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Zhu Y, Long Y, Wang H, Lee KP, Zhang L, Wang SJ. Digital Behavior Change Intervention Designs for Habit Formation: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e54375. [PMID: 38787601 PMCID: PMC11161714 DOI: 10.2196/54375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of emerging technologies, digital behavior change interventions (DBCIs) help to maintain regular physical activity in daily life. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively understand the design implementations of habit formation techniques in current DBCIs, a systematic review was conducted to investigate the implementations of behavior change techniques, types of habit formation techniques, and design strategies in current DBCIs. METHODS The process of this review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 4 databases were systematically searched from 2012 to 2022, which included Web of Science, Scopus, ACM Digital Library, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that used digital tools for physical activity, examined behavior change intervention techniques, and were written in English. RESULTS A total of 41 identified research articles were included in this review. The results show that the most applied behavior change techniques were the self-monitoring of behavior, goal setting, and prompts and cues. Moreover, habit formation techniques were identified and developed based on intentions, cues, and positive reinforcement. Commonly used methods included automatic monitoring, descriptive feedback, general guidelines, self-set goals, time-based cues, and virtual rewards. CONCLUSIONS A total of 32 commonly design strategies of habit formation techniques were summarized and mapped to the proposed conceptual framework, which was categorized into target-mediated (generalization and personalization) and technology-mediated interactions (explicitness and implicitness). Most of the existing studies use the explicit interaction, aligning with the personalized habit formation techniques in the design strategies of DBCIs. However, implicit interaction design strategies are lacking in the reviewed studies. The proposed conceptual framework and potential solutions can serve as guidelines for designing strategies aimed at habit formation within DBCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Yonghao Long
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Hailiang Wang
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Kun Pyo Lee
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Lie Zhang
- Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen Jia Wang
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
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Pala D, Petrini G, Bosoni P, Larizza C, Quaglini S, Lanzola G. Smartphone applications for nutrition Support: A systematic review of the target outcomes and main functionalities. Int J Med Inform 2024; 184:105351. [PMID: 38295584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A proper nutrition is essential for human life. Recently, special attention on this topic has been given in relation to three health statuses: obesity, malnutrition and specific diseases that can be related to food or treated with specific diets. Mobile technology is often used to assist users that wish to regulate their eating habits, and identifying which fields of application have been explored the most by the app developers and which main functionalities have been adopted can be useful in view of future app developments. METHODS We selected 322 articles mentioning nutrition support apps through a literature database search, all of which have undergone an initial screening. After the exclusion of papers that were already reviews, not presenting apps or not focused on nutrition, not relevant or not developed for human subjects, 100 papers were selected for subsequent analyses that aimed at identifying the main treated conditions, outcome measures and functionalities implemented in the Apps. RESULTS Of the selected studies, 33 focus on specific diseases, 24 on obesity, 2 on malnutrition and 41 on other targets (e.g., weight/diet control). Type 2 diabetes is the most targeted disease, followed by gestational diabetes, hypertension, colorectal cancer and CVDs which all were targeted by more than one app. Most Apps include self-monitoring and coaching functionalities, educational content and artificial intelligence (AI) tools are slightly less common, whereas counseling, gamification and questionnaires are the least implemented. Body weight and calories/nutrients were the most common general outcome measures, while glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was the most common clinical outcome. No statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of the different functionalities were found. CONCLUSION The use of mobile technology to improve nutrition has been widely explored in the last years, especially for weight control and specific diseases like diabetes; however, other food-related conditions such as Irritable Bowel Diseases appear to be less targeted by newly developed smartphone apps and their related studies. All different kinds of functionalities appear to be equally effective, but further specific studies are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Giorgia Petrini
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Bosoni
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Larizza
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvana Quaglini
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giordano Lanzola
