 2014; 53:405-14. [PMID: 25464113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of recombinant DNA and sequencing technologies has led to a new concept in vaccination in which isolated epitopes, capable of stimulating a specific immune response, have been identified and used to achieve advanced vaccine formulations; replacing those constituted by whole pathogen-formulations. In this context, bioinformatics approaches play a critical role on analyzing multiple genomes to select the protective epitopes in silico. It is conceived that cocktails of defined epitopes or chimeric protein arrangements, including the target epitopes, may provide a rationale design capable to elicit convenient humoral or cellular immune responses. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of the most advantageous online immunological software and searchable, in order to facilitate the design and development of vaccines. An outlook on how these tools are supporting vaccine development is presented. HIV and influenza have been taken as examples of promising developments on vaccination against hypervariable viruses. Perspectives in this field are also envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Soria-Guerra
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Biorreactores, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gomez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brandenberg OF, Rusert P, Magnus C, Weber J, Böni J, Günthard HF, Regoes RR, Trkola A. Partial rescue of V1V2 mutant infectivity by HIV-1 cell-cell transmission supports the domain's exceptional capacity for sequence variation. Retrovirology 2014; 11:75. [PMID: 25287422 PMCID: PMC4190450 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 perform two key functions: ensuring envelope trimer entry competence and shielding against neutralizing antibodies. While preserving entry functionality would suggest a high need for V1V2 sequence optimization and conservation, shielding efficacy is known to depend on a high flexibility of V1V2 giving rise to its substantial sequence variability. How entry competence of the trimer is maintained despite the continuous emergence of antibody escape mutations within V1V2 has not been resolved. Since HIV cell-cell transmission is considered a highly effective means of virus dissemination, we investigated whether cell-cell transmission may serve to enhance infectivity of V1V2 variants with debilitated free virus entry. RESULTS In a detailed comparison of wt and V1V2 mutant envelopes, V1V2 proved to be a key factor in ascertaining free virus infectivity, with V1V2 mutants displaying significantly reduced trimer integrity. Despite these defects, cell-cell transmission was able to partially rescue infectivity of V1V2 mutant viruses. We identified two regions, encompassing amino acids 156 to 160 (targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies) and 175 to 180 (encompassing the α4β7 binding site) which were particularly prone to free virus infectivity loss upon mutation but maintained infectivity in cell-cell transmission. Of note, V1V2 antibody shielding proved important during both free virus infection and cell-cell transmission. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data we propose a model for V1V2 evolution that centers on cell-cell transmission as a salvage pathway for virus replication. Escape from antibody neutralization may frequently result in V1V2 mutations that reduce free virus infectivity. Cell-cell transmission could provide these escape viruses with sufficiently high replication levels that enable selection of compensatory mutations, thereby restoring free virus infectivity while ensuring antibody escape. Thus, our study highlights the need to factor in cell-cell transmission when considering neutralization escape pathways of HIV-1.
