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Ueland HO, Neset MT, Methlie P, Ueland GÅ, Pakdel F, Rødahl E. Molecular Biomarkers in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Literature Review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 39:S19-S28. [PMID: 38054982 PMCID: PMC10697285 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. Patients may be severely affected with eyelid retraction, exophthalmos, diplopia, pain, and threatened vision. Autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor have shown associations with pathophysiological and clinical traits. Autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is in current clinical use as biomarker, but not with unambiguous diagnostic performance. A biomarker with high diagnostic accuracy and/or prognostic capability would be of immense value in diagnosing TED, especially in subclinical cases or when TED precedes the thyroid dysfunction. This article is a literature review on molecular biomarkers of TED. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed and Embase. Studies on molecular biomarkers in blood, tear fluid, and urine were included in the review. RESULTS Forty-six papers were included, of which 30, 14, and 2 studies on biomarkers in blood, tears, and urine, respectively. Fourteen of the papers evaluated the diagnostic performance of various biomarkers, 12 in blood and 2 in tears. Most studies evaluated single biomarkers, but 3 tested a panel of several markers. Except for autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, the reported diagnostic performances for the biomarkers were not confirmed in independent cohorts. In 32 studies, no or insufficient performance data were given, but the findings indicated involvement of various biologic mechanisms in TED including inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, lipid metabolism, and ocular surface microflora. CONCLUSIONS Currently, serum autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is the only molecular biomarker with clinical utility in patients with TED. Several potential biomarkers have been investigated, and particularly panels of multiple biomarkers in tears are promising. To improve patient care, biomarkers in TED should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paal Methlie
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Farzad Pakdel
- Department of Oculo-Facial Plastic Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eyvind Rødahl
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Guo D, Qi J, Du Y, Zhao C, Liu S, Lu Y, Zhu X. Tear inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers for myopic macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109648. [PMID: 37704045 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that inflammatory cytokine levels increase in the intraocular fluids (aqueous humor and vitreous) of highly myopic eyes, However, there has been currently no study revealing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in tear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine tear cytokine levels of highly myopic eyes, and their relationships with myopic macular degeneration (MMD). This case-control study screened inflammatory cytokines of tear samples from 132 highly myopic and 105 emmetropic eyes using a multiplex cytokine antibody array, and cytokines showing significant intergroup differences were further validated using ProQuantum immunoassays in tear samples from another 60 highly myopic and 60 emmetropic eyes. Ultra-widefield fundus photographs of eyes were classified according to the meta-analyses of the Pathologic Myopia Classification. Associations between tear cytokine levels and MMD category were investigated. As a result, tear levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were screened significantly higher in highly myopic eyes than in emmetropic controls (IL-6: 11.70 ± 16.81 versus 8.22 ± 10.76 pg/mL; MCP-1: 63.60 ± 54.40 versus 33.87 ± 43.82 pg/mL; both P < 0.05). Validation assays further demonstrated the elevated concentrations of IL-6 and MCP-1 (IL-6: 13.97 ± 8.41 versus 8.06 ± 7.94 pg/mL, P < 0.001; MCP-1: 32.69 ± 8.41 versus 18.07 ± 8.41 pg/mL, P = 0.003). Tear levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 differed significantly among MMD categories (both P < 0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.783 and 0.682 respectively (both P < 0.05), when using tear IL-6 and MCP-1 levels to predict the presence of MMD (category ≥2). The ordered logistic regression model also indicated that longer axial length, and higher IL-6 and MCP-1 tear levels were independent predictors of higher MMD category. In our study, highly myopic eyes presented significantly higher levels of tear IL-6 and MCP-1, which may also serve as potential biomarkers for MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Guo
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Qi
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Du
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.
