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Baglini E, Chiaverini L, Tolbatov I, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, La Mendola D, Barresi E, Marzo T. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for ovarian cancer treatment: from organic to inorganic chemotherapeutics towards selectivity-a perspective overview. Biometals 2024; 37:275-288. [PMID: 37930483 PMCID: PMC11006779 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecologic cancer in industrialized countries. Treatments for OC include the surgical removal and chemotherapy. In the last decades, improvements have been made in the surgery technologies, drug combinations and administration protocols, and in diagnosis. However, mortality from OC is still high owing to recurrences and insurgence of drug resistance. Accordingly, it is urgent the development of novel agents capable to effectively target OC. In this respect, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may play an important role. Most of TKIs developed and tested so far are organic. However, owing to their chemical versatility, also metals can be exploited to design selective and potent TKIs. We provide a short and easy-to-read overview on the main organic TKIs with a summary of those that entered clinical trials. Additionally, we describe the potential of metal-based TKIs, focusing on this overlooked family of compounds that may significantly contribute towards the concept of precision-medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiaverini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Kratzke M, Scaria G, Porter S, Kren B, Klein MA. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Antioxidant Defense and CDK4/6 in Mesothelioma. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114380. [PMID: 37298855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced mesothelioma is considered an incurable disease and new treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial antioxidant defense proteins and the cell cycle may contribute to mesothelioma growth, and that the inhibition of these pathways may be effective against this cancer. We demonstrated that the antioxidant defense inhibitor auranofin and the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib could decrease mesothelioma cell proliferation alone or in combination. In addition, we determined the effects of these compounds on colony growth, cell cycle progression, and the expression of key antioxidant defense and cell cycle proteins. Auranofin and palbociclib were effective in decreasing cell growth and inhibiting the above-described activity across all assays. Further study of this drug combination will elucidate the contribution of these pathways to mesothelioma activity and may reveal a new treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Kratzke
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - George Scaria
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Stephen Porter
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Betsy Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Alkafaas SS, Abdallah AM, Ghosh S, Loutfy SA, Elkafas SS, Abdel Fattah NF, Hessien M. Insight into the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2403. [PMID: 36345157 PMCID: PMC9877911 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants sustainable efforts to upgrade both the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Understanding the details of cellular and molecular basis of the virus-host cell interaction is essential for developing variant-independent therapeutic options. The internalization of SARS-CoV-2, into lung epithelial cells, is mediated by endocytosis, especially clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Although vaccination is the gold standard strategy against viral infection, selective inhibition of endocytic proteins, complexes, and associated adaptor proteins may present a variant-independent therapeutic strategy. Although clathrin and/or dynamins are the most important proteins involved in CME, other endocytic mechanisms are clathrin and/or dynamin independent and rely on other proteins. Moreover, endocytosis implicates some subcellular structures, like plasma membrane, actin and lysosomes. Also, physiological conditions, such as pH and ion concentrations, represent an additional factor that mediates these events. Accordingly, endocytosis related proteins are potential targets for small molecules that inhibit endocytosis-mediated viral entry. This review summarizes the potential of using small molecules, targeting key proteins, participating in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, as variant-independent antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review takes two approaches. The first outlines the potential role of endocytic inhibitors in preventing endocytosis-mediated viral entry and its mechanism of action, whereas in the second computational analysis was implemented to investigate the selectivity of common inhibitors against endocytic proteins in SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis. The analysis revealed that remdesivir, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, rottlerin, and Bis-T can effectively inhibit clathrin, HMG-CoA reductase, actin, and dynamin I GTPase and are more potent in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 than chloroquine. CME inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- Narcotic Research DepartmentNational Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR)GizaEgypt
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Samah A. Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Nanotechnology Research CenterBritish UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringMenofia UniversityMenofiaEgypt
| | - Nasra F. Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
