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Armengou X, Frank K, Kaye K, Brébant V, Möllhoff N, Cotofana S, Alfertshofer M. Facial Anthropometric Measurements and Principles - Overview and Implications for Aesthetic Treatments. Facial Plast Surg 2024; 40:348-362. [PMID: 37487528 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial anatomy is highly individual in each patient. Anthropometric measurements can be a useful tool to objectively analyze individual facial anatomy to allow for better comparability before and after treatments to ultimately improve standardization of facial procedures, both nonsurgical and surgical. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview over clinically relevant and feasible facial anthropometric measurements and principles for aesthetic medicine. A literature review was conducted to describe the most important and clinically relevant anthropometric measurements and principles for both the entire face and for three aesthetically relevant facial regions: the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. A multitude of different anthropometric measurements and principles have been described in the literature for both the overall facial appearance and specific facial regions. Certain generally accepted anthropometric principles and proportions need to be respected to achieve aesthetic and harmonious results. For the overall facial appearance, a focus on symmetry, certain proportions, facial angles, and indices has been described. Principles and measurements were also described for the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. Although attractiveness and aesthetic perception are subjective, objective evaluation of facial surface anatomy via anthropometric measurements can improve pre- and postinterventional analysis of the face and help the treating physician to individualize treatments, both nonsurgical and surgical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin Frank
- Centre for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ocean Clinic Marbella, Marbella, Spain
| | - Kai Kaye
- Centre for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ocean Clinic Marbella, Marbella, Spain
| | - Vanessa Brébant
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Nicholas Möllhoff
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Cotofana
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Amezua X, Erkizia G, Jauregi M, Solaberrieta E. Creating three-dimensional virtual patients by superimposing intraoral and facial digital scans guided with an aligner system: A dental technique. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:781-786. [PMID: 36328824 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A technique for creating 3-dimensional virtual patients (3DVPs) by superimposing intraoral and facial digital scans guided with a novel aligner system is described. This aligner system supports design modifications to adapt to different facial scanning methods (FSMs) and reduce the impact of FSMs on the accuracy of 3DVPs. Two different designs of the aligner system are described: one for use with less-accurate FSMs and another for use with more-accurate FSMs. These virtual designs are available for download and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Amezua
- Research Assistant, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gaizka Erkizia
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Jauregi
- Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eneko Solaberrieta
- Associate Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.
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Raffone C, Gianfreda F, Antonacci D, Pompeo MG, Bollero P, Canullo L. Chairside virtual patient protocol. Part 3: In vitro accuracy of a digital facebow. J Dent 2023; 137:104622. [PMID: 37453655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the trueness and precision of an intraoral transfer element (IOTE) designed for matching intraoral and facial scans. METHODS A mannequin head with a maxillary model in position was used. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to construct the master model (MM). A digital impression of the maxillary arch was taken using an intraoral scanner, and the IOTE was used to record the maxillary arch position. Twenty facial scans with and twenty without the IOTE in place were performed with a handheld device (Ipad Pro, Apple) using a dedicated software. Digital mounting was performed to build a scan model (SM). Using software for data processing, the three-dimensional deviation between the MM and SM at the central left incisor (#9#), and the left and right first molars (#3#, #14#) was calculated as trueness and linear deviation precision. . Angular deviation was also calculated at the occlusal plane. RESULTS The linear deviation trueness at #9#, #3# and #14# was 0.3 ± 0.12 mm, 1.07 ± 0.28 mm, and 0.18 ± 0.34 mm, respectively, whereas the precision was 1.17 ± 0.4 mm, 0.43 ± 0.12 mm, and 0.64 ± 0.28 mm, respectively. Trueness of the angular deviation at the occlusal plane was 2.17 ± 0.46°, whereas the angular deviation precision was 0.64 ± 0.28°. CONCLUSIONS Based on in vitro findings the proposed IOTE design is accurate and suitable for clinical use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Direct virtual mounting is a reliable technique in vitro; however, in vivo tests are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Gianfreda
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrizio Bollero
