1
|
Optimal cutoff of the abdominal skinfold thickness (AST) to predict hypertension among Chinese children and adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:860-865. [PMID: 34244593 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the correlation between the abdominal skinfold thickness (AST) and hypertension is better than that observed using the body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). We aimed to explore the optimal cutoff of the AST to predict childhood hypertension. The AST percentiles were calculated based on 215,223 students from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010 using the LMS method. Logistic regression model and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the optimal cutoff of the AST to predict hypertension based on a sample of 683 children aged 8-15 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 5.71% (5.45% in boys and 6.01% in girls). The area under the ROC curve [AUC (95% CI)] values of the BMI, WHtR and AST to predict hypertension were 0.62 (0.47-0.77), 0.61 (0.45-0.76), and 0.67 (0.54-0.80) in boys and 0.59 (0.46-0.71), 0.65 (0.50-0.80), and 0.70 (0.57-0.83) in girls, respectively. The AUC value at P85 of AST in boys and that at P90 of AST in girls to predict hypertension were higher than other percentile values of AST. The OR (95% CI) values of the optimal cutoff of the AST associated with hypertension were 2.90 (1.17-7.20) and 4.91 (1.81-13.31) in boys and girls, respectively, and were higher than those associated with overweight/obesity (based on BMI) and abdominal obesity (based on WHtR).The AST was more effectively associated with hypertension than the BMI and WHtR, and the optimal cutoff to predict hypertension was at P85 for boys and P90 for girls.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashraf M, Irshad M, Parry NA. Pediatric hypertension: an updated review. Clin Hypertens 2020; 26:22. [PMID: 33292828 PMCID: PMC7706222 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-020-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally hypertension in adults is among the leading preventable cause of premature death, where a graded association from the childhood hypertension is well recognised. With the concurrent rise in obesity and pediatric hypertension (HTN) during the past decade in developed countries, a parallel trend is emerging in developing countries that has a potential for exponential rise in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal tragedies. A cumulative incidence of pediatric HTN in China and India is 50–70 and 23% respectively, is quite disturbing. New guidelines for the detection, evaluation and management of hypertension in children and adolescents published in 2017, where a jump in prevalence of pediatric HTN is observed, rings a call to address this under-attended burning problem; for which a review in pediatric hypertension and its management is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ashraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190010, India.
| | - Mohd Irshad
- Department of Paediatrics, Govt Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nazir Ahmed Parry
- Department of Paediatrics, SKIMS Medical College Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The combination of obesity and high salt intake are associated with blood pressure elevation among healthy Japanese adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:117-124. [PMID: 31477827 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations of obesity and high salt intake with blood pressure (BP) in a cross-sectional sample of 1679 healthy Japanese adolescents (827 females and 852 males) aged 12-18 years (mean age: 14.9 years) who had no history of treatment for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or renal disease. Brachial arterial BP of the subject was measured at the left arm using a digital BP monitor with an appropriate cuff size. The weight status was evaluated by body mass index (BMI), and obesity was determined according to the age- and sex-specific cut-off values for adolescents. All subjects were interviewed by dietitians using a food frequency questionnaire to obtain data on their average daily salt intake. In the study subjects, obesity and high salt intake were associated with a significantly increased BP except for diastolic BP in females. In multiple regression analyses, both BMI (z-score) and salt intake were found to be major determinants of systolic BP and diastolic BP after adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, and serum lipid and glucose parameters. The association between salt intake and BP values was more pronounced among individuals with obesity than among those with normal weight. These results suggest that high salt intake is associated with BP elevation in healthy adolescents, and the association may become stronger by the presence or severity of obesity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fowokan AO, Sakakibara BM, Onsel N, Punthakee Z, Waddell C, Rosin M, Lear SA. Correlates of elevated blood pressure in healthy children: a systematic review. Clin Obes 2018; 8:366-381. [PMID: 30066442 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension in children is increasing globally. Addressing this will require a robust understanding of associated risk factors. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to identify correlates of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children. Literature searches were conducted using pre-defined search terms from three academic databases. The abstract and full text of identified studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. A total of 100 studies were included in this systematic review. An assessment tool was first used to assess study quality; a narrative synthesis was then performed. We found a broad range of physiological, social and behavioural factors associated with elevated BP in children. The most common correlate observed was adiposity, suggesting that childhood obesity may be implicated in the increased prevalence of hypertension observed in children. However, the broad range of other factors identified underscores the multi-factorial aetiology of hypertension. Data from a broad range of studies showed that the correlates of hypertension in children are multi-factorial. Therefore, approaches aimed at preventing hypertension must in turn be multi-factorial to ensure that the burden of hypertension in childhood is addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Fowokan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B M Sakakibara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Onsel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z Punthakee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Waddell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Rosin
