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Alotaibi M, Yang JZ, Papamatheakis DG, McGuire WC, Fernandes TM, Morris TA. Cardiopulmonary exercise test to detect cardiac dysfunction from pulmonary vascular disease. Respir Res 2024; 25:121. [PMID: 38468264 PMCID: PMC10926602 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac dysfunction from pulmonary vascular disease causes characteristic findings on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). We tested the accuracy of CPET for detecting inadequate stroke volume (SV) augmentation during exercise, a pivotal manifestation of cardiac limitation in patients with pulmonary vascular disease. METHODS We reviewed patients with suspected pulmonary vascular disease in whom CPET and right heart catheterization (RHC) measurements were taken at rest and at anaerobic threshold (AT). We correlated CPET-determined O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest with RHC-determined SVAT/SVrest. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest to detect SVAT/SVrest below the lower limit of normal (LLN). For comparison, we performed similar analyses comparing echocardiographically-measured peak tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRVpeak) with SVAT/SVrest. RESULTS From July 2018 through February 2023, 83 simultaneous RHC and CPET were performed. Thirty-six studies measured O2·pulse and SV at rest and at AT. O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest correlated highly with SVAT/SVrest (r = 0.72, 95% CI 0.52, 0.85; p < 0.0001), whereas TRVpeak did not (r = -0.09, 95% CI -0.47, 0.33; p = 0.69). The AUROC to detect SVAT/SVrest below the LLN was significantly higher for O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest (0.92, SE 0.04; p = 0.0002) than for TRVpeak (0.69, SE 0.10; p = 0.12). O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest of less than 2.6 was 92.6% sensitive (95% CI 76.6%, 98.7%) and 66.7% specific (95% CI 35.2%, 87.9%) for deficient SVAT/SVrest. CONCLUSIONS CPET detected deficient SV augmentation more accurately than echocardiography. CPET-determined O2·pulseAT/O2·pulserest may have a prominent role for noninvasive screening of patients at risk for pulmonary vascular disease, such as patients with persistent dyspnea after pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alotaibi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA
| | - Jenny Z Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA
| | - Demosthenes G Papamatheakis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA
| | - W Cameron McGuire
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA
| | - Timothy M Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA
| | - Timothy A Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego Healthcare, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8378, USA.
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Lin M, Zhang Z, Gao X, Bian Y, Wu RS, Park G, Lou Z, Zhang Z, Xu X, Chen X, Kang A, Yang X, Yue W, Yin L, Wang C, Qi B, Zhou S, Hu H, Huang H, Li M, Gu Y, Mu J, Yang A, Yaghi A, Chen Y, Lei Y, Lu C, Wang R, Wang J, Xiang S, Kistler EB, Vasconcelos N, Xu S. A fully integrated wearable ultrasound system to monitor deep tissues in moving subjects. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:448-457. [PMID: 37217752 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in wearable ultrasound technologies have demonstrated the potential for hands-free data acquisition, but technical barriers remain as these probes require wire connections, can lose track of moving targets and create data-interpretation challenges. Here we report a fully integrated autonomous wearable ultrasonic-system-on-patch (USoP). A miniaturized flexible control circuit is designed to interface with an ultrasound transducer array for signal pre-conditioning and wireless data communication. Machine learning is used to track moving tissue targets and assist the data interpretation. We demonstrate that the USoP allows continuous tracking of physiological signals from tissues as deep as 164 mm. On mobile subjects, the USoP can continuously monitor physiological signals, including central blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output, for as long as 12 h. This result enables continuous autonomous surveillance of deep tissue signals toward the internet-of-medical-things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Lin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yizhou Bian
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ray S Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geonho Park
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lou
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhuorui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiangchen Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wentong Yue
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chonghe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Baiyan Qi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sai Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yue Gu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Mu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Albert Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amer Yaghi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yimu Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yusheng Lei
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengchangfeng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruotao Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Erik B Kistler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nuno Vasconcelos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Kutumova E, Kiselev I, Sharipov R, Lifshits G, Kolpakov F. Mathematical modeling of antihypertensive therapy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1070115. [PMID: 36589434 PMCID: PMC9795234 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease arising from complex pathophysiological pathways. Individual characteristics of patients result in different responses to various classes of antihypertensive medications. Therefore, evaluating the efficacy of therapy based on in silico predictions is an important task. This study is a continuation of research on the modular agent-based model of the cardiovascular and renal systems (presented in the previously published article). In the current work, we included in the model equations simulating the response to antihypertensive therapies with different mechanisms of action. For this, we used the pharmacodynamic effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan, the calcium channel blocker amlodipine, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, and the β-blocker bisoprolol. We fitted therapy parameters based on known clinical trials for all considered medications, and then tested the model's ability to show reasonable dynamics (expected by clinical observations) after treatment with individual drugs and their dual combinations in a group of virtual patients with hypertension. The extended model paves the way for the next step in personalized medicine that is adapting the model parameters to a real patient and predicting his response to antihypertensive therapy. The model is implemented in the BioUML software and is available at https://gitlab.sirius-web.org/virtual-patient/antihypertensive-treatment-modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutumova
