1
|
Theofanopoulou N, Antle AN, Slovak P. "They Don't Come With a Handbook": Exploring Design Opportunities for Supporting Parent-Child Interaction around Emotions in the Family Context. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2024; 8:132. [PMID: 39015409 PMCID: PMC7616238 DOI: 10.1145/3637409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Parenting practices have a profound effect on children's well-being and are a core target of several psychological interventions for child mental health. However, there is only limited understanding in HCI so far about how to design socio-technical systems that could support positive shifts in parent-child social practices in situ. This paper focuses on parental socialisation of emotion as an exemplar context in which to explore this question. We present a two-step study, combining theory-driven identification of plausible design directions with co-design workshops with 22 parents of children aged 6-10 years. Our data suggest the potential for technology-enabled systems that aim to facilitate positive changes in parent-child social practices in situ, and highlight a number of plausible design directions to explore in future work.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chubinidze D, Li Z, Slovak P, Baudinet J, Dufour E, Tchanturia K. Introducing a Smart Toy in Eating Disorder Treatment: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:467. [PMID: 38398792 PMCID: PMC10891985 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) often encounter challenges related to body image, emotional, and sensory difficulties during nutritional rehabilitation. To address these challenges, a novel technology-enabled smart toy, Purrble, designed for immediate assistance in emotion regulation, is being explored. A mixed-method approach involving workshops, diaries, and focus groups was employed to examine the feasibility of Purrble as a therapeutic tool and its impact on participants' daily routines, sensory experiences, and emotional states. The study results demonstrate the engagement and acceptability of this device. Qualitative analysis revealed that participants independently used and integrated Purrble into their emotional and sensory regulation practices. These pilot results support the potential for a shift in the delivery of adjunct therapeutic tools through technology, particularly for ED patients with complex presentations. Future research is necessary to further explore the psychological benefits of this intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Chubinidze
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK;
| | - Julian Baudinet
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders (MCCAED), Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Dufour
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (D.C.); (Z.L.); (J.B.)
- National Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK;
- Department of Psychology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Williams AJ, Cleare S, Borschmann R, Tench CR, Gross J, Hollis C, Chapman-Nisar A, Naeche N, Townsend E, Slovak P. Enhancing emotion regulation with an in situ socially assistive robot among LGBTQ+ youth with self-harm ideation: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079801. [PMID: 38195171 PMCID: PMC10806609 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purrble, a socially assistive robot, was codesigned with children to support in situ emotion regulation. Preliminary evidence has found that LGBTQ+ youth are receptive to Purrble and find it to be an acceptable intervention to assist with emotion dysregulation and their experiences of self-harm. The present study is designed to evaluate the impact of access to Purrble among LGBTQ+ youth who have self-harmful thoughts, when compared with waitlist controls. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a single-blind, randomised control trial comparing access to the Purrble robot with waitlist control. A total of 168 LGBTQ+ youth aged 16-25 years with current self-harmful ideation will be recruited, all based within the UK. The primary outcome is emotion dysregulation (Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale-8) measured weekly across a 13-week period, including three pre-deployment timepoints. Secondary outcomes include self-harm (Self-Harm Questionnaire), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). We will conduct analyses using linear mixed models to assess primary and secondary hypotheses. Intervention participants will have unlimited access to Purrble over the deployment period, which can be used as much or as little as they like. After all assessments, control participants will receive their Purrble, with all participants keeping the robot after the end of the study. After the study has ended, a subset of participants will be invited to participate in semistructured interviews to explore engagement and appropriation of Purrble, considering the young people's own views of Purrble as an intervention device. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was received from King's College London (RESCM-22/23-34570). Findings will be disseminated in peer review open access journals and at academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT06025942.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jess Williams
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Seonaid Cleare
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Gross
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ellen Townsend
