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Hua B, Dong Z, Yang Y, Liu W, Chen S, Chen Y, Sun X, Ye D, Li J, Mao Y. Dietary Carbohydrates, Genetic Susceptibility, and Gout Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in the UK. Nutrients 2024; 16:2883. [PMID: 39275199 PMCID: PMC11397129 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the associations between carbohydrate intake and gout risk, along with interactions between genetic susceptibility and carbohydrates, and the mediating roles of biomarkers. We included 187,387 participants who were free of gout at baseline and completed at least one dietary assessment in the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between carbohydrate intake and gout risk. Over a median follow-up of 11.69 years, 2548 incident cases of gout were recorded. Total carbohydrate intake was associated with a reduced gout risk (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60-0.74), as were total sugars (0.89, 0.80-0.99), non-free sugars (0.70, 0.63-0.78), total starch (0.70, 0.63-0.78), refined grain starch (0.85, 0.76-0.95), wholegrain starch (0.73, 0.65-0.82), and fiber (0.72, 0.64-0.80), whereas free sugars (1.15, 1.04-1.28) were associated with an increased risk. Significant additive interactions were found between total carbohydrates and genetic risk, as well as between total starch and genetic risk. Serum urate was identified as a significant mediator in all associations between carbohydrate intake (total, different types, and sources) and gout risk. In conclusion, total carbohydrate and different types and sources of carbohydrate (excluding free sugars) intake were associated with a reduced risk of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Hua
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ziwei Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yudan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ding Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Zhang J, Zeng L, Bu L, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, Cao F. Association between high uric acid and the risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38947. [PMID: 39058857 PMCID: PMC11272381 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid, as an important antioxidant substance in human body, has attracted much attention in relation to the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the causal relationship between them is still controversial. We perform a meta-analysis to summarize the available evidence from cohort studies on the association between high uric acid and the risk of PD. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, and Embase to obtain the Odds Ratio (OR) of high uric acid and PD and pooled the data using RevMan software (v5.4; Cochrane library). RESULTS A total of 18 studies involving more than 840,774 participants were included. Overall, we found a significant association (OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.77-0.91) between high uric acid and PD. Subgroup analysis was stratified by gender, indicating more statistically significant protective effects of serum urate in men (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.54-0.81) than that of in women (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76-0.98). People under the age of 60 (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.86) are more likely to benefit from high uric acid than people over age of 60 (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.63-0.86). The resistance of high uric acid to PD in LRRK2 mutation carriers (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11-0.45) is stronger than that in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16-0.85). In addition, a dose-response trend of serum urate to reduce PD risk was also observed (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.93). CONCLUSION Our study confirms a significant association between high uric acid and the risk of PD, especially in men under 60 years old, and a dose-response trend of uric acid to reduce PD risk was also observed. Furthermore, LRRK2 mutation carriers are more likely to benefit from high uric acid than non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Zhang
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longhai Zeng
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lufang Bu
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hairong Liao
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Fuzhou Medical Department of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
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Li D, Shi W, Hu C, Wen C, Huang L, Wang Q. Lipidomics Analysis Deepen Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms in a Gouty Model Induced by Combination of MSU Crystals Injection and High-Fat Diet Feeding and the Intervention Mechanisms of Allopurinol. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1003-1018. [PMID: 38370465 PMCID: PMC10874778 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s443358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gouty arthritis (GA) is a common inflammatory disease caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in diarthrodial joints. GA attacks commonly involved in joint with red, swollen, heat and pain, and often happened in unilateral foot-first metatarsophalangeal. Accumulated studies have proved that lipids play critical roles in biological processes and lipids biomarkers can substitute for the diagnosis of various diseases. Methods Herein, shotgun lipidomics was used to quantitatively analyze serum lipidomes of a gouty model which was induced by injecting MSU crystals and feeding high-fat diet with/without treatment with allopurinol. Meanwhile, ELISA kit was used to detect mouse serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1 beta) and HE staining was used to observe the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the foot pad. Results A total of 9 types of serum lipids were detected in lipidomics by shotguns, and the result of NMDS' analysis demonstrated significant differences in lipids profiles between the control and model group. It is worth noting that lipid abnormality in GA (such as Ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin (SM), 4-hydroxyalkenals (HNE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (PE), etc.) is related with phospholipid and energy metabolism, and allopurinol treatment could correct the aberrant metabolism of lipid to some extent. Conclusion Our results indicated that various aberrant lipid metabolisms were present in the established gouty model, and allopurinol treatment could relief this aberrant metabolism of lipids to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianming Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiman Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changfeng Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Liu J, Sun Y, Zhou Q, Ding X, Chen X. Chinese herbal compound Huangqin Qingrechubi capsule reduces lipid metabolism disorder and inflammatory response in gouty arthritis via the LncRNA H19/APN/PI3K/AKT cascade. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:541-555. [PMID: 36994890 PMCID: PMC10064824 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2191641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gouty arthritis (GA) is a characteristically inflammatory disease often associated with lipid metabolism disorder. Huangqin Qingrechubi capsule (HQC) has been used for the treatment of GA. OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of HQC in the treatment of GA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 GA patients (GA group) and 30 healthy subjects [normal control (NC) group] were recruited. The GA group was treated with HQC (3.6 g/d) for 10 days. Lipid metabolism and inflammation indexes were detected. Five herbal names of HQC, or 'gouty arthritis', 'hyperlipidemia' and 'inflammation' were used as key words to search related databases for network pharmacological analysis. Subsequently, GA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were stimulated with GA-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (3:1) and treated with HQC drug-containing serum (20%). RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA were conducted to further explore the mechanism of HQC in improving GA. RESULTS In clinical observation, HQC decreased the expression of lncRNA H19 and IL-1β, and increased the expression of adiponectin (APN) and IL-4 in the GA group (about half). Through network pharmacology, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was identified. Cell experiments showed that HQC treatment reduced the viability of GA-FLSs (49.61%), up-regulated the expression of IL-4 (155.18%), IL-10 (165.13%), and APN (31.24%), and down-regulated the expression of lncRNA H19 (33.70%), IL-1β (64.70%), TNF-α (78.32%), p-PI3K (48.80%), and p-AKT (53.48%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS HQC improved lipid metabolism disorder and inflammatory response of GA by regulating the lncRNA H19/APN/PI3K/AKT. Maintaining the stability of lipid metabolism may be an effective way to alleviate GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianheng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Wang S, Zhang L, Hao D, Wang L, Liu J, Niu Q, Mi L, Peng X, Gao J. Research progress of risk factors and early diagnostic biomarkers of gout-induced renal injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908517. [PMID: 36203589 PMCID: PMC9530830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout renal injury has an insidious onset, no obvious symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities in the early stages of the disease. The injury is not easily detected, and in many cases, the patients have entered the renal failure stage at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, the detection of gout renal injury–related risk factors and early diagnostic biomarkers of gout renal injury is essential for the prevention and early diagnosis of the disease. This article reviews the research progress in risk factors and early diagnostic biomarkers of gout renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongsheng Hao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangyu Mi
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyue Peng
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jinfang Gao,
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Expressions and clinical significance of interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 in serum and synovia of patients with gouty arthritis. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2021-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: To explore the expressions and clinical significance of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in serum and synovia of patients with gouty arthritis (GA).
Materials and Methods: A total of 110 GA patients hospitalized from January 2016 to September 2019 were selected as observation group, with 55 at remission stage (observation group I) and 55 at acute attack stage (observation group II). Another 55 healthy volunteers were selected as control group. The correlations of IL-1β and COX-2 with uric acid (UA) were explored by Spearman’s analysis. IL-1β and COX-2 expression levels were compared at different time points after treatment.