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Luigi Canullo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Dallazen E, Baccaro GC, Santos AMDS, Queiroz ME, Santiago Junior JF, Hochuli-Vieira E, Faverani L. Comparison of Manual (2D) and Digital (3D) Methods in the Assessment of Simulated Facial Edema. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:1146-1154. [PMID: 37308089 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An edema assessment following dental surgeries is essential to improving the dental surgeon's technique and, consequentially, patient comfort. PURPOSE Two-dimensional (2D) methods are limited in analyzing 3-dimensional (3D) surfaces. Currently, 3D methods are used to investigate postoperative swelling. However, there are no studies that directly compare 2D and 3D methods. The goal of this study is to directly compare 2D and 3D methods used in the assessment of postoperative edema. STUDY DESIGN AND SAMPLE The investigators implemented a prospective, cross-sectional study with each subject serving as its own control. The sample was composed of dental student volunteers without facial deformities. PREDICTOR VARIABLE The predictor variable is the method used to measure edema. After simulating edema, manual (2D) and digital (3D) techniques were used to measure edema. The manual method used direct facial perimeter measurements. The two digital methods were photogrammetry using a smartphone (iPhone 11, Apple Inc, Cupertino, California), and facial scanning with a smartphone application (Bellus3D FaceApp, Bellus3D Inc, Campbell, California) [3D measurements] MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The coefficient of variation (CV) (CV = standard deviation /mean) was used to assess homogeneity of edema measurements. ANALYSIS The Shapiro-Wilk and equal variance tests were applied to assess data homogeneity. Next, one-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by a correlation analysis. Finally, the data were submitted to Tukey's test. The statistical significance threshold was set at 5% (P < .05). RESULTS The sample was composed of 20 subjects aged 18-38 years. The CV showed higher values using the manual (2D) method (47%; 4.88% ± 2.99), compared with the photogrammetry method (18%; 8.55 mm ± 1.52) and the smartphone application (21%; 8.97 mm ± 1.93). A statistically significant difference was observed between the manual method values and those of the other two groups (P < .001). There was no difference between the facial scanning and photogrammetry groups (3D methods) (P = .778) CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Both digital measuring methods (3D) demonstrated greater homogeneity than the manual method in analyzing facial distortions caused by the same swelling simulation. Therefore, it can be affirmed that digital methods may be more reliable that manual methods for assessing facial edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Dallazen
- PhD Student, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Baccaro
- DDS Student, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Maikon de Souza Santos
- PhD Student, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Assistant Professor, Division of Oral Surgery, Paraíba State University, Araruna, Brazil
| | - Mariana Elias Queiroz
- PhD Student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Hochuli-Vieira
- Associate Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Faverani
- Associate Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Amezua X, Iturrate M, Garikano X, Solaberrieta E. Analysis of the impact of the facial scanning method on the precision of a virtual facebow record technique: An in vivo study. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:382-391. [PMID: 34916065 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Virtual facebow record techniques typically record the relationship of a maxillary digital scan to facial landmarks by aligning it to a 3-dimensional face scan. Three-dimensional face scans can be acquired with different facial scanning methods, but the impact of the facial scanning method on the accuracy (trueness and precision) of a virtual facebow record technique remains unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess the impact of the facial scanning method on the precision under the repeatability conditions (repeatability) of a virtual facebow record technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS Repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with the following 3 clinical-grade facial scanning methods was determined and compared: a professional handheld scanner based on structured blue light scanning technology (PHS method); an attachment-type 3-dimensional sensor camera connected to a tablet and controlled with a mobile application (3DSC-T method); and a smartphone with an integrated 3-dimensional sensor camera controlled with a mobile application (3DSC-S method). To determine the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with each facial scanning method, 8 virtual facebow records of a completely dentate adult with class I occlusion and mesoprosopic facial form were obtained (8×3=24 in total); with these, 8 locations of a maxillary digital scan with respect to a common 3-dimensional face scan were obtained. Repeatability was determined in terms of deviations between located maxillary digital scans, determined, in turn, by calculating the distances between corresponding vertices for each of the possible nonrepeating combinations of pairs of located maxillary digital scans (8C2=28). Finally, the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with the different facial scanning methods was compared by using the Welch ANOVA test and the post hoc Games-Howell test (both α=.05). RESULTS The repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with PHS, 3DSC-T, and 3DSC-S facial scanning methods resulted in 0.243 ±0.094 mm, 0.437 ±0.171 mm, and 1.023 ±0.399 mm, respectively. Comparison of these results revealed that the facial scanning method had a statistically significant effect on the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique (P<.001) and that its repeatability was statistically significantly greater with the PHS facial scanning method than with the 3DSC-T and 3DSC-S facial scanning methods and greater with the 3DSC-T facial scanning method than with the 3DSC-S facial scanning method (P<.001 for all pairwise comparisons). CONCLUSIONS This study found that the facial scanning method had a great impact on the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique and that the virtual facebow record technique was more repeatable with more accurate facial scanning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Amezua
- Research Assistant, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Iturrate
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Xabier Garikano
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eneko Solaberrieta
- Associate Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.