- Department of Computer, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Benthem de Grave R, Bull CN, Monjardino de Souza Monteiro D, Margariti E, McMurchy G, Hutchinson JW, Smeddinck JD. Smartphone Apps for Food Purchase Choices: Scoping Review of Designs, Opportunities, and Challenges. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e45904. [PMID: 38446500 PMCID: PMC10955402 DOI: 10.2196/45904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone apps can aid consumers in making healthier and more sustainable food purchases. However, there is still a limited understanding of the different app design approaches and their impact on food purchase choices. An overview of existing food purchase choice apps and an understanding of common challenges can help speed up effective future developments. OBJECTIVE We examined the academic literature on food purchase choice apps and provided an overview of the design characteristics, opportunities, and challenges for effective implementation. Thus, we contribute to an understanding of how technologies can effectively improve food purchase choice behavior and provide recommendations for future design efforts. METHODS Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, we considered peer-reviewed literature on food purchase choice apps within IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We inductively coded and summarized design characteristics. Opportunities and challenges were addressed from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. From the quantitative perspective, we coded and summarized outcomes of comparative evaluation trials. From the qualitative perspective, we performed a qualitative content analysis of commonly discussed opportunities and challenges. RESULTS We retrieved 55 articles, identified 46 unique apps, and grouped them into 5 distinct app types. Each app type supports a specific purchase choice stage and shares a common functional design. Most apps support the product selection stage (selection apps; 27/46, 59%), commonly by scanning the barcode and displaying a nutritional rating. In total, 73% (8/11) of the evaluation trials reported significant findings and indicated the potential of food purchase choice apps to support behavior change. However, relatively few evaluations covered the selection app type, and these studies showed mixed results. We found a common opportunity in apps contributing to learning (knowledge gain), whereas infrequent engagement presents a common challenge. The latter was associated with perceived burden of use, trust, and performance as well as with learning. In addition, there were technical challenges in establishing comprehensive product information databases or achieving performance accuracy with advanced identification methods such as image recognition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that designs of food purchase choice apps do not encourage repeated use or long-term adoption, compromising the effectiveness of behavior change through nudging. However, we found that smartphone apps can enhance learning, which plays an important role in behavior change. Compared with nudging as a mechanism for behavior change, this mechanism is less dependent on continued use. We argue that designs that optimize for learning within each interaction have a better chance of achieving behavior change. This review concludes with design recommendations, suggesting that food purchase choice app designers anticipate the possibility of early abandonment as part of their design process and design apps that optimize the learning experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Benthem de Grave
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N Bull
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eleni Margariti
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth McMurchy
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jan David Smeddinck
- Open Lab, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Zhu Y, Long Y, Wei L, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Lee KP, Zhang L, Wang SJ. Developing cue-behavior association for habit formation: A qualitative study to explore the role of avatar in hypertension. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241265217. [PMID: 39099680 PMCID: PMC11297519 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241265217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic health (eHealth) has been widely adopted in chronic disease management. Prior studies focused on time-based reminders as a cue to facilitate behavior change intentions, ignoring the development of automatic cue-behavior associations via other cue types. Objective Hence, this study utilized avatar appearance as a visual-based cue to help establish the automatic association between appearance transformation and health behavior to form habits without intention. Methods To better understand users' attitudes and experiences toward applying changes in avatar appearance to develop cue-behavior associations for hypertensive patients. Fifteen participants were recruited in a 14-day experiment. After excluding one participant who dropped out of the experiment, others were randomly assigned to two groups. One group consisted of a visual-based cue (a virtual plant) and basic behavior change techniques (BCTs). The other group only included basic BCTs. Attitudes and experience outcomes were collected by interview, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results 57% of participants had been diagnosed with hypertension for more than five years, and more than 50% of participants have experience using mobile apps or wearables. 66% of participants did physical activity more than three times every week. The result shows that tailored time-based reminders, blood pressure monitoring, and daily dietary intake were the most attractive features. Additionally, hypertensive participants have positive attitudes toward avatar appearance as a visual-based cue to develop cue-behavior association, which enhances self-management motivation. Conclusion This study proposes a visual-based cue design for habit formation and conducts a qualitative method to explore hypertensive patients' perceptions. The findings offer insights from user's perspectives into hypertensive patients' attitudes toward visual-based cues and perception of the connection between avatar appearance and health behavior for self-management. Subsequent discussions present eHealth design guidelines of habit formation from intention, automatic cue-behavior association, and self-management perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yonghao Long
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lai Wei
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengtao Ma
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun-Pyo Lee
