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Johnsen I, Mikkelsen JS, Opheim AA, Gjestad R. To lose a friend: the relationship between professional help and grief among close bereaved friends after the terror attack, 22 July 2011. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2264118. [PMID: 38047875 PMCID: PMC10990438 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2264118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Close friends are often an overlooked group of bereaved people. This study is based on a sub-project on young adults who experienced the loss of a close friend in the terrorist attack on Utøya, Norway, on 22 July 2011.Objective: The aim of this longitudinal study was to explore the relationship between complicated grief reactions, the need for help, and help received after losing a close friend to a traumatic death.Method: In total, data from 89 people (with a mean age of 21 years, 76.4% female) were collected at one or more of the four time-points: 18, 28, 40, and 102 months after the incident. Latent growth modelling was used to analyse levels of grief reactions and change over time, experienced need for help, and help received.Results: According to the results, the bereaved friends in our study were profoundly impacted by the loss and experienced level of reactions indicating complicated grief (mean scores on the Inventory of Complicated Grief varied from 36.2 to 23.7). A need for help was related to a decrease in grief symptoms, whereas a prolonged need for help was related to no reduction or an increase in grief. Received help was not related to decrease in grief symptoms.Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for continuous professional help, and demonstrate that the present help measures used after traumatic events may not adequately meet the needs of close bereaved friends. This emphasizes the importance of acknowledging friends as bereaved and that follow-up measures should also include this group. Finally, the study highlights the need to learn more about how professional can help bereaved friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iren Johnsen
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Rolf Gjestad
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Levkovich I, Elyoseph Z. "I Don't Know What to Say": Teachers' Perspectives on Supporting Bereaved Students After the Death of a Parent. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023; 86:945-965. [PMID: 33583258 DOI: 10.1177/0030222821993624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study examined teachers' experiences dealing with bereaved students following the death of a parent. The researchers conducted in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 25 teachers in Israeli schools who had counseled one of their students after the death of a parent. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and underwent content analysis. Analysis of the findings revealed that the teachers felt helpless, confused, overloaded emotionally and anxious when counseling students who had lost a parent. In addition, the teachers discussed the complex nature of their relationship with the remaining parent, ranging from a desire to support the family through avoidance for fear of hurting the parent to fears of being overwhelmed by the child's problems. Many teachers mentioned their need for support from school officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Levkovich
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Oranim Academic College of Education, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel
| | - Zohar Elyoseph
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Oranim Academic College of Education, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel
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Mirick RG, Berkowitz L. Adolescents' Experiences With School-Based Postvention Services: Needs, Supports, and Recommendations. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221134830. [PMID: 36250555 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221134830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory qualitative study of youth (N = 13) exposed to a peer's suicide death examined responses to the death and needed school-based responses and supports. Youth reported emotions including anger, grief, and fear, described suicide as a profound and impactful experience, and shared beliefs about entitlement to grief. Participants wanted schools to provide support for grief, to feel cared about by adults at school, to receive education about grief and suicide at school, and to have school-based opportunities to commemorate the deceased. Recommendations for schools include strategies for facilitating healthy grieving, supporting students, educating the community, and memorializing the deceased, while remaining cognizant of the need to prevent suicide contagion in the community.