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Park SJ, Kim Y, Li C, Suh J, Sivapackiam J, Goncalves TM, Jarad G, Zhao G, Urano F, Sharma V, Chen YM. Blocking CHOP-dependent TXNIP shuttling to mitochondria attenuates albuminuria and mitigates kidney injury in nephrotic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116505119. [PMID: 35994650 PMCID: PMC9436335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116505119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria is a hallmark of glomerular disease of various etiologies. It is not only a symptom of glomerular disease but also a cause leading to glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and eventually, a decline in kidney function. The molecular mechanism underlying albuminuria-induced kidney injury remains poorly defined. In our genetic model of nephrotic syndrome (NS), we have identified CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein)-TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) as critical molecular linkers between albuminuria-induced ER dysfunction and mitochondria dyshomeostasis. TXNIP is a ubiquitously expressed redox protein that binds to and inhibits antioxidant enzyme, cytosolic thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), and mitochondrial Trx2. However, very little is known about the regulation and function of TXNIP in NS. By utilizing Chop-/- and Txnip-/- mice as well as 68Ga-Galuminox, our molecular imaging probe for detection of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo, we demonstrate that CHOP up-regulation induced by albuminuria drives TXNIP shuttling from nucleus to mitochondria, where it is required for the induction of mitochondrial ROS. The increased ROS accumulation in mitochondria oxidizes Trx2, thus liberating TXNIP to associate with mitochondrial nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) to activate inflammasome, as well as releasing mitochondrial apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) to induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, inhibition of TXNIP translocation and mitochondrial ROS overproduction by CHOP deletion suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and p-ASK1-dependent mitochondria apoptosis in NS. Thus, targeting TXNIP represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ji Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yeawon Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chuang Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Junwoo Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jothilingam Sivapackiam
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tassia M. Goncalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - George Jarad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105
| | - Ying Maggie Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Mármol I, Quero J, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. Gold as a Possible Alternative to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060780. [PMID: 31195711 PMCID: PMC6628079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence and high mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Classic chemotherapy against CRC is based on oxaliplatin and other cisplatin analogues; however, platinum-based therapy lacks selectivity to cancer cells and leads to deleterious side effects. In addition, tumor resistance to oxaliplatin is related to chemotherapy failure. Gold(I) derivatives are a promising alternative to platinum complexes, since instead of interacting with DNA, they target proteins overexpressed on tumor cells, thus leading to less side effects than, but a comparable antitumor effect to, platinum derivatives. Moreover, given the huge potential of gold nanoparticles, the role of gold in CRC chemotherapy is not limited to gold(I) complexes. Gold nanoparticles have been found to be able to overcome multidrug resistance along with reduced side effects due to a more efficient uptake of classic drugs. Moreover, the use of gold nanoparticles has enhanced the effect of traditional therapies such as radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, or photodynamic therapy, and has displayed a potential role in diagnosis as a consequence of their optic properties. Herein, we have reviewed the most recent advances in the use of gold(I) derivatives and gold nanoparticles in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Javier Quero
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Deparment of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, University of Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gambini V, Tilio M, Maina EW, Andreani C, Bartolacci C, Wang J, Iezzi M, Ferraro S, Ramadori AT, Simon OC, Pucciarelli S, Wu G, Dou QP, Marchini C, Galassi R, Amici A. In vitro and in vivo studies of gold(I) azolate/phosphane complexes for the treatment of basal like breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:418-427. [PMID: 29906688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Basal like breast cancer (BLBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer giving few chances of survival, against which cisplatin based therapy is a compromise among the anticancer activity, the resistance development and the severe side effects. With the aim of finding new anticancer agents alternative to cisplatin, seven gold(I) azolate/phosphane compounds were evaluated in vitro by MTT tests in human MDA-MB-231, human mammary epithelial HMLE cells overexpressing FoxQ1, and murine A17 cells as models of BLBC. Two compounds, (4,5-dichloro-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-(triphenylphosphane)-gold(I) 1 and (4,5-dicyano-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-(triphenylphosphane)-gold(I) 2 were found very active and chosen for an in vivo study in A17 tumors transplanted in syngeneic mice. The compounds resulted to be more active than cisplatin, less nephrotoxic and generally more tolerated by the mice. This study also provides evidence that both gold(I) complexes inhibited the 19 S proteasome-associated deubiquitinase USP14 and induced apoptosis, while compound 1's mechanism of action depends also on its ability to down-regulate key molecules governing cancer growth and progression, such as STAT3 and Cox-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gambini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Martina Tilio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Eunice Wairimu Maina
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Cristina Andreani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Caterina Bartolacci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferraro
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Ramadori
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Oumarou Camille Simon
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Guojun Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
| | - Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy.