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams AJ, Townsend E, Naeche N, Chapman-Nisar A, Hollis C, Slovak P. Investigating the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Appropriation of a Socially Assistive Robot Among Minority Youth at Risk of Self-Harm: Results of 2 Mixed Methods Pilot Studies. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e52336. [PMID: 37991838 PMCID: PMC10701649 DOI: 10.2196/52336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minority youth are at an increased risk of experiencing self-harmful thoughts and behaviors. However, there is limited evidence of successful interventions to support young people in the moment of their distress. Digital interventions are considered a potential solution for providing in-the-moment support for those at risk of adverse mental health and self-harm. OBJECTIVE These pilot studies aim to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a new in situ intervention tool, Purrble, among two broad groups of minority youth: (1) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and similar minority (LGBTQ+) youth and (2) racial and ethnic minority youth. Purrble was designed to support in-situ emotion regulation (ER) support when individuals are facing emotionally challenging situations. METHODS This study consisted of 2 mixed methods pilot studies that followed the same mixed methods design, including 3 weeks of daily and weekly surveys and optional follow-up interviews. Inclusion criteria were (1) aged between 16 and 25 years, (2) part of a minority group, (3) had experiences of self-harmful thoughts or behaviors or elevated symptoms of depression or anxiety, and (4) living in the United Kingdom at the time of the study. The primary outcomes were (1) the feasibility of Purrble as an intervention among pilot samples (analyzed by consent rate, retention rate, adherence to surveys, and engagement with the device) and (2) the acceptability and appropriation of Purrble across pilot studies as a tool to support ER in situ (thematically analyzed qualitative open-ended questions and interview data). The secondary outcomes were descriptive pilot data concerning the mental health outcomes in each sample. RESULTS In total, 21 LGBTQ+ young people participated in pilot study 1, with 86% (n=18) completing the baseline and 3 weeks of daily surveys. These young people maintained engagement with Purrble across deployment, across which period there was a decrease in self-harmful thoughts and anxiety symptoms. A total of 19 ethnic and racial minority youths participated in pilot study 2, and 84% (n=16) completed the study. Although pilot study 2 participants also maintained engagement with Purrble across deployment, this was to a lesser degree than participants of pilot study 1, and perceived mental health outcomes did not indicate potential change associated with the device. The thematic analysis indicated three superordinate themes: (1) stopping the self-harm cycle, (2) adopting ER strategies, and (3) stages of change. CONCLUSIONS These were the first pilot studies of a novel intervention that aimed to provide in situ ER support for young people at risk of self-harm. Both quantitative and qualitative findings indicate that young people found Purrble to be a feasible and acceptable intervention, as they effectively incorporated the device into their ER practices. These engagements with Purrble were described as interrupting the cycle of self-harmful ideation and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jess Williams
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Townsend
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nkem Naeche
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Chapman-Nisar
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hollis
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Williams AJ, Freed M, Theofanopoulou N, Daudén Roquet C, Klasnja P, Gross J, Schleider J, Slovak P. Feasibility, Perceived Impact, and Acceptability of a Socially Assistive Robot to Support Emotion Regulation With Highly Anxious University Students: Mixed Methods Open Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2023; 10:e46826. [PMID: 37906230 PMCID: PMC10646679 DOI: 10.2196/46826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health difficulties among university students have been rising rapidly over the last decade, and the demand for university mental health services commonly far exceeds available resources. Digital interventions are seen as one potential solution to these challenges. However, as in other mental health contexts, digital programs often face low engagement and uptake, and the field lacks usable, engaging, evidence-supported mental health interventions that may be used flexibly when students need them most. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a new, in situ intervention tool (Purrble) among university students experiencing anxiety. As an intervention, Purrble was designed to provide in situ support for emotion regulation (ER)-a well-known transdiagnostic construct-directly in the moments when individuals are facing emotionally challenging situations. A secondary aim is to consider the perceived impact of Purrble on youth mental health, as reported by students over a 7-week deployment. METHODS A mixed methods open trial was conducted with 78 under- and postgraduate students at Oxford University. Participants were recruited based on moderate to high levels of anxiety measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 at baseline (mean 16.09, SD 3.03). All participants had access to Purrble for 7 weeks during the spring term with data on their perceived anxiety, emotion dysregulation, ER self-efficacy, and engagement with the intervention collected at baseline (pre), week 4 (mid), and week 8 (postintervention). Qualitative responses were also collected at the mid- and postintervention points. RESULTS The findings demonstrated a sustained engagement with Purrble over the 7-week period, with the acceptability further supported by the qualitative data indicating that students accepted Purrble and that Purrble was well-integrated into their daily routines. Exploratory quantitative data analysis indicated that Purrble was associated with reductions in student anxiety (dz=0.96, 95% CI 0.62-1.29) and emotion dysregulation (dz=0.69, 95% CI 0.38-0.99), and with an increase in ER self-efficacy (dz=-0.56, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.26). CONCLUSIONS This is the first trial of a simple physical intervention that aims to provide ongoing ER support to university students. Both quantitative and qualitative data suggest that Purrble is an acceptable and feasible intervention among students, the engagement with which can be sustained at a stable level across a 7-week period while retaining a perceived benefit for those who use it (n=32, 61% of our sample). The consistency of use is particularly promising given that there was no clinician engagement or further support provided beyond Purrble being delivered to the students. These results show promise for an innovative intervention model, which could be complementary to the existing interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jess Williams