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia,Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia,*Correspondence: Elena Kutumova,
| | - Ilya Kiselev
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia,Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ruslan Sharipov
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia,Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia,Specialized Educational Scientific Center, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Lifshits
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fedor Kolpakov
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia,Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
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Schierbauer J, Ficher S, Zimmermann P, Wachsmuth NB, Schmidt WFJ. Cardiac stroke volume in females and its correlation to blood volume and cardiac dimensions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895805. [PMID: 36237526 PMCID: PMC9551173 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to continuously determine the stroke volume (SV) and blood volume (BV) during incremental exercise to evaluate the individual SV course and to correlate both variables across different exercise intensities. Twenty-six females with heterogeneous endurance capacities performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to continuously determine the oxygen uptake (V̇O2), cardiac output (Q̇) and changes in BV. Q̇ was determined by impedance cardiography and resting cardiac dimensions by 2D echocardiography. Hemoglobin mass and BV were determined using a carbon monoxide-rebreathing method. V̇O2max ranged from 32 to 62 mL·kg−1·min−1. Q̇max and SVmax ranged from 16.4 to 31.6 L·min−1 and 90–170 mL, respectively. The SV significantly increased from rest to 40% and from 40% to 80% V̇O2max. Changes in SV from rest to 40% V̇O2max were negatively (r = −0.40, p = 0.05), between 40% and 80% positively correlated with BV (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). At each exercise intensity, the SV was significantly correlated with the BV and the cardiac dimensions, i.e., left ventricular muscle mass (LVMM) and end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). The BV decreased by 280 ± 115 mL (5.7%, p = 0.001) until maximum exercise. We found no correlation between the changes in BV and the changes in SV between each exercise intensity. The hemoglobin concentration [Hb] increased by 0.8 ± 0.3 g·dL−1, the capillary oxygen saturation (ScO2) decreased by 4.0% (p < 0.001). As a result, the calculated arterial oxygen content significantly increased (18.5 ± 1.0 vs. 18.9 ± 1.0 mL·dL−1, p = 0.001). A 1 L higher BV at V̇O2max was associated with a higher SVmax of 16.2 mL (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) and Q̇max of 2.5 L·min−1 (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the SV strongly correlates with the cardiac dimensions, which might be the result of adaptations to an increased volume load. The positive effect of a high BV on SV is particularly noticeable at high and severe intensity exercise. The theoretically expected reduction in V̇O2max due to lower SV as a consequence of reduced BV is apparently compensated by the increased arterial oxygen content due to a higher [Hb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janis Schierbauer,
| | - Sandra Ficher
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Nadine B. Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Walter F. J. Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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Wiecha S, Price S, Cieśliński I, Kasiak PS, Tota Ł, Ambroży T, Śliż D. Transferability of Cardiopulmonary Parameters between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Testing in Male Triathletes—Prediction Formulae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031830. [PMID: 35162854 PMCID: PMC8834943 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill (TE) or cycle ergometry (CE) is a common method in sports diagnostics to assess athletes’ aerobic fitness and prescribe training. In a triathlon, the gold standard is performing both CE and TE CPET. The purpose of this research was to create models using CPET results from one modality to predict results for the other modality. A total of 152 male triathletes (age = 38.20 ± 9.53 year; BMI = 23.97 ± 2.10 kg·m−2) underwent CPET on TE and CE, preceded by body composition (BC) analysis. Speed, power, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (fR), blood lactate concentration (LA) (at the anaerobic threshold (AT)), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum exertion were measured. Random forests (RF) were used to find the variables with the highest importance, which were selected for multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Based on R2 and RF variable selection, MLR equations in full, simplified, and the most simplified forms were created for VO2AT, HRAT, VO2RCP, HRRCP, VO2max, and HRmax for CE (R2 = 0.46–0.78) and TE (R2 = 0.59–0.80). By inputting only HR and power/speed into the RF, MLR models for practical HR calculation on TE and CE (both R2 = 0.41–0.75) were created. BC had a significant impact on the majority of CPET parameters. CPET parameters can be accurately predicted between CE and TE testing. Maximal parameters are more predictable than submaximal. Only HR and speed/power from one testing modality could be used to predict HR for another. Created equations, combined with BC analysis, could be used as a method of choice in comprehensive sports diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland; (S.W.); (I.C.)