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S A Lear
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Okada C, Tabuchi T, Iso H. Association between skipping breakfast in parents and children and childhood overweight/obesity among children: a nationwide 10.5-year prospective study in Japan. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1724-1732. [PMID: 29686380 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The longitudinal association between skipping breakfast in parents and their children, and the subsequent risk of childhood overweight/obesity is unknown, especially in children under 10 years of age. We therefore aimed to prospectively assess the association between parents who skip their breakfast and the risk of children skipping their breakfast, as well as the risk of childhood overweight/obesity in children who skip their breakfast, using a10.5-year follow-up data on nationality representative samples. METHODS A total of 43, 663 children aged 1.5 years in 2002 were followed until 12 years of age. An overweight body mass index (BMI), including obesity, was defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2, according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points for children. Associations between parents, when children were 1.5 years of age, and children (2.5-12 years of age) skipping breakfast, as well as childhood overweight/obesity were calculated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Of the 42 663 children included, 12 and 32% of their mothers and fathers usually skipped breakfast when the child was 1.5 years of age, respectively. Children whose mothers or fathers skipped breakfast were more likely to skip breakfast, than those whose parents ate breakfast for all ages: the range of multivariable odds ratios (ORs) was 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56-2.31) to 2.98 (95% CI 2.28-3.90) among mothers and 1.42 (95% CI 1.33-1.51) to 2.43 (95% CI 1.90-3.11) among fathers. When both parents skipped breakfast, the strongest association was observed. Compared to children who did not skip breakfast, children who skipped breakfast had 18-116% increased risk of overweight/obesity; the multivariable ORs were 1.18 (95% CI 1.05-1.32) and 2.16 (95% CI 1.55-2.99), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant association between skipping breakfast in parents and children. Children who skipped breakfast had significantly increased risk of childhood overweight/obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chika Okada
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues PRM, Pereira RA, Gama A, Carvalhal IM, Nogueira H, Rosado-Marques V, Padez C. Body adiposity is associated with risk of high blood pressure in Portuguese schoolchildren. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
|
7
|
Rodrigues PRM, Pereira RA, Gama A, Carvalhal IM, Nogueira H, Rosado-Marques V, Padez C. Body adiposity is associated with risk of high blood pressure in Portuguese schoolchildren. Rev Port Cardiol 2018; 37:285-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nanri H, Nishimura R, Nomoto S, Hoshino H, Kokaze A. Lifestyle factors associated with underweight among Japanese adolescents: a cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 75:45. [PMID: 29075484 PMCID: PMC5651582 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Because underweight in adolescents poses several health problems, it is important to prevent it in adolescence. For the prevention of underweight, it is necessary to investigate risk factors, especially lifestyles, because these can be modified. However, a limited number of studies exist regarding lifestyle factors associated with underweight among adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between lifestyle factors and underweight among Japanese adolescents. Methods Study subjects comprised 2641 seventh-grade school children (age 12 or 13 years) from the town of Ina, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Measurements of height and weight were made for each subject, while information regarding lifestyles of each subject was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Underweight was determined by the age- and sex-specific body mass index cut-off points. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for underweight. Results Adolescents who ate slowly were more likely to be underweight than those who did not eat slowly; the OR (95% CI) was 2.78 (1.77–4.39) in boys and 2.69 (1.81–3.98) in girls. Girls who did not exercise were more likely than those who exercised to be underweight (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07–2.51). Conclusions The present study showed that eating slowly and exercise were associated with underweight among Japanese adolescents. These results suggest that eating speed and exercise need to be considered in school health programs for healthy body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Takako Shirasawa
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hinako Nanri
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Rimei Nishimura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Shohei Nomoto
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hiromi Hoshino
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kokaze
