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Wan Q, Wen G, Cui Y, Cao R, Xu X, Wu G, Wang J, Huang T. Occurrence and control of fungi in water: New challenges in biological risk and safety assurance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160536. [PMID: 36574558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the contamination of fungi in water has aroused widespread concern, which will pose a threat to water quality and safety, and raise diseases risk in the immunocompromised individuals. In this review, the characteristics and different physiological state of fungi in water are summarized. A comprehensive evaluation of the control efficiency and mechanism of waterborne fungi by the commonly used disinfection methods is provided as well. During the disinfection processes of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and advanced disinfection processes (ADPs) such as O3-based ADPs and UV-based ADPs, the fungal spores firstly lost their culturability, followed by membrane integrity, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species level increased at the same time, eventually the fungal spores were completely inactivated. The security strategies of drinking water against the contamination of fungi are also discussed in terms of water sources, water treatment plants and pipe network. Finally, future researches need to be explored are proposed: the rapid detection methods, the production laws and control of mycotoxin, and the outbreak conditions of fungi in water. Specifically, exploring efficient, safe and economical technologies, especially ADPs, is still the main direction in the disinfection of fungi in future studies. This review can offer a comprehensive understanding on the occurrence and control of fungi in water to fill the knowledge gap and provide guidance for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Rizzo L, Agovino T, Nahim-Granados S, Castro-Alférez M, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Polo-López MI. Tertiary treatment of urban wastewater by solar and UV-C driven advanced oxidation with peracetic acid: Effect on contaminants of emerging concern and antibiotic resistance. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:272-281. [PMID: 30465985 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photo-driven advanced oxidation process (AOP) with peracetic acid (PAA) has been poorly investigated in water and wastewater treatment so far. In the present work its possible use as tertiary treatment of urban wastewater to effectively minimize the release into the environment of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria was investigated. Different initial PAA concentrations, two light sources (sunlight and UV-C) and two different water matrices (groundwater (GW) and wastewater (WW)) were studied. Low PAA doses were found to be effective in the inactivation of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (AR E. coli) in GW, with the UV-C process being faster (limit of detection (LOD) achieved for a cumulative energy (QUV) of 0.3 kJL-1 with 0.2 mg PAA L-1) than solar driven one (LOD achieved at QUV = 4.4 kJL-1 with 0.2 mg PAA L-1). Really fast inactivation rates of indigenous AR E. coli were also observed in WW. Higher QUV and PAA initial doses were necessary to effectively remove the three target CECs (carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole), with CBZ being the more refractory one. In conclusion, photo-driven AOP with PAA can be effectively used as tertiary treatment of urban wastewater but initial PAA dose should be optimized to find the best compromise between target bacteria inactivation and CECs removal as well as to prevent scavenging effect of PAA on hydroxyl radicals because of high PAA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Teresa Agovino
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | | | - Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez
- CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almeria, P.O. Box 22, Tabernas, Almería, Spain; Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Cates EL, Kim JH. Bench-scale evaluation of water disinfection by visible-to-UVC upconversion under high-intensity irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu L, Tian C, Lu X, Ling L, Lv J, Wu M, Zhu G. Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli is impaired at high growth temperatures. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 147:37-46. [PMID: 25839748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photolyase repairs UV-induced lesions in DNA using light energy, which is the principle of photoreactivation. Active photolyase contains the two-electron-reduced flavin cofactor. We observed that photoreactivation of Escherichia coli was impaired at growth temperatures ⩾37°C, and growth in this temperature range also resulted in decreased photolyase protein levels in the cells. However, the levels of phr transcripts (encoding photolyase) were almost unchanged at the various growth temperatures. A lacZ-reporter under transcriptional control of the phr promoter showed no temperature-dependent expression. However, a translational reporter consisting of the photolyase N-terminal α/β