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Tan J, Andriessen K. The Experiences of Grief and Personal Growth in University Students: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1899. [PMID: 33669340 PMCID: PMC7920249 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiencing the death of a close person, especially in emerging adults and students, can have profound effects on the bereaved individual's life. As most research in this field has focused on negative effects of a loss, little is known about potential positive effects experienced by bereaved university students. This study investigated the experience of grief and personal growth in a sample of students from The University of Melbourne, Australia. METHODS Semi-structured interviews via Zoom/telephone with bereaved students (n = 14), who were invited to reflect on their loss and any personal growth potentially experienced. Thematic analysis of the data was based on a deductive and inductive approach. RESULTS The analysis identified four themes: (i) sharing of grief as a coping mechanism, (ii) balance between grief reactions and moving forward in life, (iii) lessons learned and personal growth, and (iv) adopting values from the deceased person and continuing bonds. CONCLUSIONS Participants emphasized personal growth regarding self-perception and philosophical views on life. Following the loss, they preferred peer support, and used formal services only when they had a specific need. The findings indicate the importance of social support for bereaved students, and the complimentary role of peer and professional support. Hence, academic institutions should offer supportive services tailored to both students and professionals to help bereaved students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Andriessen
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Hogan NS, Schmidt LA, Howard Sharp KM, Barrera M, Compas BE, Davies B, Fairclough DL, Gilmer MJ, Vannatta K, Gerhardt CA. Development and testing of the Hogan Inventory of Bereavement short form for children and adolescents. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:313-321. [PMID: 31274055 PMCID: PMC7029621 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1627034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To reduce response burden for bereaved children and adolescents, we provide data on the development and psychometric testing of a short form of the Hogan Sibling Inventory of Bereavement (HSIB). The resulting measure of grief symptoms and personal growth was renamed the Hogan Inventory of Bereavement - Short Form (Children and Adolescents; HIB-SF-CA). Psychometric properties were evaluated in a sample of 86 bereaved siblings. Instrument development and validation research design methods were used. Evidence of strong reliability and convergent validity indicates that the 21-item HIB-SF-CA is comparable to the original 46-item HSIB in measuring grief and personal growth in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Hogan
- Professor Emerita, School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lee A Schmidt
- School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Maru Barrera
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Pediatrics Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Betty Davies
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Mary Jo Gilmer
- Pediatrics Department, School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn Vannatta
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia A Gerhardt
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Berger E. Multi-tiered Approaches to Trauma-Informed Care in Schools: A Systematic Review. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-019-09326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Berger E, Carroll M, Maybery D, Harrison D. Disaster Impacts on Students and Staff from a Specialist, Trauma-Informed Australian School. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:521-530. [PMID: 32318173 PMCID: PMC7163851 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Children from disadvantaged backgrounds often experience high levels of traumatic stress, however, little is known about their experiences and the responses of their teachers following disasters. The aim of this study was to examine, from the perspective of teachers, the impact of a critical community-wide traumatic event on student and staff wellbeing, and student learning and teaching practices at a specialist school for disadvantaged and displaced youth in Australia. Eight school staff were interviewed, including administrative, teaching, and support personnel, with their responses interpreted using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results focused largely on the impact of the event and the resultant relocation of the school on staff and student health, reduced opportunities for learning, changes to teaching and student engagement, and the strengths and limitations of the trauma-informed approach of the school. Implications for teacher education and school trauma-informed models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Berger
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, 19 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew Carroll
- Monash Rural Health, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria Australia
| | - Darryl Maybery
- Monash Department of Rural Health, Monash University, Moe-Newborough, Victoria Australia
| | - Dylan Harrison
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, 19 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria Australia
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Lytje M. Voices We Forget-Danish Students Experience of Returning to School Following Parental Bereavement. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2018; 78:24-42. [PMID: 30286685 DOI: 10.1177/0030222816679660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explores how Danish students experience returning to school following parental bereavement. Eighteen focus group interviews with 39 participants aged 9 to 17 years were conducted. All participants had experienced the loss of a primary caregiver. Data collection was divided into two phases. In Phase I, 22 participants from four grief groups were interviewed 4 times over the course of a year. During Phase II, confirmatory focus groups were undertaken with the 17 participants. This article explores findings related to the four themes of initial school response, long-term support, challenges within the class, and academic challenges. The study found that (a) students struggle to reconnect with classmates following the return to school and often feel alone, (b) schools fail to have guidelines in place for what they are allowed to do if becoming sad the class, and (c) schools seem to forget their loss as time passes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lytje