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong B, Wang Z, Song Y, Wang HJ, Ma J. Understanding trends in blood pressure and their associations with body mass index in Chinese children, from 1985 to 2010: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009050. [PMID: 26362667 PMCID: PMC4567663 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding trends in blood pressure (BP) in childhood is crucial to addressing and reducing the burden of adulthood hypertension and associated mortality in the future. In view of growing obesity in Chinese children, we sought to investigate the trends in BP and the influence of body mass index (BMI) on them. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We included 1,010,153 children aged 8-17 years, with completed records from a large national successive cross-sectional survey, the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health, between 1985 and 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS BP was measured according to the recommendation of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group, and the elevated BP was based on sex-, age- and height-specific 95th centile of the recommendation. RESULTS The adjusted mean systolic BP in boys and girls decreased by 3.9 and 5.6 mm Hg between 1985 and 2005, and increased by 1.3 and 1.0 mm Hg between 2005 and 2010, respectively. Corresponding adjusted prevalence of elevated systolic BP in boys and girls declined from 5.1% and 5.5% to 3.5% and 2.5% between 1985 and 2005, and increased to 4.9% and 3.5% in 2010, respectively. Adjusted mean BMI of boys and girls in 2010 was 2.0 and 1.2 kg/m(2) higher than those in 1985, respectively. The prevalence of obesity rose from 0% to 3.4% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Further adjusting for BMI did not change these trends in systolic BP. A similar pattern was also observed in diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS After declining for 20 years, BP levels in Chinese children started to climb upwards. These trends in BP cannot be fully explained by BMI. The investigation of other determinants of BP may provide additional opportunity to curb the current upward BP trend in Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong B, Wang Z, Wang HJ, Ma J. Population attributable risk of overweight and obesity for high blood pressure in Chinese children. Blood Press 2015; 24:230-6. [PMID: 26083724 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2015.1030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about whether eliminating overweight and obesity could effectively reduce the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) in Chinese children. This study aimed to estimate the magnitude of contribution of overweight and obesity associated with HBP in Chinese children, and assess the theoretical HBP prevalence if overweight and obesity were eliminated. METHODS Data on 197,191 participants aged 7-17 years with complete records from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health conducted in 2010 were included. The population attributable risk of overweight and obesity for HBP was calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of HBP was 6.8% and 5.8% for boys and girls, respectively. HBP in about 22.9% (95% CI 21.5, 24.2%) of boys and 14.7% (95% CI 13.5, 15.8%) of girls could be attributable to overweight and obesity. If both overweight and obesity were eliminated, the prevalence of HBP theoretically could be reduced to 5.2% in boys and 5.0% in girls. Similar results were found in different age and urban/rural area groups. CONCLUSION Eliminating overweight and obesity could theoretically lead to a moderate reduction in the prevalence of HBP in Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuo YL, Kang KT, Chiu SN, Weng WC, Lee PL, Hsu WC. Blood Pressure after Surgery among Obese and Nonobese Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152:931-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599815573927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Treating obstructive sleep apnea in children is found to be associated with blood pressure decreases. However, exactly how adenotonsillectomy (T&A) affects blood pressure in obese and nonobese children remains unclear. This study assesses how obesity affects blood pressure in children with sleep apnea after T&A. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting A tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods From 2010 to 2012, a total of 78 children were included. Based on propensity score methods (age, sex, and preoperative apnea-hypopnea index matched), children were assigned to either the obese group (n = 39) or the nonobese group (n = 39). All children received adenotonsillectomy. We recorded clinical symptoms, preoperative overnight polysomnography (PSG), and subsequent PSG within 3 months after T&A. We measured blood pressure 3 times before PSG (nocturnal blood pressure) and after PSG (morning blood pressure) in a sleep laboratory. Results Following surgery, the nonobese group had a significantly decreased nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) index (–12.0 to −18.8, P = .018), morning systolic blood pressure (SBP; 111.1 to 105.8 mm Hg, P = .014), SBP index (–5.4 to −10.9, P = .008), and DBP (–12.0 to −18.7, P = .023). Nevertheless, all blood pressure parameters in the obese group were not significantly changed postoperatively. The nonobese group improved more than obese group in nocturnal and morning DBP and DBP index by 2-way analysis of variance. Conclusion Among the children receiving T&A as treatment for OSA, nonobese children improved more than obese children did in terms of blood pressure, allowing us to infer that obese children with OSA may benefit less from T&A in cardiovascular morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Kuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-chu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tai Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Nan Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kudo U, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Umeda T, Kitagawa N, Kudo H, Chiba Y, Sasaki E, Nishimura M, Nakaji S. Influence of obesity on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in the early teens. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e211-7. [PMID: 23697590 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM We studied the influence of adiposis on the progression of blood pressure and arteriosclerosis in the early teens. METHODS The subjects of this study were 147 boys and girls (72 boys and 75 girls) in junior high school. Height, weight, percentage body fat, blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and exercise time were measured. All subjects were measured at two points--at 5th grade in elementary school (ages between 10 and 11 years) and 2nd grade in junior high school (8th grade, ages between 13 and 14 years). The relationship between the change values of adiposis over 3 years (from 5th grade to 8th grade) and blood pressure/baPWV at the age of 13-14 were analyzed with multiple regression analysis. RESULTS For boys, the change values in BMI and percentage body fat were correlated positively with systolic blood pressure. For girls, the change values in BMI and percentage body fat were correlated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressures and baPWV. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, raised blood pressure was already observed in obese early teens as a result of arteriosclerosis progression regardless exercise habit, and it was more apparent in girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umi Kudo
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Ohtsu T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. LDL-cholesterol and body mass index among Japanese schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:77. [PMID: 23705977 PMCID: PMC3680021 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between LDL-C and body mass index (BMI) in population-based Japanese schoolchildren. Methods The subjects comprised all fourth graders and seventh graders in Ina Town, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, during 2002-2009. Information about each subject’s age, sex, and family history of hypercholesterolemia was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The body height, weight, and LDL-C were measured for each child. LDL-C was measured using the direct method. According to the LDL-C criteria of the Japan Atherosclerosis Society, LDL-C level was categorized into three subgroups: acceptable, < 110 mg/dL; borderline, 110-139 mg/dL; and high, ≥ 140 mg/dL. Children with either borderline or high LDL-C level were considered to have high-normal LDL-C (HLDL-C). Results Data from a total of 5869 subjects were analyzed. A higher BMI category was associated with a higher prevalence of HLDL-C regardless of sex or grade level (P < 0.05). When compared with the <50th percentile BMI category, the odds ratio (OR) for HLDL-C was statistically significant in the 75th to 84th percentile category of fourth-grade boys (OR: 1.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.28-2.97), the 85th to 94th percentile of fourth-grade girls (2.52, 1.74-3.64), and the 85th to 94th percentile of seventh-grade boys (2.04, 1.31-3.20) and girls (1.90, 1.24-2.91). Conclusion A statistically significant association between LDL-C levels and BMI was observed in Japanese school children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Shirasawa
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cinteza E, Balgradean M. Hypertension in romanian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. MAEDICA 2013; 8:5-10. [PMID: 24023591 PMCID: PMC3749763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED AIM Knowledge of the existence of a prolonged action of cardiovascular risk factors since childhood is extremely important in a country with one of the highest cardiovascular mortality in Europe. The purpose of this survey was to study the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) and cardiovascular risk factors in Romanian paediatric population. METHODS Children and adolescents (2407 males, 2459 females), aged 3 to 17 years from Bucharest and Ilfov County were admitted in a cross-sectional survey. Body weight, height, and blood pressure (BP) were measured and the percentiles for height, BP and body mass index were established. An interviewer-administered questionnaire about some presumed risk factors was used. RESULTS The prevalence of AH in our population was 7.4%. In Bucharest AH prevalence was 8% and in rural areas 6.8% (P=0.69). AH prevalence was higher both in overweight (12.4%) and obese (24.4%) groups comparing with normal weight (5.8%), (P<0.0001). In the underweight group, AH prevalence was 3.8%. We found statistically significant the association between male gender and SH (P=0.032). While SH increases with age (P=0.015), diastolic DH decreases with age (P=0.0003). We found no correlation between AH in children and adolescents and consumption of caffeinated beverages, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, low birth weight, sleep disorders and abnormal sleep duration, absence of extra-school sport activity. CONCLUSION The high AH prevalence together with overweight or obesity represent cardiovascular risk factors, identified within our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Cinteza