Collapse
|
21
|
O'Connell RJ, Kim JH, Excler JL. The HIV-1 gp120 V1V2 loop: structure, function and importance for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1489-500. [PMID: 25163695 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.951335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the second variable loop (V2) of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein shows substantial sequence diversity between strains, its functional importance imposes critical conservation of structure, and within particular microdomains, of sequence. V2 influences HIV-1 viral entry by contributing to trimer stabilization and co-receptor binding. It is one of 4 key domains targeted by the broadly neutralizing antibodies that arise during HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 uses V1V2 sequence variation and glycosylation to escape neutralizing antibody. In the Thai Phase III HIV-1 vaccine trial, RV144, vaccine-induced IgG against V1V2 inversely correlated with the risk of HIV-1 acquisition, and HIV-1 strains infecting RV144 vaccine recipients differed from those infecting placebo recipients in the V2 domain. Similarly, non-human primate challenge studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between vaccine-induced anti-V2 responses and simian immunodeficiency virus acquisition. We hypothesize that increased magnitude, frequency and duration of vaccine-induced anti-V2 antibody responses should improve efficacy afforded by pox-protein prime-boost HIV vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cardozo T, Wang S, Jiang X, Kong XP, Hioe C, Krachmarov C. Vaccine focusing to cross-subtype HIV-1 gp120 variable loop epitopes. Vaccine 2014; 32:4916-24. [PMID: 25045827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We designed synthetic, epitope-focused immunogens that preferentially display individual neutralization epitopes targeted by cross-subtype anti-HIV V3 loop neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Vaccination of rabbits with these immunogens resulted in the elicitation of distinct polyclonal serum Abs that exhibit cross-subtype neutralization specificities mimicking the mAbs that guided the design. Our results prove the principle that a predictable range of epitope-specific polyclonal cross-subtype HIV-1 neutralizing Abs can be intentionally elicited in mammals by vaccination. The precise boundaries of the epitopes and conformational flexibility in the presentation of the epitopes in the immunogen appeared to be important for successful elicitation. This work may serve as a starting point for translating the activities of human broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) into matched immunogens that can contribute to an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cardozo
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Shixia Wang
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Catarina Hioe
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 423 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010, United States
| | - Chavdar Krachmarov
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nonneutralizing functional antibodies: a new "old" paradigm for HIV vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1023-36. [PMID: 24920599 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human data from various viral infections and vaccine studies suggest that nonneutralizing antibodies (nNAb) without neutralizing activity in vitro may play an important role in protection against viral infection in vivo. This was illustrated by the recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, which demonstrated that HIV-specific IgG-mediated nNAb directed against the V2 loop of HIV type 1 envelope (Env) were inversely correlated with risk for HIV acquisition, while Env-specific plasma IgA-mediated antibodies were directly correlated with risk. However, tier 1 NAb in the subset of responders with a low level of plasma Env-specific IgA correlated with decreased risk. Nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge studies suggest that Env-mediated antibodies are essential and sufficient for protection. A comparison of immune responses generated in human efficacy trials reveals subtle differences in the fine specificities of the antibody responses, in particular in HIV-specific IgG subclasses. The underlying mechanisms that may have contributed to protection against HIV acquisition in humans, although not fully understood, are possibly mediated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or other nonneutralizing humoral effector functions, such as antibody-mediated phagocytosis. The presence of such functional nNAb in mucosal tissues and cervico-vaginal and rectal secretions challenges the paradigm that NAb are the predominant immune response conferring protection, although this does not negate the desirability of evoking neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Instead, NAb and nNAb should be looked upon as complementary or synergistic humoral effector functions. Several HIV vaccine clinical trials to study these antibody responses in various prime-boost modalities in the systemic and mucosal compartments are ongoing. The induction of high-frequency HIV-specific functional nNAb at high titers may represent an attractive hypothesis-testing strategy in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials.
Collapse
|
24
|
Excler JL, Robb ML, Kim JH. HIV-1 vaccines: challenges and new perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1734-46. [PMID: 24637946 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective preventive HIV-1 vaccine remains a public health priority. Despite scientific difficulties and disappointing results, HIV-1 vaccine clinical development has, for the first time, established proof-of-concept efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition and identified vaccine-associated immune correlates of risk. The correlate of risk analysis showed that IgG antibodies against the gp120 V2 loop correlated with decreased risk of HIV infection, while Env-specific IgA directly correlated with increased risk. The development of vaccine strategies such as improved envelope proteins formulated with potent adjuvants and DNA and vectors expressing mosaics, or conserved sequences, capable of eliciting greater breadth and depth of potentially relevant immune responses including neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses, mucosal immune responses, and immunological memory, is now proceeding quickly. Additional human efficacy trials combined with other prevention modalities along with sustained funding and international collaboration remain key to bring an HIV-1 vaccine to licensure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program; Division of Retrovirology; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Bethesda, MD USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program; Division of Retrovirology; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Bethesda, MD USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program; Division of Retrovirology; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Bethesda, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|