domain-LacZ fusion protein exhibited lower β-galactosidase activity at high growth temperatures (37-42°C). These results indicated that the change in photolyase levels at different growth temperatures is post-transcriptional in nature. Limited proteolysis identified several susceptible cleavage sites in E. coli photolyase. In vitro differential scanning calorimetry and activity assays revealed that denaturation of active photolyase occurs at temperatures ⩾37°C, while apo-photolyase unfolds at temperatures ⩾25°C. Evidence from temperature-shift experiments also implies that active photolyase is protected from thermal unfolding and proteolysis in vivo, even at 42°C. These results suggest that thermal unfolding and proteolysis of newly synthesized apo-photolyase, but not active photolyase, is responsible for the impaired photoreactivation at high growth temperatures (37-42°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Changqing Tian
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Liefeng Ling
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mingcai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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Guo M, Huang J, Hu H, Liu W, Yang J. UV inactivation and characteristics after photoreactivation of Escherichia coli with plasmid: health safety concern about UV disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4031-4036. [PMID: 22683407 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and degree of photoreactivation after ultraviolet (UV) exposure have been widely studied. However, the characteristics of photoreactivated microorganisms were rarely investigated. Hence, in this study, Escherichia coli with plasmids of ampicillin (amp)-resistance or fluorescence was used as indicators to examine the UV inactivation efficiencies and variations of characteristics of E. coli after subsequent photoreactivation. The experimental results indicate that the amp-resistant bacteria and the fluorescent bacteria used in this study had similar trends of UV dose-response curves. 3.5-log(10) and 3-log(10) reductions were achieved with a UV dose of 5 mJ/cm(2) for the amp-resistant and fluorescent E. coli, respectively. There was no significant difference in the UV inactivation behavior, as compared with common strains of E. coli. For the amp-resistant E. coli and the fluorescent E. coli, after exposures with UV doses of 5, 15, 25, 40 and 80 mJ/cm(2), the corresponding percent photoreactivations after a 4 h exposure to photoreactivating light were 1% and 46% respectively for a UV dose of 5 mJ/cm(2), and essentially negligible for all other UV doses. Furthermore, the photoreactivated amp-resistant bacteria still have the ability of amp-resistance. And the revived fluorescent E. coli showed similar fluorescent behavior, compared with the untreated bacteria. The experimental results imply that after UV inactivation and subsequent photoreactivation, the bacteria retained the initial characteristics coded in the plasmid. This reveals a possibility that some characteristics of bacteria can retain or recover through photoreactivation, and a safety concern about pathogenicity revival might need to be considered with UV disinfection and photoreactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Guo M, Hu H, Bolton JR, El-Din MG. Comparison of low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet lamps: Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:815-821. [PMID: 19081599 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that Medium-Pressure (MP) ultraviolet (UV) lamps have an advantage over low-pressure (LP) lamps for water disinfection in terms of the photoreactivation of pure cultured bacteria. However, few studies have investigated the behavior of microorganisms in wastewater. Hence, in this study, the degree of photoreactivation, after UV exposure using both LP and MP lamps, in municipal wastewater samples was examined under a variety of conditions. Pure cultured Escherichia coli was also used to provide a comparison with previous studies. E. coli was found to undergo photoreactivation after both LP and MP exposure. The Colony Forming Ability (CFA) ratios were 0.60 and 0.32, and the percentage of photoreactivation was 50% and 20%, respectively, for LP and MP lamps with a germicidal UV dose of 5 mJ/cm2. However, the advantage of the MP lamp was diminished for larger UV doses, since no photoreactivation was detected when the UV dose was 15 mJ/cm2 for either LP or MP lamps. The microorganisms present in wastewater showed similar results to those of E. coli, however, no significant difference was found between the use of either a LP or a MP lamp. Also, when a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2 was applied, the percentage photoreactivation was less than 1%, no matter which type of lamp was used. From this work, it is concluded that the selection of the type of UV lamp for wastewater treatment plants, as regards photoreactivation of total coliforms, is not critical as long as the applied germicidal UV dose is greater than 40 mJ/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Qinghua-Yuan, Haidian-Qu, Beijing 100084, China.
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