- "Maria S Curie" Emergency Children's Hospital, Romania ; "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Ohtsu T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. Eating behaviors and overweight among adolescents: a population-based survey in Japan. J Obes 2013; 2013:717942. [PMID: 23956845 PMCID: PMC3730185 DOI: 10.1155/2013/717942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between eating behaviors and overweight among population-based adolescents in Japan. METHODS Study subjects comprised adolescents in the seventh grade (age range, 12-13 years) from Ina, a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2008. The height and weight of the subjects were measured, and information concerning eating behaviors (eating speed and eating until full) was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS Among boys (n = 1586), fast eating speed significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) for overweight when compared with medium eating speed, regardless of eating until full or not; moreover, a more marked increase in the OR was observed among boys eating until full (OR: 2.78, 95% confidence interval: 1.76-4.38) than among those not eating until full (2.43, 1.41-4.20). Among girls (n = 1542), fast eating speed led to a significant increase in the OR in those eating until full; however, no significant increases were observed in the OR in those eating quickly and not until full. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents, fast eating speed was associated with overweight; furthermore, the combination of both fast eating speed and eating until full may have a significant effect on overweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Ohtsu T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Obuchi R, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. Number of siblings, birth order, and childhood overweight: a population-based cross-sectional study in Japan. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:766. [PMID: 22966779 PMCID: PMC3509397 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several studies have investigated the relationship between the number of siblings or birth order and childhood overweight, the results are inconsistent. In addition, little is known about the impact of having older or younger siblings on overweight among elementary schoolchildren. The present population-based study investigated the relationship of the number of siblings and birth order with childhood overweight and evaluated the impact of having younger or older siblings on childhood overweight among elementary schoolchildren in Japan. Methods Subjects comprised fourth-grade schoolchildren (age, 9–10 years) in Ina Town during 1999–2009. Information about subjects’ sex, age, birth weight, birth order, number of siblings, lifestyle, and parents’ age, height, and weight was collected by a self-administered questionnaire, while measurements of subjects’ height and weight were done at school. Childhood overweight was defined according to age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of "number of siblings" or "birth order" for overweight. Results Data from 4026 children were analyzed. Only children (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.45-3.14) and youngest children (1.56, 1.13-2.16) significantly increased ORs for overweight compared with middle children. A larger number of siblings decreased the OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). Although there was no statistically significant relationship between a larger number of older siblings and overweight, a larger number of younger siblings resulted in a lower OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusions Being an only or youngest child was associated with childhood overweight, and having a larger number of younger siblings was negatively associated with overweight. The present study suggests that public health interventions to prevent childhood overweight need to focus on children from these family backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, 142-8555, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Ohtsu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. High-molecular-weight adiponectin and anthropometric variables among elementary schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study in Japan. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:139. [PMID: 22937905 PMCID: PMC3478987 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies about the relationship between high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMW-adn) and anthropometric variables among population-based elementary schoolchildren have been too limited, especially in Japan, where blood collection is not usually performed in the annual health examination at elementary schools. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between HMW-adn and anthropometric variables (body mass index [BMI], percent body fat [%BF], waist circumference [WC], and waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) among population-based elementary schoolchildren in Japan. Methods Subjects comprised all fourth-grade schoolchildren (9 or 10 years of age) in the town of Ina, Saitama Prefecture, Japan during 2005–2008 (N = 1675). After excluding 21 subjects because of refusal to participate or incomplete data, data from a total of 1654 subjects (846 boys and 808 girls) were analyzed. The height, weight, %BF, and WC of each subject were measured, while blood samples were drawn from the subjects to measure adiponectin levels (HMW-adn and total adiponectin). Childhood obesity was determined according to the age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between adiponectin levels and anthropometric variables were calculated for each sex. Results The anthropometric variables were negatively correlated with HMW-adn in both boys and girls. Correlation coefficients of HMW-adn with anthropometric variables in the obesity group were consistently higher than those in the non-obesity group among both boys and girls. In addition, only WHtR was significantly correlated with HMW-adn regardless of sex and physique (obesity or non-obesity); the correlation coefficient was -0.386 among boys and -0.543 among girls in the obesity group, while it was -0.124 among boys and -0.081 among girls in the non-obesity group. Conclusions HMW-adn was negatively correlated with anthropometric variables, while the correlation coefficients of HMW-adn with anthropometric variables in the obesity group were consistently higher than those in the non-obesity group. Moreover, only WHtR was significantly associated with HMW-adn regardless of sex and physique. The results of this study suggested that it is useful to monitor WHtR