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Pasini M, Carli E, Giambastiani F, Giuca MR, Tripodi D. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Upper and Lower Arches Using Digital Technology: Measurement of the Index of Bolton and Correspondence between Arch Shapesand Orthodontic Arches. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:188. [PMID: 37623284 PMCID: PMC10453238 DOI: 10.3390/dj11080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thanks to the great development of digital technology, viaCAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) systems, digital models canbe used as an aid for orthodontic planning decision-making processes as there are numerous studies in the literature that support the validity ofthe digital model measurements of anterior teeth and the total coefficient of Bolton analysis. The aim of the present study isto compare the average length value of the current upper and lower arches with that of a hypothetical nickel-titanium wire and to confirm the reliability and accuracy of digitally taken measurements of the anterior and total Bolton coefficients.In this retrospective study, dental casts of 138 Caucasian adolescent patients were scanned with an extraoral scanner, and Ortho3Shape software was adopted for the following dental cast measurements: actual and ideal lengths of the lower arches and anterior and total Bolton coefficients.In the present study, we found that the mean value of the anterior coefficients of the Bolton index was compatible with those of previous studies, confirming the reliability of digital measurements.Therefore, digital CAD/CAM models may be a viable alternative to plaster models, as they can facilitate model preservation and recovery. For future studies, it would be better to use intraoral scanners (IOSs) to ensure greater accuracy, since they only require one step and allow obtaining better results for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pasini
- Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Carli
- Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Federico Giambastiani
- Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Maria Rita Giuca
- Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy;
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Al Hamad KQ, Al Rashdan BA, Al-Kaff FT. Virtual patient representation with silicone guide and a 3D scanner accessory for a user-friendly facial scanning workflow: A clinical report of smile design and ceramic veneers. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00286-X. [PMID: 37270303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Digital smile design and ceramic veneers are described with virtual patient representation. The procedure included facial scanning with a 3D scanner accessory (Structure sensor pro; Occipital Inc) mounted on a tablet computer (iPad; Apple Inc) and an innovative chairside silicone guide to replace the intraoral scan body for a straightforward and user-friendly workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Q Al Hamad
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Fatma T Al-Kaff
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Lin H, Pan Y, Wei X, Wang Y, Yu H, Cheng H. Comparison of the performance of various virtual articulator mounting procedures: a self-controlled clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05028-9. [PMID: 37247089 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This clinical study aimed to compare the performance of various virtual articulator (VA) mounting procedures in the participants' natural head position (NHP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen participants with acceptable dentitions and jaw relationships were recruited in this study registered in the Clinical Trials Registry (#NCT05512455; August 2022). A virtual facebow was designed for virtual mounting and hinge axis measurement. Intraoral scans were obtained, and landmarks were placed on each participant's face to register the horizontal plane in NHP. Six virtual mounting procedures were performed for each participant. The average facebow group (AFG) used an indirect digital procedure by using the average facebow record. The average mounting group (AMG) aligned virtual arch models to VA's average occlusal plane. The smartphone facial scan group (SFG) and professional facial scan group (PFG) used facial scan images with Beyron points and horizontal landmarks, respectively. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan group (CTG) used the condyle medial pole, and horizontal landmarks were applied. The kinematic facebow group (KFG) served as the control group, and a direct digital procedure was applied using a kinematic digital facebow and the 3D skull model. Deviations of the reference plane and the hinge axis between the KFG and other groups were calculated. The inter-observer variability in virtual mounting software operation was then evaluated using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) test. RESULTS In virtual condylar center deviations, the CTG had the lowest condylar deviations. The AFG showed larger condylar deviations than PFG, SFG, and CTG. There was no statistically significant difference between the AFG and the AMG and between the PFG and the SFG. In reference plane deviations, the AMG showed the largest angular deviation (8.23 ± 3.29°), and the AFG was 3.89 ± 2.25°. The angular deviations of PFG, SFG, and CTG were very small (means of each group < 1.00°), and there was no significant difference among them. There was no significant difference between the researchers, and the ICC test showed moderate to excellent reliability for the virtual condylar center and good to excellent reliability for the reference plane in the operation of the virtual mounting software. CONCLUSIONS CBCT scan provided the lowest hinge axis deviation in virtual mounting compared to average mounting, facebow record, and facial scans. The performance of the smartphone facial scanner in virtual mounting was similar to that of the professional facial scanner. Direct virtual mounting procedures using horizontal landmarks in NHP accurately recorded the horizontal plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Direct digital procedures can be reliably used for virtual articulator mounting. The use of a smartphone facial scanner provides a suitable and radiation-free option for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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To JK, Vu AN, Ediriwickrema LS, Browne AW. Comparison of a custom Photogrammetry for Anatomical CarE (PHACE) system with other Low- Cost Facial Scanning Devices. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.16.23288631. [PMID: 37131657 PMCID: PMC10153299 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.23288631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To compare a custom Photogrammetry for Anatomical CarE (PHACE) system with other cost-effective 3-dimensional (3D) facial scanning systems to objectively characterize morphology and volume of periorbital and adnexal anatomy. Methods The imaging systems evaluated include the low-cost custom PHACE system and commercial software product for the iPhone called Scandy Pro (iScandy) application (Scandy, USA), and the mid-priced Einscan Pro 2X (Shining3D Technologies, China) device and Array of Reconstructed Cameras 7 (ARC7) facial scanner (Bellus3D, USA). Imaging was performed on a manikin facemask and humans with various Fitzpatrick scores. Scanner attributes were assessed using mesh density, reproducibility, surface deviation, and emulation of 3D printed phantom lesions affixed above the superciliary arch (brow line). Results The Einscan served as a reference for lower cost imaging systems because it qualitatively and quantitatively renders facial morphology with the highest mesh density, reproducibility (0.13 ± 0.10 mm), and volume recapitulation (approximately 2% of 33.5 μL). Compared to the Einscan, the PHACE system (0.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.33 ± 0.16 mm) demonstrated non-inferior mean accuracy and reproducibility root mean square (RMS) compared to the iScandy (0.42 ± 0.13 mm, 0.58 ± 0.09 mm), and significantly more expensive ARC7 (0.42 ± 0.03 mm, 0.26 ± 0.09 mm). Similarly, the PHACE system showed non-inferior volumetric modeling when rendering a 124 μL phantom lesion compared to the iScandy and more costly ARC7 (mean percent difference from the Einscan: 4.68 ± 3.73%, 9.09 ± 0.94%, and 21.99 ± 17.91% respectively). Conclusions The affordable PHACE system accurately measures periorbital soft tissue as well as other established mid-cost facial scanning systems. Additionally, the portability, affordability, and adaptability of PHACE can facilitate widespread adoption of 3D facial anthropometric technology as an objective measurement tool in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah K To
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Anderson N Vu
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Lilangi S Ediriwickrema
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
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Zhang S, Lin Y, Chen W, Chen J. A fully digital 1-day technique for fabricating complete dentures based on an existing denture. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(22)00754-5. [PMID: 36922296 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
This technical report describes a fully digital workflow for the design and fabrication of removable complete dentures in a single day. This technique integrates facial and intraoral scans, uses a computer-aided design software program to modify the orientation of the maxillary occlusal plane in the sagittal and frontal planes and evaluate the esthetics and finally produces complete dentures with a clinically acceptable design, simplifying the clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Zhang
- Attending dentist, Director of Medical Department, Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Postgraduate student, Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Postgraduate student, Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Professor, Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, PR China.