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
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The Role of NOX4 and TRX2 in Angiogenesis and Their Potential Cross-Talk. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020042. [PMID: 28594389 PMCID: PMC5488022 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family is the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular system. In this family, NOX4, a constitutive active form of NOXs, plays an important role in angiogenesis. Thioredoxin 2 (TRX2) is a key mitochondrial redox protein that maintains normal protein function and also provides electrons to peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) to scavenge H₂O₂ in mitochondria. Angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel formation, is involved in a variety of physiological processes and pathological conditions. It seems to be paradoxical for ROS-producing NOX4 and ROS-scavenging TRX2 to have a similar role in promoting angiogenesis. In this review, we will focus on data supporting the role of NOX4 and TRX2 in angiogenesis and their cross-talks and discuss how ROS can positively or negatively regulate angiogenesis, depending on their species, levels and locations. NOX4 and TRX2-mediated ROS signaling could be promising targets for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Mechanistic Role of Thioredoxin 2 in Heart Failure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:265-276. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Auranofin Inhibits Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Survival through Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/ Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166386. [PMID: 27846303 PMCID: PMC5112952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal survival of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells contributes to the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a sight-threatening disease. In this study, we explored the effect of the anti-rheumatic agent auranofin (AF) on RPE cell survival and studied the underlying signaling mechanisms in vitro. Our results showed that AF inhibited ARPE-19 cell survival in a dose and time-dependent manner. Application of AF induced several effects: a significant decrease in total epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and an increase in phosphorylated EGFR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), c-Jun, mitogen activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2(MAPKAPK2), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). AF also inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent cell proliferation and migration through affecting EGFR/MAPK signaling. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked the AF-induced increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the reduction of total EGFR, and the phosphorylation of multiple nodes in EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. P38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, but not inhibitors of EGFR (erlotinib), ERK (FR180204) and JNK (SP600125), suppressed AF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR/p38MAPK/MAPKAPK2/Hsp27. In conclusion, the ROS-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR/MAPK is an important signaling pathway for AF-induced inhibition of RPE cell survival, and AF may have the potential for treatment of abnormal survival of RPE cells in PVR.
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Mitochondrial Redox Signaling and Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040040. [PMID: 27023612 PMCID: PMC4846849 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell can reprogram their energy production by switching mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. However, mitochondria play multiple roles in cancer cells, including redox regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptotic signaling. Moreover, these mitochondrial roles are integrated via multiple interconnected metabolic and redox sensitive pathways. Interestingly, mitochondrial redox proteins biphasically regulate tumor progression depending on cellular ROS levels. Low level of ROS functions as signaling messengers promoting cancer cell proliferation and cancer invasion. However, anti-cancer drug-initiated stress signaling could induce excessive ROS, which is detrimental to cancer cells. Mitochondrial redox proteins could scavenger basal ROS and function as “tumor suppressors” or prevent excessive ROS to act as “tumor promoter”. Paradoxically, excessive ROS often also induce DNA mutations and/or promotes tumor metastasis at various stages of cancer progression. Targeting redox-sensitive pathways and transcriptional factors in the appropriate context offers great promise for cancer prevention and therapy. However, the therapeutics should be cancer-type and stage-dependent.