- 1 Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,2 The Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lytje M. Voices that want to be heard: Using bereaved Danish students suggestions to update school bereavement response plans. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 42:254-267. [PMID: 28657832 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1346726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explored how Danish students experienced returning to school following parental bereavement. Eighteen focus group interviews were conducted with 39 participants aged 9 to 17. All participants had experienced the loss of a primary caregiver. Data collection was divided into two phases. In Phase I, 22 participants from four grief groups were interviewed 4 times over the course of a year. During Phase II, confirmatory focus groups were undertaken with the 17 participants. This article explores the findings related to ideas and suggestions made by the students about how the Danish school response could be improved to better meet their needs. The presentation of data is divided into seven themes, which are: Desired school response; Desired support from teachers; Desired boundaries between students and teachers; Desired collaboration; Desired support from peers; Desired rules and structure, and; Desires related to gifts and rituals. Study findings indicate that most students want to be included and have a say when the school plans how to respond to their loss. Students further highlight a need for teacher support when having to reconnect with the class; a need for set rules in relation to leaving the class when feeling sad, and; a need for schools to see the loss as a life-changing event, and grief as something that does not simply disappear after a few months. The article concludes by discussing the ways in which the recommendations provided by the participants can be incorporated into a modern revision of Danish school bereavement response plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lytje
- a OmSorg Kræftens Bekæmpelse , København Ø , Denmark
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Cox GR, Bailey E, Jorm AF, Reavley NJ, Templer K, Parker A, Rickwood D, Bhar S, Robinson J. Development of suicide postvention guidelines for secondary schools: a Delphi study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:180. [PMID: 26912256 PMCID: PMC4765027 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide of school-aged adolescents is a significant problem, with serious implications for students and staff alike. To date, there is a lack of evidence regarding the most effective way for a secondary school to respond to the suicide of a student, termed postvention [(Crisis 33:208-214, 2012), (Crisis 34:164-182, 2013)]. The aim of this study was to employ the expert consensus (Delphi) methodology to the development of a set of guidelines, to assist English-speaking secondary schools to develop a plan to respond to a student suicide, or to respond to a suicide in the absence of a predetermined plan. METHODS The Delphi methodology was employed, which involved a two-stage process. Firstly, medical and research databases, existing postvention guidelines developed for schools, and lay literature were searched in order to identify potential actions that school staff could carry out following the suicide of a student. Based on this search, an online questionnaire was produced. Secondly, 40 experts in the area of suicide postvention from English-speaking countries were recruited and asked to rate each action contained within this questionnaire, in terms of how important they felt it was to be included in the postvention guidelines. A set of guidelines was developed based on these responses. In total, panel members considered 965 actions across three consensus rounds. RESULTS Five hundred fourty-eight actions were endorsed for inclusion into the postvention guidelines based on an 80% consensus agreement threshold. These actions were groups according to common themes, which are presented in the following sections: 1. Developing an Emergency Response Plan; 2. Forming an Emergency Response Team; 3. Activating the Emergency Response Team; 4. Managing a suspected suicide that occurs on school grounds; 5. Liaising with the deceased student's family; 6. Informing staff of the suicide; 7. Informing students of the suicide; 8. Informing parents of the suicide; 9. Informing the wider community of the suicide; 10. Identifying and supporting high-risk students; 11. Ongoing support of students; 12. Ongoing support of staff; 13. Dealing with the media; 14. Internet and social media; 15. The deceased student's belongings; 16. Funeral and memorial; 17. Continued monitoring of students and staff; 18. Documentation; 19. Critical Incident Review and annual review of the ER Plan; 20. Future prevention. Panel members frequently commented on every suicide being 'unique', and the need for flexibility in the guidelines, in order to accommodate the resources available, and the culture of the school community. CONCLUSION In order to respond effectively and safely to the suicide of a student, schools need to undertake a variety of postvention actions. These are the first set of postvention guidelines produced worldwide for secondary schools that are based on expert opinion using the Delphi method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina R Cox
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Bailey
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Anthony F Jorm
- Centre for Mental Health, The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicola J Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kate Templer
- University of Tasmania, Faculty of Health, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Alex Parker
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation, 485 La Trobe St, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Debra Rickwood
- headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation, 485 La Trobe St, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Kirinari St, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia.