| | - Szymon Price
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Igor Cieśliński
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland; (S.W.); (I.C.)
| | - Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak
- Students’ Scientific Group of Lifestyle Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-541 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daniel Śliż
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Public Health School Centrum Medyczne Kształcenia Podyplomowego (CMKP), 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Cardiodynamic variables measured by impedance cardiography during a 6-minute walk test are reliable predictors of peak oxygen consumption in young healthy adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252219. [PMID: 34032813 PMCID: PMC8148309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of aerobic capacity is necessary to guide appropriate exercise prescription. It is common to use 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in the clinical environment. The aim of this study was to determine whether prediction of VO2peak can be improved by the inclusion of cardiovascular indices derived by impedance cardiography (ICG) during the 6MWT. A total of 62 healthy university students aged 21±1 years completed in separate days, a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and two 6MWTs (30 min apart), during which heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were measured by ICG (PhysioFlow® PF07 EnduroTM). The CPET was conducted with the Ergoselect 200 Ergoline and oxygen consumption measured by a MasterScreenTM CPX breath-by-breath metabolic cart. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to generate VO2peak prediction equations using 6MWD with, or without the cardiovascular indices recorded at the end of the best performed 6MWT as predictor variables. The mean peak HR (bpm), SV (ml) and CO (L/min) recorded during 6MWT were 156±18, 95.6±9, 15±2.8 and during CPET were 176±16, 91.3±8, 16.2±2.7, respectively. Analyses revealed the following VO2peak prediction equation: VO2peak = 100.297+(0.019x6MWD)+(-0.598xHR6MWT)+(-1.236xSV6MWT) + (8.671 x CO6MWT). This equation has a squared multiple correlation (R2) of 0.866, standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 2.28 mL/kg/min and SEE:VO2peak (SEE%) of 7.2%. Cross-validation of equation stability using predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistics showed a R2 (Rp2), SEE (SEEp) and SEEp% of 0.842, 2.38 mL/kg/min and 7.6% respectively. The minimal shrinkage of R2 implied regression model stability. Correlation between measured and predicted VO2peak using this equation was strong (r = 0.931, p<0.001). When 6MWD alone was used as the predictor for VO2peak, the generated equation had a lower R2 (0.549), and a higher SEE (4.08 mL/kg/min) and SEE% (12.9%). This is the first study which included cardiac indices during a 6MWT as variables for VO2peak prediction. Our results suggest that inclusion of cardiac indices measured during the 6MWT more accurately predicts VO2peak than using 6MWD data alone.
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Bhatt A, Flink L, Lu DY, Fang Q, Bibby D, Schiller NB. Exercise physiology of the left atrium: quantity and timing of contribution to cardiac output. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H575-H583. [PMID: 33275524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00402.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the phases of left atrial (LA) function at rest have been studied, the physiological response of the LA to exercise is undefined. This study defines the exercise behavior of the normal left atrium by quantitating its volumetric response to graded effort. Healthy subjects (n = 131) were enrolled from the Health eHeart cohort. Echocardiograms were obtained at baseline and during ramped supine bicycle exercise. Left ventricular volume index, stroke volume index (LVSVI), left atrial end-systolic volume index (LAESVI), left atrial end-diastolic volume index (LAEDVI), and left atrial emptying fraction (LAEF), reservoir fraction, and conduit fraction were analyzed. The LVSVI increased with low exercise but did not increase further with peak exercise; cardiac output increased through the agency of heart rate. The LAESVI and LAEDVI decreased and the LAEF increased with exercise. As a result, the LA reservoir volume index was static throughout exercise. The reservoir fraction decreased from 46% at rest to 40% with low exercise (P < 0.001) in association with increased LVSVI and remained similar at peak exercise. The conduit volume index increased from 20 mL/m2 at rest to 24 mL/m2 at low exercise and stayed the same at peak exercise. Similarly, the conduit fraction increased from 54% at rest to 60% at low exercise (P < 0.001) and did not change further with peak exercise. Although atrial function increased with exercise, the major contribution to the augmentation of LV stroke volume is LA conduit fraction, a marker of active ventricular relaxation. Furthermore, the major determinant of raising cardiac output during high-level exercise is heart rate.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Diseases of the left atrium (LA) are major sources of disability (e.g., strokes and fatigue), but its exercise physiology has been unstudied. Such knowledge may allow early recognition of disease and suggest therapies. We show that in normal subjects, low-level exercise decreases LA volume and increases its ejection fraction. However, these changes offset each other volumetrically, and the contribution to LV filling from a full to an empty LA (reservoir function) is static. Higher levels of exercise do not change LA reservoir contribution. Blood flowing directly from the pulmonary vein to LV (conduit flow) impelled by augmented LV active relaxation (suction) is the major source of a modest increase in LV stroke volume. The major source of increased cardiac output with exercise is heart rate. During all stages of exercise, the LA works hard but only to keep up. We believe that our findings provide an additional set of benchmarks through which to quantitate LA pathology and gauge its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Bhatt
