1
|
Esquirol L, Newman J, Nebl T, Scott C, Vickers C, Sainsbury F, Peat TS. Characterization of novel mevalonate kinases from the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus and the psychrophilic archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:203-215. [PMID: 38411551 PMCID: PMC10910542 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase is central to the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Here, high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of two mevalonate kinases are presented: a eukaryotic protein from Ramazzottius varieornatus and an archaeal protein from Methanococcoides burtonii. Both enzymes possess the highly conserved motifs of the GHMP enzyme superfamily, with notable differences between the two enzymes in the N-terminal part of the structures. Biochemical characterization of the two enzymes revealed major differences in their sensitivity to geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, and in their thermal stabilities. This work adds to the understanding of the structural basis of enzyme inhibition and thermostability in mevalonate kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lygie Esquirol
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tom Nebl
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Advanced Engineering Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Claudia Vickers
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Synbio Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Synbio Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lo Presti E, D’Orsi L, De Gaetano A. A Mathematical Model of In Vitro Cellular Uptake of Zoledronic Acid and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Accumulation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061262. [PMID: 35745834 PMCID: PMC9227399 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is an attractive target for many areas of research, such as autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Indeed, manipulating this pathway results in the alteration of malignant cell growth with promising therapeutic potential. There are several pharmacological options to block the mevalonate pathway in cancer cells, one of which is zoledronic acid (ZA) (an N-bisphosphonate (N-BP)), which inhibits the farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase enzyme, inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of protein prenylation, and cholesterol reduction, as well as leading to the accumulation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). We extrapolated the data based on two independently published papers that provide numerical data on the uptake of zoledronic acid (ZA) and the accumulation of IPP (Ag) and its isomer over time by using in vitro human cell line models. Two different mathematical models for IPP kinetics are proposed. The first model (Model 1) is a simpler ordinary differential equation (ODE) compartmental system composed of 3 equations with 10 parameters; the second model (Model 2) is a differential algebraic equation (DAE) system with 4 differential equations, 1 algebraic equation and 13 parameters incorporating the formation of the ZA+enzyme+Ag complex. Each of the two models aims to describe two different experimental situations (continuous and pulse experiments) with the same ZA kinetics. Both models fit the collected data very well. With Model 1, we obtained a prevision accumulation of IPP after 24 h of 169.6 pmol/mgprot/h with an IPP decreasing rate per (pmol/mgprot) of ZA (kXGZ) equal to 13.24/h. With Model 2, we have comprehensive kinetics of IPP upon ZA treatment. We calculate that the IPP concentration was equal to 141.6 pmol/mgprot/h with a decreasing rate/percentage of 0.051 (kXGU). The present study is the first to quantify the influence of ZA on the pharmacodynamics of IPP. While still incorporating a small number of parameters, Model 2 better represents the complexity of the biological behaviour for calculating the IPP produced in different situations, such as studies on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. In the future, additional clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate and fine-tune dosing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- CNR-IRIB (Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation), National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.L.P.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Laura D’Orsi
- CNR-IASI BioMatLab (Institute of Analysis, Systems and Computer Science), National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea De Gaetano
- CNR-IRIB (Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation), National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- CNR-IASI BioMatLab (Institute of Analysis, Systems and Computer Science), National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.L.P.); (A.D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakyi PO, Amewu RK, Devine RNOA, Bienibuor AK, Miller WA, Kwofie SK. Unravelling the myth surrounding sterol biosynthesis as plausible target for drug design against leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1152-1171. [PMID: 34790000 PMCID: PMC8556451 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of leishmaniasis is increasing at an alarming rate and is currently second to malaria amongst the other neglected tropical diseases. Unfortunately, many governments and key stakeholders are not investing enough in the development of new therapeutic interventions. The available treatment options targeting different pathways of the parasite have seen inefficiencies, drug resistance, and toxic side effects coupled with longer treatment durations. Numerous studies to understand the biochemistry of leishmaniasis and its pathogenesis have identified druggable targets including ornithine decarboxylase, trypanothione reductase, and pteridine reductase, which are relevant for the survival and growth of the parasites. Another plausible target is the sterol biosynthetic pathway; however, this has not been fully investigated. Sterol biosynthesis is essential for the survival of the Leishmania species because its inhibition could lead to the death of the parasites. This review seeks to evaluate how critical the enzymes involved in sterol biosynthetic pathway are to the survival of the leishmania parasite. The review also highlights both synthetic and natural product compounds with their IC50 values against selected enzymes. Finally, recent advancements in drug design strategies targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Sakyi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Richard K. Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert N. O. A. Devine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Alfred K. Bienibuor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, IL 19104 USA