as a surrogate for HMW-adn among elementary school students, especially obese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku 142-8555, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Shimada N, Ohtsu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. Secular trends in blood pressure among Japanese schoolchildren: a population-based annual survey from 1994 to 2010. J Epidemiol 2012; 22:448-53. [PMID: 22863986 PMCID: PMC3798640 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring secular trends in blood pressure (BP) among children is important in predicting subsequent hypertension and cardiovascular disease. We investigated secular trends in BP using data from population-based annual screenings of Japanese schoolchildren. Methods The participants were 10 894 children (all fourth graders between 1994 and 2010 and all seventh graders between 1997 and 2010) living in the town of Ina in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Body height, weight, and BP were measured, after which children were classified as non-overweight, overweight, or obese. Trends in variables relative to calendar year were analyzed using regression models. Results Systolic BP was significantly associated with calendar year among fourth- and seventh-grade boys (−0.350 and −0.434 mm Hg/year, respectively) and fourth- and seventh-grade girls (−0.513 and −0.473 mm Hg/year, respectively) (all P < 0.001), respectively, over time. Systolic BP and calendar year were significantly negatively correlated regardless of physique or sex among all fourth graders, but not among obese seventh-grade girls. In addition, diastolic BP and calendar year did not significantly correlate among seventh-grade overweight or obese boys or obese seventh-grade girls. Conclusions BP decreased among fourth-grade schoolchildren in Ina during the past 17 years, regardless of sex or physique. However, BP and calendar year did not significantly correlate among obese seventh graders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Shirasawa
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Eating behavior and childhood overweight among population-based elementary schoolchildren in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:1398-410. [PMID: 22690201 PMCID: PMC3366619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9041398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between eating behavior and childhood overweight among population-based elementary schoolchildren in Japan. Data was collected from fourth graders (9 or 10 years of age) from Ina Town, Saitama Prefecture, Japan from 1999 to 2009. Information about subjects' sex, age, and lifestyle, including eating behaviors (eating until full and chewing thoroughly), was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire, and height and weight were measured directly. Overweight was determined according to the definition established by the International Obesity Task Force. Data from 4027 subjects (2079 boys and 1948 girls) were analyzed. Chewing thoroughly was associated with a significantly decreased odds ratio (OR) for being overweight, whereas eating until full significantly increased the OR for being overweight (OR: 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-1.94) among boys. However, eating until full was not associated with a significantly increased OR for being overweight among the group that reported chewing thoroughly, whereas it was associated with a significantly increased OR for being overweight (2.02, 1.38-2.94) among boys who did not chew thoroughly. In conclusion, eating until full or not chewing thoroughly was associated with being overweight among elementary schoolchildren. Results of this study suggest that chewing thoroughly may be an avenue to explore childhood overweight prevention efforts.
Collapse
|
20
|
Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Ohtsu T, Nishimura R, Shimizu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. Parental perceptions and childhood overweight/obesity: A population-based study among school children in Japan. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.48081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Pinho AP, Brunetti IL, Pepato MT, Almeida CAND. Síndrome metabólica em adolescentes do sexo feminino com sobrepeso e obesidade. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822012000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar parâmetros bioquímicos e fisiológicos em adolescentes do sexo feminino com sobrepeso/obesidade ou com peso corporal normal e avaliar se fatores de risco cardiovascular, postulados como componentes da síndrome metabólica, já estão presentes nessa faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, tendo-se comparado a totalidade de meninas com idades entre 12 e 18 anos de um colégio de Ribeirão Preto, divididas em dois grupos: sobrepeso/obesidade (n=30) e controle (n=39). De cada menina, foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos (peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas, circunferências do abdome e do quadril) e bioquímicos (glicose, insulina, lipidograma, ureia, creatinina, fibrinogênio, PAI-1, ferritina, sódio e microalbuminúria). RESULTADOS: As adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentaram níveis maiores de pressão arterial, glicose, triglicérides, ácido úrico, PAI-1, fibrinogênio e insulina e níveis menores de colesterol-HDL em relação ao grupo controle. A análise de alterações e formação de clusters de fatores de risco demonstrou que 76,7% das adolescentes do grupo sobrepeso apresentaram dois ou mais fatores de risco relacionados à síndrome metabólica, enquanto 79,5% das adolescentes do grupo controle apresentaram nenhuma ou apenas uma alteração. Os parâmetros microalbuminúria e ferritina sérica não apresentaram alterações e diferenças entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Adolescentes do sexo feminino com sobrepeso/obesidade já apresentam hipertensão, dislipidemias, disfibrinólise, hiperinsulinemia e clusters de fatores de risco cardiovascular.
Collapse
|