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Vergouwen DPC, Schotting AJ, Endermann T, van de Werken HJG, Grashof DGB, Arumugam S, Nuijts RMMA, Ten Berge JC, Rothova A, Schreurs MWJ, Gijs M. Evaluation of pre-processing methods for tear fluid proteomics using proximity extension assays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4433. [PMID: 36932139 PMCID: PMC10023677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms a potential source for biomarker identification, and can be minimal invasively collected via Schirmer strips. The lack of knowledge on the processing of Schirmer strips however complicates the analysis and between-study comparisons. We studied two different pre-processing methods, specifically the use of punches of the strip versus elution of the strip in a buffer. Tear fluid filled Schirmer strips were collected from 5 healthy participants, and divided into two halves over the length of the strip. In either part, punches or eluates were obtained from 4 different locations, from the first part touching the eye (head) to the end, to assess the protein distribution along the strips. The levels of 92 inflammatory proteins were measured in the punches/eluates using proximity extension assays. The punch method yielded higher protein detectability compared to the elution method (76% vs 66%; p ≤ 0.001). Protein expression level was found to be slightly higher in the head of the strip, however, 3 out of 5 punches from the head failed quality control. Protein expression levels over the remaining parts of the strips were similar. Our study showed beneficial use of punches of any part of the strip except the head in future biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne P C Vergouwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amber J Schotting
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwin G B Grashof
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinthuja Arumugam
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Josianne C Ten Berge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W J Schreurs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Gijs
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Sun R, Yang M, Lin C, Wu Y, Sun J, Zhou H. A clinical study of topical treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with dry eye syndrome. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:72. [PMID: 36803227 PMCID: PMC9940084 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinically, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients were suffered from dry eye syndrome. Only a few relevant studies were about this topic. Our study was determined to provide high-level evidence for the treatment of TAO with dry eye syndrome. PURPOSE To compare the clinical effects of vitamin A palmitate eye gel and sodium hyaluronate eye drop forTAO patients with dry eye syndrome. METHODS The study was conducted in the Ophthalmology Department of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University from May to October 2020. A total of 80 mild or moderate-to-severe TAO patients with dry eye syndrome were randomly divided into two groups. The disease stages of all subjects were inactive. Patients in group A were treated with vitamin A palmitate eye gel three times/day for one month and sodium hyaluronate eye drop in group B. The index including break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer I test (ST), corneal fluorescence staining (FL), ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and adverse reactions were recorded by the same clinician at baseline and 1 month after treatment. The data were analyzed by SPSS 24.0. RESULTS Finally, 65 subjects completed the treatment. The average age of the patients in Group A was 38.1 ± 11.4 years, and that in Group B was 37.26 ± 10.67 years. 82% of the subjects in group A were female and 74% in group B. There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline, including the value of ST, BUT, OSDI, and FL grade. After the treatment, the effective rate was 91.2% in group A, of which the value of BUT and FL grade was significantly improved (P < 0.001). The effective rate in group B was 67.7%, of which the value of OSDI score and FL grade was significantly improved (P = 0.002). In addition, the BUT value of group A was significantly longer than that of group B (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION InTAO patients with dry eye syndrome, vitamin A palmitate gel and sodium hyaluronate eye drop improved the dry eye and promoted corneal epithelial repair. Vitamin A palmitate gel improves the stability of tear film, while sodium hyaluronate eye drop improves patients' subjective discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Sun
- grid.412523.30000 0004 0386 9086Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Muyue Yang
- grid.412523.30000 0004 0386 9086Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Chenyi Lin
- grid.412523.30000 0004 0386 9086Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Yu Wu
- grid.412523.30000 0004 0386 9086Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Bajkowska D, Szelachowska M, Buczyńska A, Krętowski AJ, Siewko K. Tears as a Source of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Graves' Orbitopathy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1620. [PMID: 36358969 PMCID: PMC9687490 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a poorly understood autoimmune manifestation of thyroid diseases most commonly associated with Graves' disease. Due to a lack of specific biomarkers and uncertain signs and symptoms, Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is challenging to diagnose early and treat effectively. Nowadays, there is great interest in searching for precise molecular biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, and clinical management. Researchers are keen to identify novel methods to predict and diagnose diseases and to monitor patient therapeutic response. Tears, due to their direct contact with the eye and the fact that lacrimal glands can also be affected by the disease, could give new insights into the mechanisms taking place in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and reveal potential promising biomarkers. Tear fluid offers the possibility of the non-invasive acquisition of a sample with a high protein content, thereby attracting continuously growing interest in the discovery of novel biomarkers. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the various putative tear-fluid biomarkers that have been identified. In this review, we present the potential use of tears as a diagnostic fluid and tool to investigate the mechanism of ocular diseases and discuss the future research directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bajkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szelachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Jiang Z, Huang L, Chen L, Zhou J, Liang B, Bai X, Wu L, Huang H. Circular RNA profile in Graves' disease and potential function of hsa_circ_0090364. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220030. [PMID: 36018563 PMCID: PMC9578071 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Graves' disease is a common autoimmune disease. Cytokines and their signalling pathways play a major part in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease; however, the underlying mechanism needs to be clarified. Aims The aim of this study was to explore whether circular RNAs participate in the immunological pathology of Graves' disease via cytokine-related signalling pathways. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed circular RNAs and their targets and associated pathways. A total of three patients with Graves' disease and three sex- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled for validation with microarray analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). An additional 24 patients with Graves' disease and 24 gender- and age-matched controls were included for validation by real-time fluorescent qPCR. Flow cytometry and CCK8 assays were used to detect the apoptotic and proliferative levels of Jurkat cells (T lymphocytes) with the silenced expression of circRNA. ELISA was performed to detect the growth and apoptosis-related proteins. The competition mechanism of endogenous RNA was explored by real-time fluorescence qPCR. Results A total of 366 significantly differentially expressed circular RNAs were identified in the Graves' disease group compared to healthy controls. The level of hsa_circ_0090364 was elevated in Graves' disease patients and positively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies. Further analyses suggested that hsa_circ_0090364 may regulate the JAK-STAT pathway via the hsa-miR-378a-3p/IL-6ST/IL21R axis to promote cell growth. Conclusions These results provide novel clues into the pathophysiological mechanisms of Graves' disease and potential targets for drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Linghong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Gao Y, Li W. Mechanisms of immune-related differentially expressed genes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy based on the GEO database. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:926. [PMID: 36172114 PMCID: PMC9511181 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background We performed a differential analysis, enrichment analysis, and immune-infiltration analysis of the thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) gene using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the immune-related mechanisms of TAO. Methods We searched the GEO database for “Graves disease” and selected the genes expressed in the lacrimal gland of thyroid-related eye disease patients as the test group and the genes expressed in the lacrimal gland of normal subjects as the control group. Immune-related differentially expressed genes (irDEGs), gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein-protein interaction, gene-gene interaction (GGI) network, pivotal gene identification, and immune-infiltration analyses were carried out, and finally, risk-prediction models were constructed. Results The GSE105149 and GSE58331 data sets contained 200 DEGs, of which 15 were immune-related. In relation to the GO biological processes (BPs), the main pathways included the interleukin (IL)-27-mediated signaling pathway, the IL-35-mediated signaling pathway, cytokine activity, T helper 17 cell differentiation, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase B signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, and other KEGG pathways. Cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells, monocytes, M0 macrophages, and Mast cells were significantly elevated in TAO, while M2 macrophages were significantly reduced. In the immune cell correlation analysis, CD4+ T cells and naïve B cells were significantly positively correlated with activated natural killer (NK) cells, and Mast cells were positively correlated with plasma cells and negatively correlated with M2 macrophages. Risk models for a total of 6 genes (i.e., Janus kinase 1, heat shock protein 90-α, phospholipase A 2 group IIA, fibroblast growth factor 3, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 2), were constructed, and over 100 potential targeted therapeutic agents were obtained. Conclusions In TAO, various types of immune cells infiltrate to different degrees, and the immune response and inflammatory response are throughout the disease. Our constructed risk-prediction models provide a reference for predicting TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Gao
- General Medicine Department, Zhumadian Downtown Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wansen Li
- General Medicine Department, Zhumadian Downtown Hospital, Zhumadian, China