| | - Samuel K. Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xi Y, Yani Z, Jing M, Yinhang W, Xiaohui H, Jing Z, Quan Q, Shuwen H. Mechanisms of induction of tumors by cholesterol and potential therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112277. [PMID: 34624674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that cholesterol is an important integrant of cell membranes, that plays a key role in tumor progression, immune dysregulation, and pathological changes in epigenetic mechanisms. Based on these theories, there is a growing interest on targeting cholesterol in the treatment of cancer. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the major function of cholesterol on oncogenicity, the therapeutic targets of cholesterol and its metabolites in cancer, and provide detailed insight into the essential roles of cholesterol in mediating immune and epigenetic mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment. It is also worth mentioning that the gut microbiome is an indispensable component of cancer mediation because of its role in cholesterol metabolism. Finally, we summarized recent studies on the potential targets of cholesterol and their metabolism, to provide more therapeutic interventions in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Zhou Yani
- Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
| | - Mao Jing
- Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Hou Xiaohui
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Department of Nursing, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He P, Gelissen IC, Ammit AJ. Regulation of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression: cholesterol-dependent and - independent signaling pathways with relevance to inflammatory lung disease. Respir Res 2020; 21:250. [PMID: 32977800 PMCID: PMC7519545 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis in cardiovascular disease is well established. More recently, the important beneficial role played by ABCA1 in modulating pathogenic disease mechanisms, such as inflammation, in a broad range of chronic conditions has been realised. These studies position ABCA1 as a potential therapeutic target in a diverse range of diseases where inflammation is an underlying cause. Chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are driven by inflammation, and as such, there is now a growing recognition that we need a greater understanding of the signaling pathways responsible for regulation of ABCA1 expression in this clinical context. While the signaling pathways responsible for cholesterol-mediated ABCA1 expression have been clearly delineated through decades of studies in the atherosclerosis field, and thus far appear to be translatable to the respiratory field, less is known about the cholesterol-independent signaling pathways that can modulate ABCA1 expression in inflammatory lung disease. This review will identify the various signaling pathways and ligands that are associated with the regulation of ABCA1 expression and may be exploited in future as therapeutic targets in the setting of chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick He
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karmaus PW, Shi M, Perl S, Biancotto A, Candia J, Cheung F, Kotliarov Y, Young N, Fessler MB. Effects of rosuvastatin on the immune system in healthy volunteers with normal serum cholesterol. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131530. [PMID: 31573980 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are prescribed to millions of people. Statins are antiinflammatory independent of their cholesterol-reducing effects. To date, most reports on the immune effects of statins have assayed a narrow array of variables and have focused on cell lines, rodent models, or patient cohorts. We sought to define the effect of rosuvastatin on the "immunome" of healthy, normocholesterolemic subjects.METHODSWe conducted a prospective study of rosuvastatin (20 mg/d × 28 days) in 18 statin-naive adults with LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dL. A panel of >180 immune/biochemical/endocrinologic variables was measured at baseline and on days 14, 28, and 42 (14 days after drug withdrawal). Drug effect was evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. Potential interactions between drug and baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were evaluated.RESULTSA wide array of immune measures changed (nominal P < 0.05) during rosuvastatin treatment, although the changes were modest in magnitude, and few met an FDR of 0.05. Among changes noted were a concordant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α) and peripheral blood neutrophil frequency, and a decline in activated Treg frequency. Several drug effects were significantly modified by baseline hsCRP, and some did not resolve after drug withdrawal. Among other unexpected rosuvastatin effects were changes in erythrocyte indices, glucose-regulatory hormones, CD8+ T cells, and haptoglobin.CONCLUSIONRosuvastatin induces modest changes in immunologic and metabolic measures in normocholesterolemic subjects, with several effects dependent on baseline CRP. Future, larger studies are warranted to validate these changes and their physiological significance.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01200836.FUNDINGThis research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01 ES102005), and the trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Shi
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shira Perl
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angélique Biancotto
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | -
- The CHI Consortium is detailed in the supplemental material
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye Y, Zhu J, Ai Q, Wang C, Liao M, Fan H. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Changes in Vero Cells in Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1623-1633. [PMID: 30730140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have caused significant lethality rates in neonatal piglets, which pose a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Available commercial vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of high virulence of PEDV variants. Therefore, the endemic state of the PEDV infection in suckling piglets highlights the urgent need for uncovering the molecular determinants of the disease pathogenesis. In this study, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was performed to determine proteomic differences between PEDV-infected and mock-infected Vero cells at 18 h postinfection. The SILAC-based approach identified 4508 host-cell proteins, of which 120 were significantly up-regulated and 103 were significantly down-regulated at ≥95% confidence. Alterations in the expression of selected proteins were verified by Western blot. Several signaling metabolic pathways including mevalonate pathway I and the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis were triggered by the infection of the highly virulent strain and are linked to host innate immunity. 25-HC, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, exhibited potent antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Meanwhile, the cell-cycle-related functions were significantly regulated, which may likely be responsible for the viral replication and pathogenicity of PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology , Jiangxi Agricultural University , Nanchang 330045 , China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Qiangyun Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong L, Xue L, Zhang C, Li H, Cai Z, Guo R. HSP90 interacts with HMGCR and promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:524-532. [PMID: 30483734 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been reported to promote the growth and inhibit apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Immunostaining of the tissue array demonstrated that HSP90 was upregulated in HCC clinical samples and was associated with clinical features. HSP90 interacted with 3‑hydroxy‑3‑methylglutaryl‑CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate‑limiting enzyme of mevalonate pathway, in the immunoprecipitation assay and regulated its protein expression level by inhibiting protein degradation. In addition, lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMGCR, impaired the oncogenic functions of HSP90 in the cell growth, migration and colony formation assays. Taken together, this study demonstrated that HSP90 promoted the progression of HCC by positively regulating the mevalonate pathway and indicated that HSP90 may be a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Liying Xue