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Bhatia M, McGrath KL, Di Trapani G, Charoentong P, Shah F, King MM, Clarke FM, Tonissen KF. The thioredoxin system in breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Redox Biol 2015; 8:68-78. [PMID: 26760912 PMCID: PMC4712318 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most life threatening aspect of breast cancer. It is a multi-step process involving invasion and migration of primary tumor cells with a subsequent colonization of these cells at a secondary location. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of thioredoxin (Trx1) in the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells and to assess the strength of the association between high levels of Trx1 and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) expression with breast cancer patient survival. Our results indicate that the expression of both Trx1 and TrxR1 are statistically significantly increased in breast cancer patient cells compared with paired normal breast tissue from the same patient. Over-expression of Trx1 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines enhanced cell invasion in in vitro assays while expression of a redox inactive mutant form of Trx1 (designated 1SS) or the antisense mRNA inhibited cell invasion. Addition of exogenous Trx1 also enhanced cell invasion, while addition of a specific monoclonal antibody that inhibits Trx1 redox function decreased cell invasion. Over-expression of intracellular Trx1 did not increase cell migration but expression of intracellular 1SS inhibited migration. Addition of exogenous Trx1 enhanced cell migration while 1SS had no effect. Treatment with auranofin inhibited TrxR activity, cell migration and clonogenic activity of MDA-MB-231 cells, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Analysis of 25 independent cohorts with 5910 patients showed that Trx1 and TrxR1 were both associated with a poor patient prognosis in terms of overall survival, distant metastasis free survival and disease free survival. Therefore, targeting the Trx system with auranofin or other specific inhibitors may provide improved breast cancer patient outcomes through inhibition of cancer invasion and migration. Over expression of thioredoxin in MDA-MB-231 cells enhanced cell invasion in vitro. Thioredoxin inhibition reduced cell invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Addition of thioredoxin enhanced migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. Auranofin treatment inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell migration and clonogenic activity. High Trx1 and TrxR1 expression is associated with a poor breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneet Bhatia
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Kelly L McGrath
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Giovanna Di Trapani
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fenil Shah
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Mallory M King
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Frank M Clarke
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia
| | - Kathryn F Tonissen
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Qld. 4111, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia
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Heterocyclic Anticancer Compounds: Recent Advances and the Paradigm Shift towards the Use of Nanomedicine's Tool Box. Molecules 2015; 20:16852-91. [PMID: 26389876 PMCID: PMC6331900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of heterocycle compounds and typically common heterocycle fragments present in most pharmaceuticals currently marketed, alongside with their intrinsic versatility and unique physicochemical properties, have poised them as true cornerstones of medicinal chemistry. Apart from the already marketed drugs, there are many other being investigated for their promising activity against several malignancies. In particular, anticancer research has been capitalizing on the intrinsic versatility and dynamic core scaffold of these compounds. Nevertheless, as for any other promising anticancer drugs, heterocyclic compounds do not come without shortcomings. In this review, we provide for a concise overview of heterocyclic active compounds and families and their main applications in medicine. We shall focus on those suitable for cancer therapy while simultaneously addressing main biochemical modes of action, biological targets, structure-activity relationships as well as intrinsic limitation issues in the use of these compounds. Finally, considering the advent of nanotechnology for effective selective targeting of drugs, we shall discuss fundamental aspects and considerations on nanovectorization of such compounds that may improve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of heterocycles.
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14
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Huang Q, Zhou HJ, Zhang H, Huang Y, Hinojosa-Kirschenbaum F, Fan P, Yao L, Belardinelli L, Tellides G, Giordano FJ, Budas GR, Min W. Thioredoxin-2 inhibits mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis stress kinase-1 activity to maintain cardiac function. Circulation 2015; 131:1082-97. [PMID: 25628390 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.012725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) is a key mitochondrial protein that regulates cellular redox and survival by suppressing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and by inhibiting apoptosis stress kinase-1 (ASK1)-dependent apoptotic signaling. To date, the role of the mitochondrial Trx2 system in heart failure pathogenesis has not been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot and histological analysis revealed that Trx2 protein expression levels were reduced in hearts from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, with a concomitant increase in ASK1 phosphorylation/activity. Cardiac-specific Trx2 knockout mice develop spontaneous dilated cardiomyopathy at 1 month of age with increased heart size, reduced ventricular wall thickness, and a progressive decline in left ventricular contractile function, resulting in mortality due to heart failure by ≈4 months of age. The progressive decline in cardiac function observed in cardiac-specific Trx2 knockout mice was accompanied by the disruption of mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, and reduced ATP production, correlating with increased ASK1 signaling and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Chronic administration of a highly selective ASK1 inhibitor improved cardiac phenotype and reduced maladaptive left ventricular remodeling with significant reductions in oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac failure. Cellular data from Trx2-deficient cardiomyocytes demonstrated that ASK1 inhibition reduced apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. CONCLUSIONS Our data support an essential role for mitochondrial Trx2 in preserving cardiac function by suppressing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and ASK1-dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of ASK1 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhua Huang
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Yan Huang
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Ford Hinojosa-Kirschenbaum
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Peidong Fan
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Lina Yao
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Luiz Belardinelli
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - George Tellides
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Frank J Giordano
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Grant R Budas
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.)
| | - Wang Min
- From Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.H., H.J.Z., H.Z., Y.H., F.J.G., W.M.); Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., W.M.); Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA (F.H.-K., P.F., L.Y., L.B., G.R.B.); and Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.T.).
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