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Khazaei H, Khazaei D, Verma R, Ng J, Wilmarth PA, David LL, Rosenbaum JT. The potential of tear proteomics for diagnosis and management of orbital inflammatory disorders including Graves' ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108813. [PMID: 34742692 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital compartments harbor a variety of tissues that can be independently targeted in a plethora of disorders resulting in sight-threatening risks. Orbital inflammatory disorders (OID) including Graves' ophthalmopathy, sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and nonspecific orbital inflammation constitute an important cause of pain, diplopia and vision loss. Physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, and even biopsy are not always adequate to classify orbital inflammation which is frequently deemed "nonspecific". Tear sampling and testing provide a potential "window" to the orbital disease process through a non-invasive technique that allows longitudinal sampling as the disease evolves. Using PubMed/Medline, we identified potentially relevant articles on tear proteomics published in the English language between 1988 and 2021. Of 303 citations obtained, 225 contained empirical data on tear proteins, including 33 publications on inflammatory conditions, 15 in glaucoma, 15 in thyroid eye disease, 1 in sarcoidosis (75) and 2 in uveitis (77,78). Review articles were used to identify an additional 56 relevant articles through citation search. In this review, we provide a short introduction to the potential use of tears as a diagnostic fluid and tool to investigate the mechanism of ocular diseases. A general review of previous tear proteomics studies is also provided, with a focus on Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), and a discussion of unmet needs in the diagnosis and treatment of orbital inflammatory disease (OID). The review concludes by pointing out current limitations of mass spectrometric analysis of tear proteins and summarizes future needs in the field.
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Alotaibi S, Markoulli M, Ozkan J, Papas E. Bio-chemical markers of chronic, non-infectious disease in the human tear film. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:166-176. [PMID: 34592130 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1974282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tear film is a thin, moist layer covering the ocular surface and is laden with proteins, peptides, lipids, mucins, electrolytes and cellular debris which function to maintain the healthy status of the ocular surface. In many cases of ocular or systemic disease, the integrity of this layer is changed and/or the balance of its constituents is disturbed. Since tears are easy and quick to collect and can be stored for long periods, they have the potential to be a valuable source of information relevant to many disease states. The purpose of this review is to collate information on the known biomarkers of systemic disease that have been identified in tears. The range of conditions covered includes diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, systemic sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, thyroid disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alotaibi
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Markoulli
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jerome Ozkan
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Papas
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Sun R, Zhou HF, Fan XQ. Ocular surface changes in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:616-621. [PMID: 33875956 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) suffer from dry eye syndrome (DES), and this is one of the most common reasons of eye discomfort in patients with GO. The prevalence of DES in patients with GO is significantly higher than normal subjects. The ocular surface changes involving changes in tears, cornea, conjunctiva and glands occur in GO patients. However, the mechanism of how DES occurs in GO still remains unclear. In this review, the ocular surface changes were illustrated and analyzed the reasons for high prevalence of DES in GO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xian-Qun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
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11
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Xiong F, Yao Z, Chen P, Sun Q, Zhong H, Wan C, Zeng Y. Comparative secretome profile analysis of cultured immortalized human endometrial stromal cells supplemented with implanted versus nonimplanted blastocyst-conditioned medium: A preliminary analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:1809-1818. [PMID: 32643241 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were previously shown to be capable of discriminating embryos with different qualities. Here we aimed to compare the specific response of the HESC secretome to implanted blastocyst-conditioned medium (BCM) versus nonimplanted medium and identify cytokine candidates useful for the assessment of blastocyst implantation. METHODS Cleavage embryos were individually cultured in one microdrop of medium for blastocyst formation. The BCM was collected after fresh blastocyst transfer on day 5 and used to supplement HESC culture medium. A high-throughput antibody array covering 440 cytokines was used to detect the secretory proteins of HESCs supplemented with implanted or nonimplanted BCM. RESULTS A total of 22 differentially expressed proteins were found out of 440 cytokines in the supernatant of HESCs supplemented with BCM from the implanted group compared to the nonimplanted group, including seven upregulated and 15 downregulated proteins. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell chemotaxis and motility, and ERK1/2 cascade regulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested that the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathways were mainly involved. CONCLUSION HESCs specifically responded to BCM from different quality blastocysts, a finding that can be used to develop a novel approach for blastocyst quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - ZhiHong Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - PeiLin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - HuiXian Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - CaiYun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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