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Freed
- Psychodynamic Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Predrag Klasnja
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James Gross
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Schleider
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He J, Wang W, Ning P, Schwebel DC, Yang Y, Cheng P, Li J, Zhao M, Li W, Zhang N, Liu H, Hu G. Evaluating the effectiveness of the safety experience room, an affordable interactive education intervention to prevent unintentional injury among rural preschoolers in China: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:531. [PMID: 36941599 PMCID: PMC10029153 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactive and experiential learning programs have proven effective to teach children safety and prevent child unintentional injury. However, previously-published programs were designed primarily to address safety concerns of children living in urban, well-resourced areas, and therefore might be less effective or economically infeasible to distribute to children in resource-limited areas, such as those living in rural areas or underdeveloped regions. This proposed study will evaluate the effectiveness of teaching children safety lessons to rural preschoolers in China through the preschool-based Safety Experience Room intervention that was developed based on relevant theories, the lessons of previous intervention research, the characteristics of child injuries in underdeveloped rural areas, and the needs and circumstances of rural families and preschools in China. The study will also evaluate the cost-effectiveness of delivering the program. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A single-blinded, 12-month follow-up, parallel-group cluster randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio will be implemented in two selected counties. In total, at least 2378 rural preschoolers aged 3-6 years old will be recruited from 12 preschools, 6 in Yang County and 6 in Shicheng County. Clusters will be randomized at the preschool level and allocated to the control group (routine school-based education) or the intervention group (routine school-based education plus the Safety Experience Room education). External support strategies will be implemented by local partners to minimize attrition. Data collection will be conducted at baseline and then every 3 months during a 12-month follow-up time period. Intention-to-treat (ITT) data analysis will be used. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) will evaluate the effectiveness of the program and generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of it. A per-protocol (PP) sensitivity analysis will assess the robustness of ITT results. Subgroup analyses will be performed to evaluate the impact of socio-demographic factors on the intervention effect, following the same strategies as the primary analyses. DISCUSSION The newly-designed Safety Experience Room program is expected to be feasible, effective, and financially beneficial. If these hypotheses prove true, we will take steps to disseminate the program to rural preschools across China. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn ), CHiCTR2000038025, registered on 8 September 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wanhui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peishan Ning
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Peixia Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chu YH, Chou LW, Lin HH, Chang KM. Consumer Visual and Affective Bias for Soothing Dolls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2396. [PMID: 36767763 PMCID: PMC9916300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soothing dolls are becoming increasingly popular in a society with a lot of physical and mental stress. Many products are also combined with soothing dolls to stimulate consumers' desire for impulse buying. However, there is no research on the relationship between consumers' purchasing behavior, consumers' preference for soothing dolls, and visual preference. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible factors that affect the emotional and visual preferences of soothing dolls. Two local stores' sales lists were used to extract three different types of dolls. The 2D and 3D versions of these three dolls were used. Subjective emotional preferences were examined by the self-assessment manikin (SAM) scale, with 5-point Likert scales for valence and arousal factors. An eye tracker was used to examine visual preferences, both before and after positive/negative emotion stimulation by the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). There were 37 subjects involved, with an age range of 20-28 years. The experimental results show that the average valence/arousal scores for 2D/3D dolls were (3.80, 3.74) and (2.65, 2.68), respectively. There was no statistical difference, but both 2D and 3D pictures had high valence scores. Eye tracker analysis revealed no gaze difference in visual preference between 2D and 3D dolls. After negative emotional picture stimulation, the observation time of the left-side doll decreased from 2.307 (std 0.905) to 1.947 (std 1.038) seconds, p < 0.001; and that of the right-side picture increased from 1.898 (std 0.907) to 2.252 (std 1.046) seconds, p < 0.001. The average observation time ratio of the eye on the 3D doll was 40.6%, higher than that on the 2D doll (34.3%, p = 0.02). Soothing dolls may be beneficial for emotion relaxation. Soothing dolls always have high valence features according to the SAM evaluation's measurement. Moreover, this study proposes a novel research model using an eye-tracker and the SAM for the SOR framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - He-Hui Lin