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Laura Flink
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Kaiser Permanente San Leandro Medical Center, San Leandro, California
| | - Dai-Yin Lu
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Qizhi Fang
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dwight Bibby
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nelson B Schiller
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Health eHeart Study and Research Cardiac Physiology Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Does heart rate response confirm the attainment of maximal oxygen uptake in adults 45 years and older? Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:445-452. [PMID: 33098462 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the efficacy of a plateau in heart rate (HRplat) as an effective indicator for confirming [Formula: see text]max attainment in a middle-aged to older sample. METHODS Nine men and eleven women (age 60 ± 8.5 years, [Formula: see text]max 35.9 ± 9.4 ml/kg/min, N = 20) completed a single [Formula: see text]max test on both the treadmill and cycle ergometer.[Formula: see text]max was confirmed using a plateau in [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]plat) of ≤ 150 ml/min, a verification bout, and HRplat (≤ 4 bpm). RESULTS [Formula: see text]plat occurred in 100% and 95% of participants on the treadmill and cycle ergometer, respectively. Verification criteria ([Formula: see text]max during verification ≤ 2% of [Formula: see text]max during incremental test) were met by 80% of participants on both modalities. HRplat was achieved by 90% and 70% of participants on the treadmill and cycle ergometer, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a verification bout is reliable for confirming [Formula: see text]max in older adults on both modalities. In our sample of middle-aged and older adults, [Formula: see text]plat was the most robust method to assess [Formula: see text]max when indirect calorimetry is available. Although more research is warranted, when indirect calorimetry is not available, a HRplat of ≤ 4 bpm may be a useful alternative to get an accurate representation of maximal effort in middle-aged and older adults.
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Di Labbio G, Ben Assa E, Kadem L. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Flow in the Left Ventricle in Health and Disease-Aortic Valve Regurgitation. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:1067323. [PMID: 31701119 DOI: 10.1115/1.4045400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is much debate in the literature surrounding the effects of heart rate on aortic regurgitation (AR). Despite the contradictory information, it is still widely believed that an increase in heart rate is beneficial due to the disproportionate shortening of the duration of diastole relative to systole, permitting less time for the left ventricle to fill from regurgitation. This in vitro work investigates how a change in heart rate affects the left ventricular fluid dynamics in the absence and presence of acute AR. The experiments are performed on a novel double-activation left heart simulator previously used for the study of chronic AR. The intraventricular velocity fields are acquired via time-resolved planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a clinically relevant plane. Considering fluid dynamic factors, an increase in heart rate was observed to have a limited benefit in the case of mild AR and a detrimental effect for more severe AR. With increasing heart rate, mild AR was associated with a decrease in regurgitant volume, a negligible change in regurgitant volume per diastolic second, and a limited reduction in the fraction of retained regurgitant inflow. More severe AR was accompanied by an increase in both regurgitant volume and the fraction of retained regurgitant inflow, implying a less effective pumping efficiency and a longer relative residence time of blood in the ventricle. Globally, the left ventricle's capacity to compensate for the increase in energy dissipation associated with an increase in heart rate diminishes considerably with severity, a phenomenon which may be exploited further as a method of noninvasive assessment of the severity of AR. These findings may affect the clinical belief that tachycardia is preferred in acute AR and should be investigated further in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Labbio
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 Blvd. De Maisonneuve W., Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Eyal Ben Assa
- Cardiology Division, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Lyes Kadem
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 Blvd. De Maisonneuve W., Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
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Fredrick J, Vaz M. Cardiovascular Responses and Cardiac Work of Selected Daily Activities in Young Healthy Indian Participants. Complement Med Res 2019; 27:155-162. [PMID: 31825919 DOI: 10.1159/000504794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that habitual daily activities may result in significant cardiovascular responses that might have implications for individuals with coronary artery disease. This study determined the cardiac work for various activities of daily living among healthy young participants. METHODS We evaluated cardiovascular responses in 42 young adults (21 male, 21 female) to graded activities. Subjects were divided into three groups. In each group, one light, one moderate, and one heavy activity were performed based on published METS. Cardiovascular responses were evaluated using impedance cardiography (BOMED Instruments, USA) and automated blood pressure monitor (Welch Allyn, USA). Cardiac work was computed as the double product (heart rate × systolic blood pressure) and triple product (systolic blood pressure × cardiac output [stroke volume × heart rate]). Perceived exertion was evaluated using Borg's scale. RESULTS There was high inter-individual variability in cardiovascular responses for each activity. There were, by and large, no gender differences across the activities. Cardiac work was significantly higher with heavy activities than light activities using both indices; however, the triple product showed greater discriminatory ability in evaluating differences in cardiac work across all categories of activities. CONCLUSION The data suggest a need to develop a compendium of cardiac work related to habitual activities to guide doctors and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Fredrick