Results: IL-1β, COX-2 and UA levels of patients were significantly higher in observation group I and II than those in the control group, and higher in the observation group II than those in observation group I. IL-1β and COX-2 were positively correlated with UA (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off values of IL-1β and COX-2 for predicting GA were 18.23 and 9.12 pg/mL, and AUC values were 0.702 and 0.714 (P<0.001), respectively. On admission and after treatment for 3, 7, and 10 days, IL-1β and COX-2 levels of observation group II significantly exceeded those of observation group I (P<0.05). Compared with the efficacy group, after treatment for 14 days, IL-1β and COX-2 levels in serum and synovia significantly increased in the non-efficacy group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: IL-1β and COX-2 levels in serum and synovia of GA patients are evidently higher than those in the control group, which rise with the aggravation of disease.
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Dang W, Xu X, Luo D, Luo H, Hu J, Zhou J, Liu J, You L. Analysis of Risk Factors for Changes in the Renal Two-Dimensional Image in Gout Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6367-6378. [PMID: 34675606 PMCID: PMC8502035 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s336220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of different blood uric acid levels in gout patients on the two-dimensional image of the kidney and the risk factors for gout-related kidney damage for providing clinical evidence to enable early prevention and treatment of gout-related kidney damage. METHODS We obtained information of 227 patients with primary gout and estimated the association between two-dimensional kidney images and clinical indicators using binary logistic regression. RESULTS Our study showed that different uric acid levels, age, disease course, cystatin C (CysC) level, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level were correlated with echo of the renal medulla (P < 0.05). CysC level was correlated with the renal cortex thickness and kidney stones in different uric acid-level groups (P < 0.05). Disease course, aspartate transaminase (AST) level, creatinine (CREA) level, and tophi were risk factors for renal cortex thinning in gout patients (P = 0.045, 0.026, 0.004, 0.006, respectively). The disease course, platelet (PLT) count, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) level were risk factors for kidney stone formation in gout patients (P = 0.037, 0.022, 0.023, respectively), while CysC level and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were risk factors for increased renal medulla echo in these patients (P = 0.022, 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study revealed disease course, AST level, CREA level, tophi, PLT count, HDL-C level, CysC level and CRP level may be important predictors of renal image changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantai Dang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danling Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingguo Zhou
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanlan You
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
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Wu Y, Wang S, Xu X. Correlation of Serum Cystatin C with Renal Function in Gout Patients with Renal Injury. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:329-335. [PMID: 34435875 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gout-induced continuous deposition of urate in the kidney tissues is the main cause of renal injury, for which cystatin C (Cys C) is an important indicator. This research analyzed the correlation between general renal injury indicators and serum Cys C level, and further investigated the potential of Cys C in renal injury diagnosis. A total of 140 gout patients with renal injury (GRI) were recruited and grouped by their glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, and Cys C levels in the serum were evaluated. The diagnostic efficacy of serum Cys C was evaluated by the nonparametric receiver operating characteristic analysis. Serum Cys C level was increased with decreased GFR in GRI. Urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine levels in the serum showed positive correlations with Cys C level. The area under the curve for serum Cys C was 0.8589 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, this research demonstrated that the serum Cys C level was a precise diagnostic marker for GFR and renal damage evaluation, and showed a significant diagnostic value for renal injury in patients with gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Wu
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shunhua Wang
- Department of Immune Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Surgery Department Consulting Area, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Basnet R, Khadka S, Basnet BB, Basnet TB, Chidi BB, Nirala S, Gupta R, Sharma B. Xanthine Oxidase and Transforming Growth Factor Beta-activated Kinase 1: Potential Targets for Gout Intervention. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 17:153-161. [PMID: 33243128 DOI: 10.2174/1573397116666201126162202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gout, inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals into affected joints and other tissues, has become one of the major health problems of today's world. The main risk factor for gout is hyperuricemia, which may be caused by excessive or insufficient excretion of uric acid. The incidence is usually in the age group of 30- 50 years, commonly in males. In developed countries, the incidence of gout ranges from 1 to 4%. Despite effective treatments, there has been an increase in the number of cases over the past few decades. OBJECTIVE In recent years, the development of targeted drugs in gout has made significant achievements. The global impact of gout continues to increase, and as a result, the focus of disease-modifying therapies remains elusive. In addition, the characterization of available instrumental compounds is urgently needed to explore the use of novel selective and key protein-ligand interactions for the effective treatment of gout. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key target in gout to consider the use of XO inhibitors in patients with mild to moderate condition, however, the costs are high, and no other direct progress has been made. Despite many XO inhibitors, a selective potent inhibitor for XO is limited. Likewise, in recent years, attention has been focused on different strategies for the discovery and development of new selectivity ligands against transforming growth factor beta- activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a potential therapeutic target for gout. Therefore, the insight on human XO structure and TAK1 provides a clue into protein-ligand interactions and provides the basis for molecular modeling and structure-based drug design. CONCLUSION In this review, we briefly introduce the clinical characteristics, the development of crystal, inhibitors, and crystal structure of XO and TAK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Basnet
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sandhya Khadka
- Department of Pharmacy, Hope International College, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Til Bahadur Basnet
- Little Buddha College of Health Sciences, Purbanchal University, Min Bhawan Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddhi Bal Chidi
- Department of Drug Administration, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Nirala
- Department of Cardiology of the Ruijin Hospital affiliated to the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Radheshyam Gupta
- Dept. of General Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Nepal Korea Friendship Municipality Hospital, Madhyapur Thimi, Nepal, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bidur Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Liang J, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Song W, Li X, Huang Y, Ou J, Wei Q, Gu J. The comparison of dyslipidemia and serum uric acid in patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:31. [PMID: 32127000 PMCID: PMC7053114 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia often concurs with hyperuricemia. Our study was to discover different lipid levels of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia and the predictors of sUA (serum uric acid) levels. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to collect demographic, clinical variables, comorbidities and laboratory testing in patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Group comparison was performed with Student's t-test or Mann Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables (Fisher's exact test where appropriate) and to screen potential risk factors. Correlation of sUA levels with demographic and biochemical variables were performed by using correlation analysis. The variable with s p-value less than 0.20 during the group comparison or clinical relevance was introduced into the stepwise multiple regression model. RESULTS Six hundred fifty-three patients with gout and 63 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (> 420 μmol/L in male and > 360 μmol/L in female) were enrolled, including 553 (84.7%) males. The mean age was 47.8 ± 16.0 years old. Elevated total cholesterol (TC) was observed in 173 (26.5%) cases with gout. Increased triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels were observed in 242 (37.1%) cases and 270 (41.3%) cases with gout, individually. In contrast, elevated TC, TG and LDL-C levels were observed in 10 (15.9%) cases, 30 (47.6%) cases and 22 (34.9%) cases with hyperuricemia, individually. Significant differences were found in age, serum creatine, TC and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia groups (p < 0.05). In patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, 12 (19.0%) patients had hypertension and 5 (7.9%) suffered from coronary heart diseases. Male (B = -112.7, p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) (B = -60.797, p = 0.013), body mass index (BMI) (B = 5.168, p = 0.024), age (B = -3.475, p = 0.006), age of hyperuricemia onset (B = 2.683, p = 0.032), and serum creatine (B = 0.534, p < 0.001) were predictors of sUA levels in gout patients (adjusted R2 = 28.7%). CONCLUSIONS Dyslipidemia is more commonly seen in patients with gout, compared to asymptomatic hyperuricemia. HDL-C is a protective predictor of sUA levels in gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Rheumatolgy and Immunology, Huadu Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Huadu District People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Yutong Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yefei Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Rheumatolgy and Immunology, Huadu Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Huadu District People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Department of Rheumatolgy and Immunology, Huadu Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Huadu District People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Jiayong Ou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qiujing Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jieruo Gu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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