- Department of Digital Media Design, Asia University, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ming Chang
- Department of Digital Media Design, Asia University, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MacLean KE. Designing affective haptic experience for wellness and social communication: where designers need affective neuroscience and psychology. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
9
|
Bettis AH, Burke TA, Nesi J, Liu RT. Digital Technologies for Emotion-Regulation Assessment and Intervention: A Conceptual Review. Clin Psychol Sci 2022; 10:3-26. [PMID: 35174006 PMCID: PMC8846444 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate emotions in response to stress is central to healthy development. While early research in emotion regulation predominantly employed static, self-report measurement, the past decade has seen a shift in focus toward understanding the dynamic nature of regulation processes. This is reflected in recent refinements in the definition of emotion regulation, which emphasize the importance of the ability to flexibly adapt regulation efforts across contexts. The latest proliferation of digital technologies employed in mental health research offers the opportunity to capture the state- and context-sensitive nature of emotion regulation. In this conceptual review, we examine the use of digital technologies (ecological momentary assessment; wearable and smartphone technology, physical activity, acoustic data, visual data, and geo-location; smart home technology; virtual reality; social media) in the assessment of emotion regulation and describe their application to interventions. We also discuss challenges and ethical considerations, and outline areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard T Liu
- Harvard Medical School
- Massachusetts General Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Slovak P, Ford BQ, Widen S, Daudén Roquet C, Theofanopoulou N, Gross JJ, Hankin B, Klasnja P. An In Situ, Child-Led Intervention to Promote Emotion Regulation Competence in Middle Childhood: Protocol for an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28914. [PMID: 34751666 PMCID: PMC8663453 DOI: 10.2196/28914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation is a key transdiagnostic risk factor for a range of psychopathologies, making it a prime target for both prevention and treatment interventions in childhood. Existing interventions predominantly rely on workshops or in-person therapy-based approaches, limiting the ability to promote emotion regulation competence for children in everyday settings and at scale. Purrble is a newly developed, inexpensive, socially assistive robot-in the form of an interactive plush toy-that uses haptic feedback to support in-the-moment emotion regulation. It is accessible to children as needed in their daily lives, without the need for a priori training. Although qualitative data from previous studies show high engagement in situ and anecdotal evidence of the robot being incorporated into children's emotion regulation routines, there is no quantitative evidence of the intervention's impact on child outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of a new intervention model for child-led emotion regulation-Purrble-that can be deployed across prevention and treatment contexts. METHODS Overall, 134 children aged 8 to 10 years will be selected from an enriched nonclinical North American population; for inclusion, the cutoff for the parents' rating of child dysregulation will be ≥10 points in the total difficulties score on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This cutoff was selected to obtain a measurable, but not necessarily clinical, level of the child's emotion regulatory difficulties. The selected families will be randomly assigned with .5 probability to receive either a Purrble or an active control (noninteractive plush toy). The primary outcome will be a daily ecological momentary assessment measure of child emotion regulation capability (as reported by parents) over a period of 4 weeks. Exploratory analyses will investigate the intervention impact on secondary outcomes of child emotion regulation, collected weekly over the same 4-week period, with follow-ups at 1 month and 6 months postdeployment. Quantitative data will be analyzed on an intent-to-treat basis. A proportion of families (approximately 30% of the sample) will be interviewed after deployment as part of the process analysis. RESULTS The study is funded by the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/T041897/1) and an in-kind contribution from the Committee for Children. This study received ethical approval from the Pearl institutional review board (#18-CFC-101). Participant recruitment started in February 2021, with the 1-month deployment in April-May 2021. The results of this analysis will be published in 2022. CONCLUSIONS This study will be the first quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of an innovative, proof-of-concept intervention model for an in situ, child-led emotion regulation intervention. Insights into the trajectory of daily changes, complemented with weekly questionnaire batteries and postdeployment interviews, will result in an in-depth understanding of whether and how the hypothesized intervention logic model works, leading to further intervention optimization. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04810455; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04810455. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/28914.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Slovak
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Q Ford
- Psychology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sherri Widen
- Committee for Children, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Predrag Klasnja
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|