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India,
| | - Mario Vaz
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
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Velu JF, Baan J, de Bruin-Bon HACM, van Mourik MS, Nassif M, Koch KT, Vis MM, van den Brink RB, Boekholdt SM, Piek JJ, Bouma BJ. Can stress echocardiography identify patients who will benefit from percutaneous mitral valve repair? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 35:645-651. [PMID: 30499057 PMCID: PMC6482124 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate whether stress echocardiography improves selection of patients who might have clinical benefit from percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip. In total, 39 patients selected for MitraClip implantation underwent preprocedural low-dose stress (dobutamine or handgrip) echocardiography from which stroke volume, ejection fraction and MR grade were measured. Outcome after MitraClip implantation was determined by New York Heart Association classification and Quality of Life questionnaires. Clinical benefit from MitraClip treatment was defined as survival and NYHA class I–II at 6 months follow-up. In total, 36 patients with a technically successful procedure were included in the analysis (mean age 79 ± 8 years, 47% male, 50% functional MR). Clinical benefit was achieved in 18 patients. All seven patients with MR decreasing during stress remained in NYHA III–IV or died within 6 months, while 62% (18 out of 29) of the patients with stable or increased MR during stress had clinical benefit (p = 0.008). Significant increase in Quality of Life on 4/8 subscales of the RAND Short Form-36 questionnaire was observed: Physical Functioning (p < 0.001), Social Functioning (p < 0.001), Mental Health (p = 0.022) and Vitality (p = 0.026) was seen in patients with an increase in stroke volume during stress echocardiography. Patients with a decreased MR during preprocedural stress echocardiography remained more symptomatic than patients with a stable or increased MR during stress. Stress echocardiography may support patient selection for percutaneous mitral valve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Velu
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Baan
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A C M de Bruin-Bon
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M S van Mourik
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Nassif
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K T Koch
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Vis
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R B van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Boekholdt
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Piek
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bouma
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Natera AOW, Jennings J, Oakley AJ, Jones TW. Influence of Environmental Conditions on Performance and Heart Rate Responses to the 30-15 Incremental Fitness Test in Rugby Union Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:486-491. [PMID: 28240715 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Natera, AOW, Jennings, J, Oakley, AJ, and Jones, TW. Influence of environmental conditions on performance and heart rate responses to the 30-15 incremental fitness test in rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 486-491, 2019-The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in performance and heart rate (HR) responses between a high heat outdoor condition (34.0° C, 64.1% humidity) and a temperate indoor condition (22.0° C, 50.0% humidity) during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT). Eight highly trained Rugby Union players (28.1 ± 1.5 years, 181.4 ± 8.8 cm, 88.4 ± 13.3 kg) completed the 30-15IFT in 2 different temperature conditions. Dependent variables recorded and analyzed included: final running speed of the 30-15IFT, HR at rest (HR rest), maximum HR (Max HR), HR recovery, average HR (HR ave), and submaximal HR corresponding to 25, 50, and 75% of final test speed (HR 25%, HR 50%, and HR 75%) and HR at 13 km·h (HR 13 km·h). Greater running speeds were achieved when the test was conducted indoors (19.4 ± 0.7 km·h vs. 18.6 ± 0.6 km·h, p = 0.002, d = 1.67). Average HR and HR 13 km·h were greater when the test was conducted outdoors (p ≤ 0.05, d > 0.85). Large effect sizes were observed for the greater HR at submaximal intensities (d > 0.90). The results of this study highlight the influence of temperature on 30-15IFT performance and cardiac responses. It is recommended that prescription of training based on 30-15IFT results reflects the temperature that the training will be performed in and that practitioners acknowledge that a meaningful change in assessment results can be the result of seasonal temperature change rather than training-induced change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O W Natera
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacob Jennings
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aiden J Oakley
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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