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lie Zhang
- Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen J. Wang
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Møller FT, Junker TG, Kold Sørensen K, Eves C, Wohlfahrt J, Dillner J, Torp-Pedersen C, Wilkowski B, Chong S, Pers TH, Yakimov V, Müller H, Ethelberg S, Melbye M. Assessing household lifestyle exposures from consumer purchases, the My Purchases cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21601. [PMID: 38062070 PMCID: PMC10703931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumer purchase data (CPD) is a promising instrument to assess the impact of purchases on health, but is limited by the need for manual scanning, a lack of access to data from multiple retailers, and limited information on product data and health outcomes. Here we describe the My Purchases cohort, a web-app enabled, prospective collection of CPD, covering several large retail chains in Denmark, that enables linkage to health outcomes. The cohort included 459 participants as of July 03, 2023. Up to eight years of CPD have been collected, with 2,225,010 products purchased, comprising 223,440 unique products. We matched 88.5% of all products by product name or item number to one generic food database and three product databases. Combined, the databases enable analysis of key exposures such as nutrients, ingredients, or additives. We found that increasing the number of retailers that provide CPD for each consumer improved the stability of individual CPD profiles and when we compared kilojoule information from generic and specific product matches, we found a median modified relative difference of 0.23. Combined with extensive product databases and health outcomes, CPD could provide the basis for extensive investigations of how what we buy affects our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik T Møller
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thor Grønborg Junker
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kold Sørensen
- Department of Cardiology, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Eves
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bartlomiej Wilkowski
- Department for Digital Infrastructure, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Chong
- Department for Digital Infrastructure, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victor Yakimov
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heimo Müller
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Razavi R, Xue G. Predicting Unreported Micronutrients from Food Labels: A Machine Learning Approach (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e45332. [PMID: 37043261 PMCID: PMC10134025 DOI: 10.2196/45332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micronutrient deficiencies represent a major global health issue, with over 2 billion individuals experiencing deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals. Food labels provide consumers with information regarding the nutritional content of food items and have been identified as a potential tool for improving diets. However, due to governmental regulations and the physical limitations of the labels, food labels often lack comprehensive information about the vitamins and minerals present in foods. As a result, information about most of the micronutrients is absent from existing food labels. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to examine the possibility of using machine learning algorithms to predict unreported micronutrients such as vitamin A (retinol), vitamin C, vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, and minerals such as magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, manganese, and copper from nutrition information provided on existing food labels. If unreported micronutrients can be predicted with acceptable accuracies from existing food labels using machine learning predictive models, such models can be integrated into mobile apps to provide consumers with additional micronutrient information about foods and help them make more informed diet decisions. METHODS Data from the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) data set, representing a total of 5624 foods, were used to train a diverse set of machine learning classification and regression algorithms to predict unreported vitamins and minerals from existing food label data. For each model, hyperparameters were adjusted, and the models were evaluated using repeated cross-validation to ensure that the reported results were not subject to overfitting. RESULTS According to the results, while predicting the exact quantity of vitamins and minerals is shown to be challenging, with regression R2 varying in a wide range from 0.28 (for magnesium) to 0.92 (for manganese), the classification models can accurately predict the category ("low," "medium," or "high") level of all minerals and vitamins with accuracies exceeding 0.80. The highest classification accuracies for specific micronutrients are achieved for vitamin B12 (0.94) and phosphorus (0.94), while the lowest are for vitamin E (0.81) and selenium (0.83). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of predicting unreported micronutrients from existing food labels using machine learning algorithms. The results show that the approach has the potential to significantly improve consumer knowledge about the micronutrient content of the foods they consume. Integrating these predictive models into mobile apps can enhance their accessibility and engagement with consumers. The implications of this research for public health are noteworthy, underscoring the potential of technology to augment consumers' understanding of the micronutrient content of their diets while also facilitating the tracking of food intake and providing personalized recommendations based on the micronutrient content and individual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Razavi
- Department of Management and Information Systems, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Guisen Xue
- Department of Management and Information Systems, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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