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11
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Park M, Mai HN, Mai MY, Win TT, Lee DH, Lee CH. Intra- and Interrater Agreement of Face Esthetic Analysis in 3D Face Images. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:3717442. [PMID: 37078008 PMCID: PMC10110378 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3717442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) facial scans for facial analysis is increasing in maxillofacial treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the consistency of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D facial analyses performed by multiple raters. Six men and four women (25-36-year-old) participated in this study. The 2D images of the smiling and resting faces in the frontal and sagittal planes were obtained. The 3D facial and intraoral scans were merged to generate virtual 3D faces. Ten clinicians performed facial analyses by investigating 14 indices of 2D and 3D faces. Intra- and interrater agreements of the results of 2D and 3D facial analyses within and among the participants were evaluated. The intrarater agreement between the 2D and 3D facial analyses varied according to the indices. The highest and lowest agreements were found for the dental crowding index (0.94) and smile line curvature index (0.56) in the frontal plane, and Angle's classification (canine) index (0.98) and occlusal plane angle index (0.55) in the profile plane. In the frontal plane, the interrater agreements were generally higher for the 3D images than for the 2D images, while in the profile plane, the interrater agreements were high in the Angle's classification (canine) index however low in the other indices. Several occlusion-related indices were missing in the 2D images because the posterior teeth were not observed. Esthetic analysis results between 2D and 3D face images can differ according to the evaluation indices. The use of 3D faces is recommended over 2D images to increase the reliability of facial analyses, as it can fully assess both esthetic and occlusion-related indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Nga Mai
- Dental School of Hanoi University of Business and Technology, 10000 Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Mai Yen Mai
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Thaw Thaw Win
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Hee Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
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Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091390. [PMID: 36138698 PMCID: PMC9498045 DOI: 10.3390/children9091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to systematically review and compare the accuracy of smartphone scanners versus stereophotogrammetry technology for facial digitization in children. A systematic literature search strategy of articles published from 1 January 2010 to 30 August 2022 was adopted through a combination of Mesh terms and free text words pooled through boolean operators on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and OpenGrey. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Stationary stereophotogrammetry devices showed a mean accuracy that ranged from 0.087 to 0.860 mm, portable stereophotogrammetry scanners from 0.150 to 0.849 mm, and smartphones from 0.460 to 1.400 mm. Regarding the risk of bias assessment, fourteen papers showed an overall low risk, three articles had unclear risk and four articles had high risk. Although smartphones showed less performance on deep and irregular surfaces, all the analyzed devices were sufficiently accurate for clinical application. Internal depth-sensing cameras or external infrared structured-light depth-sensing cameras plugged into smartphones/tablets increased the accuracy. These devices are portable and inexpensive but require greater operator experience and patient compliance for the incremented time of acquisition. Stationary stereophotogrammetry is the gold standard for greater accuracy and shorter acquisition time, avoiding motion artifacts.
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Hou X, Xu X, Zhao M, Kong J, Wang M, Lee ES, Jia Q, Jiang HB. An overview of three-dimensional imaging devices in dentistry. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1179-1196. [PMID: 35968802 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review four types of three-dimensional imaging devices: intraoral scanners, extraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and facial scanners, in terms of their development, technologies, advantages, disadvantages, accuracy, influencing factors, and applications in dentistry. METHODS PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and Google Scholar databases were searched. Additionally, the scanner manufacturers' websites were accessed to obtain relevant data. Four authors independently selected the articles, books, and websites. To exclude duplicates and scrutinize the data, they were uploaded to Mendeley Data. In total, 135 articles, two books, and 17 websites were included. RESULTS Research and clinical practice have shown that oral and facial scanners and CBCT can be used widely in various areas of dentistry with high accuracy. CONCLUSION Although further advancement of these devices is desirable, there is no doubt that digital technology represents the future of dentistry. Furthermore, the combined use of different devices may bring dentistry into a new era. These four devices will play a significant role in clinical utility with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The four devices will play a significant role in clinical use with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Hou
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiawen Kong
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingchang Wang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Mai HN, Lee DH. Effects of Artificial Extraoral Markers on Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Dentofacial Image Integration: Smartphone Face Scan versus Stereophotogrammetry. J Pers Med 2022; 12:490. [PMID: 35330489 PMCID: PMC8951552 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning has been gaining popularity in personalized dentistry. Integration of the digital dental model into the 3D facial image allows for a treatment plan to be made in accordance with the patients’ individual needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraoral markers on the accuracy of digital dentofacial integrations. Facial models were generated using smartphone and stereophotogrammetry. Dental models were generated with and without extraoral markers and were registered to the facial models by matching the teeth or markers (n = 10 in each condition; total = 40). Accuracy of the image integration was measured in terms of general 3D position, occlusal plane, and dental midline deviations. The Mann−Whitney U test and two-way analysis of variance were used to compare results among face-scanning systems and matching methods (α = 0.05). As result, the accuracy of dentofacial registration was significantly affected by the use of artificial markers and different face-scanning systems (p < 0.001). The deviations were smallest in stereophotogrammetry with the marker-based matching and highest in smartphone face scans with the tooth-based matching. In comparison between the two face-scanning systems, the stereophotogrammetry generally produced smaller discrepancies than smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