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Guo
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
González-Aldaco K, Torres-Reyes LA, Ojeda-Granados C, José-Ábrego A, Fierro NA, Román S. Immunometabolic Effect of Cholesterol in Hepatitis C Infection: Implications in Clinical Management and Antiviral Therapy. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:908-919. [PMID: 30600305 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a lipid-enveloped virion particle that causes infection to the liver, and as part of its life cycle, it disrupts the host lipid metabolic machinery, particularly the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The innate immune response generated by liver resident immune cells is responsible for successful viral eradication. Unfortunately, most patients fail to eliminate HCV and progress to chronic infection. Chronic infection is associated with hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation that triggers fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite that the current direct-acting antiviral agents have increased the cure rate of HCV infection, viral genotype and the host genetic background influence both the immune response and lipid metabolism. In this context, recent evidence has shown that cholesterol and its derivatives such as oxysterols might modulate and potentialize the hepatic innate immune response generated against HCV. The impairment of the HCV life cycle modulated by serum cholesterol could be relevant for the clinical management of HCV-infected patients before and after treatment. Alongside, cholesterol levels are modulated either by genetic variations in IL28B, ApoE, and LDLR or by dietary components. Indeed, some nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids have demonstrated to be effective against HCV replication. Thus, cholesterol modifications may be considered as a new adjuvant strategy for HCV infection therapy by providing a biochemical tool that guides treatment decisions, an improved treatment response and favoring viral clearance. Herein, the mechanisms by which cholesterol contributes to the immune response against HCV infection and how genetic and environmental factors may affect this role are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina González-Aldaco
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis A Torres-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ojeda-Granados
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexis José-Ábrego
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nora A Fierro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Román
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde" and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The lung has a unique relationship to cholesterol that is shaped by its singular physiology. On the one hand, the lungs receive the full cardiac output and have a predominant dependence on plasma lipoprotein uptake for their cholesterol supply. On the other hand, surfactant lipids, including cholesterol, are continually susceptible to oxidation owing to direct environmental exposure and must be cleared or recycled because of the very narrow biophysical mandates placed upon surfactant lipid composition. Interestingly, increased lipid-laden macrophage "foam cells" have been noted in a wide range of human lung pathologies. This suggests that lipid dysregulation may be a unifying and perhaps contributory event in chronic lung disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that perturbations in intracellular cholesterol trafficking critically modify the immune response of macrophages and other cells. This minireview discusses literature that has begun to demonstrate the importance of regulated cholesterol traffic through the lung to pulmonary immunity, inflammation, and fibrosis. This emerging recognition of coupling between immunity and lipid homeostasis in the lung presents potentially transformative concepts for understanding lung disease and may also offer novel and exciting avenues for therapeutic development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shaikh SR, Fessler MB, Gowdy KM. Role for phospholipid acyl chains and cholesterol in pulmonary infections and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:985-997. [PMID: 27286794 PMCID: PMC5069085 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4vmr0316-103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Review on how complex mixtures of bioactive lipids and cholesterol may influence the pulmonary immune response during infection. Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections result in millions of deaths worldwide and are currently the leading cause of death from infection. Acute inflammation is an essential element of host defense against infection, but can be damaging to the host when left unchecked. Effective host defense requires multiple lipid mediators, which collectively have proinflammatory and/or proresolving effects on the lung. During pulmonary infections, phospholipid acyl chains and cholesterol can be chemically and enzymatically oxidized, as well as truncated and modified, producing complex mixtures of bioactive lipids. We review recent evidence that phospholipids and cholesterol and their derivatives regulate pulmonary innate and adaptive immunity during infection. We first highlight data that oxidized phospholipids generated in the lung during infection stimulate pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and scavenger receptors, thereby amplifying the pulmonary inflammatory response. Next, we discuss evidence that oxidation of endogenous pools of cholesterol during pulmonary infections produces oxysterols that also modify the function of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Last, we conclude with data that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, both in the form of phospholipid acyl chains and through enzymatic processing into endogenous proresolving lipid mediators, aid in the resolution of lung inflammation through distinct mechanisms. Unraveling the complex mechanisms of induction and function of distinct classes of bioactive lipids, both native and modified, may hold promise for developing new therapeutic strategies for improving pulmonary outcomes in response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIEHS/NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA;
| |
Collapse
|