| | - Sunil Bhar
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
| | - Jo Robinson
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation, 485 La Trobe St, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Dyregrov A, Salloum A, Kristensen P, Dyregrov K. Grief and Traumatic Grief in Children in the Context of Mass Trauma. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:48. [PMID: 25940038 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Children who have had someone close die as a result of a mass trauma event such as war, armed conflict, acts of terror, political violence, torture, mass accidents, and natural disasters are at risk for biopsychosocial problems. Research on how to classify when grief becomes complicated or traumatic in children is scarce, and while functioning level may provide a good indication, assessing functioning may be difficult in mass trauma environments where routines and structure are often lacking. There are promising trauma- and grief-focused interventions for children post-mass trauma, which are mostly provided in school settings. However, more advanced multi-method interventions are needed that address grief and trauma in the context of the child's overall mental health, parent/caregiver role in assisting the child, family system issues, ways to provide safe caring environments amidst chaos and change, and interventions that take into account local consumer perspectives, including the voices of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Dyregrov
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Fortunen 7, 5039, Bergen, Norway,
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Dyregrov K, Kristensen P, Johnsen I, Dyregrov A. The psycho-social follow-up after the terror of July 22nd 2011 as experienced by the bereaved. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15714/scandpsychol.2.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Oulanova O, Moodley R, Séguin M. From suicide survivor to peer counselor: breaking the silence of suicide bereavement. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2015; 69:151-68. [PMID: 25223311 DOI: 10.2190/om.69.2.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to explore the phenomenon of peer counseling in suicide bereavement by addressing the question, what are the lived experiences of suicide survivors who become peer counselors? Participants were 15 individuals bereaved through suicide who had been volunteering with others bereaved in the same manner. This research employed the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach to provide a detailed description of participants' journeys that went from experiencing the suicide of a loved one, to the decision to become a peer counselor, to, finally, providing support to other survivors. The findings suggest that participants understand the provision of peer counseling as a transformative process. Being a peer counselor means actively challenging the silence around suicide by speaking out about suicide-related issues and offering other survivors a safe space to share their stories. The broader implications of these findings for suicide postvention research and clinical practice are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Moodley
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto
| | - Monique Séguin
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
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Dyregrov K, Endsjø M, Idsøe T, Dyregrov A. Suggestions for the ideal follow-up for bereaved students as seen by school personnel. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2014.955676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hales H, Freeman M, Edmondson A, Taylor P. Witnessing Suicide-Related Behavior in Prison. CRISIS 2014; 35:10-7. [DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rates of suicide and suicide-related behavior (SRB) are high in prison. Those witnessing such behavior may develop psychological morbidity. Most previous studies have been quantitative. Little has been written about the witnesses’ qualitative experience. Aims: The aim of the study was to explore, through interview and then thematic analysis, the core concerns of those witnessing another’s SRB in prison. Method: We interviewed 70 detained young men about their experience of another’s SRB in prison. Results: Three main themes were identified: their experience of another’s SRB; their thoughts of why the victim died by/attempted suicide; and the physical, emotional, and cognitive effects of another’s SRB on them. Responses to questions about the witnesses’ experience of support from others, unmet needs, and peers’ responses are also described. Two categories within the theme ”thoughts of why the victim died by/attempted suicide” were associated with being in prison, all others could be experienced in the community. Over half of the sample reported negative reactions to witnessing another’s SRB. Conclusion: Most themes were unrelated to prison. Though many reported negative reactions to their experience, suggesting a need for support, many denied that need. The implication of this study is that prison discipline and health-care staff need to consider how to provide needed support and care in an acceptable form to young men in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Freeman
- Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Pamela Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
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Dyregrov A, Dyregrov K, Idsoe T. Teachers’ perceptions of their role facing children in grief. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2012.754165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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