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Dolci C, Elamin F, Gibelli DM, Barni L, Scolaro A, Sessa F, Maspero C, Cappella A, Sforza C. Age- and Sex-Related Changes in Labial Dimensions of Sudanese Youngs of Arab Descent: A Three-Dimensional Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070574. [PMID: 34356553 PMCID: PMC8304677 DOI: 10.3390/children8070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper evaluation of facial features during growth and development requires the knowledge of anthropometric reference values validated for ethnicity, sex and age. In order to provide information concerning the normal sex-related size of the lips during childhood and young adulthood in Sudanese people of Arab descent, the three-dimensional coordinates of nine labial soft tissue landmarks were obtained by a laser scanner in 332 male and 386 female healthy Northern Sudanese subjects aged 3-30 years. Six labial linear distances, the vermilion height to mouth width ratio, vermilion areas and lip volumes were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance (p < 0.01). All labial dimensions significantly increased with age. Significant effects of sex were found for four measurements only, with very small effect size; nonetheless, lips and their parts grew faster in females than in males at almost all ages. Philtrum width was the first linear distance that attained adult values. The vermilion height to mouth width ratio was nearly constant across the age groups. Data collected in this study contribute to information about ethnic-specific lip morphology during growth and development. As orolabial features change over time with their own pattern, the relevant age-related trends should be properly considered for clinical treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dolci
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-5392
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Khartoum Centre for Research and Medical Training, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Daniele M. Gibelli
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Luisa Barni
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Fabiola Sessa
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cinzia Maspero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- UO Laboratory of Applied Human Morphology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
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The Effect of Perioral Scan and Artificial Skin Markers on the Accuracy of Virtual Dentofacial Integration: Stereophotogrammetry Versus Smartphone Three-Dimensional Face-Scanning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010229. [PMID: 33396780 PMCID: PMC7795468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of different matching methods on the accuracy of dentofacial integration in stereophotogrammetry and smartphone face-scanning systems. The integration was done (N = 30) with different matching areas (n = 10), including teeth image only (TO), perioral area without markers (PN) and with markers (PM). The positional accuracy of the integrated models was assessed by measuring the midline linear deviations and incisal line canting between the experimental groups and laser scanner-based reference standards. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). The PM method exhibited the smallest linear deviations in both systems; while the highest deviations were found in the TO in stereophotogrammetry; and in PN in smartphone. For the incisal line canting; the canting degree was the lowest in the PM method; followed by that in the TO and the PN in both systems. Although stereophotogrammetry generally exhibited higher accuracy than the smartphone; the two systems demonstrated no significant difference when the perioral areas were used for matching. The use of perioral scans with markers enables accurate dentofacial image integration; however; cautions should be given on the accuracy of the perioral image obtained without the use of markers.
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Mai HN, Kim J, Choi YH, Lee DH. Accuracy of Portable Face-Scanning Devices for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Face Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010094. [PMID: 33375533 PMCID: PMC7795319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional face-scanning systems to obtain facial models is of increasing interest, however, systematic assessments of the reliability of portable face-scan devices have not been widely conducted. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed considering the accuracy of facial models obtained by portable face-scanners in comparison with that of those obtained by stationary face-scanning systems. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for articles published from 1 January 2009 to 18 March 2020. A total of 2806 articles were identified, with 21 articles available for the narrative review and nine studies available for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the accuracy of the digital face models generated by the portable scanners was not significantly different from that of the stationary face-scanning systems (standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) = -0.325 mm (-1.186 to 0.536); z = -0.74; p = 0.459). Within the comparison of the portable systems, no statistically significant difference was found concerning the accuracy of the facial models among scanning methods (p = 0.063). Overall, portable face-scan devices can be considered reliable for obtaining facial models. However, caution is needed when applying face-scanners with respect to scanning device settings, control of involuntary facial movements, landmark and facial region identifications, and scanning protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-600-7676
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