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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Santocono C, Guarino D, Laudiero M, Calabrese EJ. The challenges of defining hormesis in epidemiological studies: The case of radiation hormesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166030. [PMID: 37544458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current radiation protection system, preventive measures and occupational exposure limits for controlling occupational exposure to ionizing radiation are based on the linear no-threshold extrapolation model. However, currently an increasing body of evidence indicates that this paradigm predicts very poorly biological responses in the low-dose exposure region. In addition, several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the presence of hormetic dose response curves correlated to ionizing radiation low exposure. In this regard, it is noteworthy that also the findings of different epidemiological studies, conducted in different categories of occupationally exposed workers (e.g., healthcare, nuclear industrial and aircrew workers), observed lower rates of mortality and/or morbidity from cancer and/or other diseases in exposed workers than in unexposed ones or in the general population, then suggesting the possible occurrence of hormesis. Nevertheless, these results should be considered with caution since the identification of hormetic response in epidemiological studies is rather challenging because of a number of major limitations. In this regard, some of the most remarkable shortcomings found in epidemiological studies performed in workers exposed to ionizing radiation are represented by lack or inadequate definition of exposure doses, use of surrogates of exposure, narrow dose ranges, lack of proper control groups and poor evaluation of confounding factors. Therefore, considering the valuable role and contribution that epidemiological studies might provide to the complex risk assessment and management process, there is a clear and urgent need to overcome the aforementioned limits in order to achieve an adequate, useful and more real-life risk assessment that should also include the key concept of hormesis. Thus, in the present conceptual article we also discuss and provide possible approaches to improve the capacity of epidemiological studies to identify/define the hormetic response and consequently improve the complex process of risk assessment of ionizing radiation at low exposure doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca Fontana
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina Santocono
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Guarino
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Laudiero
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Tang S, Li S, Tang B, Wang X, Xiao Y, Cheke RA. Hormetic and synergistic effects of cancer treatments revealed by modelling combinations of radio - or chemotherapy with immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1040. [PMID: 37891512 PMCID: PMC10605942 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radio/chemotherapy and immune systems provide examples of hormesis, as tumours can be stimulated (or reduced) at low radio/chemical or antibody doses but inhibited (or stimulated) by high doses. METHODS Interactions between effector cells, tumour cells and cytokines with pulsed radio/chemo-immunotherapy were modelled using a pulse differential system. RESULTS Our results show that radio/chemotherapy (dose) response curves (RCRC) and/or immune response curves (IRC) or a combination of both, undergo homeostatic changes or catastrophic shifts revealing hormesis in many parameter regions. Some mixed response curves had multiple humps, posing challenges for interpretation of clinical trials and experimental design, due to a fuzzy region between an hormetic zone and the toxic threshold. Mixed response curves from two parameter bifurcation analyses demonstrated that low-dose radio/chemotherapy and strong immunotherapy counteract side-effects of radio/chemotherapy on effector cells and cytokines and stimulate effects of immunotherapy on tumour growth. The implications for clinical applications were confirmed by good fits to our model of RCRC and IRC data. CONCLUSIONS The combination of low-dose radio/chemotherapy and high-dose immunotherapy is very effective for many solid tumours. The net benefit and synergistic effect of combined therapy is conducive to the treatment and inhibition of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyi Tang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Tang
- The Interdisplinary Research Center for Mathematics and Life Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanni Xiao
- The Interdisplinary Research Center for Mathematics and Life Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert A Cheke
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Averbeck D. Low-Dose Non-Targeted Effects and Mitochondrial Control. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11460. [PMID: 37511215 PMCID: PMC10380638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-targeted effects (NTE) have been generally regarded as a low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) phenomenon. Recently, regarding long distant abscopal effects have also been observed at high doses of IR) relevant to antitumor radiation therapy. IR is inducing NTE involving intracellular and extracellular signaling, which may lead to short-ranging bystander effects and distant long-ranging extracellular signaling abscopal effects. Internal and "spontaneous" cellular stress is mostly due to metabolic oxidative stress involving mitochondrial energy production (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation and/or anaerobic pathways accompanied by the leakage of O2- and other radicals from mitochondria during normal or increased cellular energy requirements or to mitochondrial dysfunction. Among external stressors, ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to very rapidly perturb mitochondrial functions, leading to increased energy supply demands and to ROS/NOS production. Depending on the dose, this affects all types of cell constituents, including DNA, RNA, amino acids, proteins, and membranes, perturbing normal inner cell organization and function, and forcing cells to reorganize the intracellular metabolism and the network of organelles. The reorganization implies intracellular cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of important proteins, activation of autophagy, and mitophagy, as well as induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. It also includes reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism as well as genetic and epigenetic control of the expression of genes and proteins in order to ensure cell and tissue survival. At low doses of IR, directly irradiated cells may already exert non-targeted effects (NTE) involving the release of molecular mediators, such as radicals, cytokines, DNA fragments, small RNAs, and proteins (sometimes in the form of extracellular vehicles or exosomes), which can induce damage of unirradiated neighboring bystander or distant (abscopal) cells as well as immune responses. Such non-targeted effects (NTE) are contributing to low-dose phenomena, such as hormesis, adaptive responses, low-dose hypersensitivity, and genomic instability, and they are also promoting suppression and/or activation of immune cells. All of these are parts of the main defense systems of cells and tissues, including IR-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. The present review is focused on the prominent role of mitochondria in these processes, which are determinants of cell survival and anti-tumor RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France
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Boretti A. There is no reason to persist in the linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 266-267:107239. [PMID: 37393723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Johnsonville Road, Johnsonville, Wellington, 6037, New Zealand.
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Nagpal I, Yuan ZM. p53-mediated metabolic response to low doses of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:934-940. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Avoiding immediate whole-body trauma CT: a prospective observational study in stable trauma patients. Updates Surg 2022; 74:343-353. [PMID: 35001252 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-021-01199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High energy blunt trauma patients with normal vital signs are usually investigated with a Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) for torso injuries. CECT involves high levels of radiations, often showing no injuries in patients over-triaged to the trauma center. The aim of our study was to suggest an alternative diagnostic protocol based on Emergency Room (ER) tests (physical exam, blood tests, extended FAST, Chest and Pelvis X-ray) to avoid CECT in selected patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted from September 2018 to September 2019. Five hundred patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients received torso-CECT scan only if they had at least one positive ER test. The validity of the single component of the protocol and the global validity of the ER tests to detect torso injuries was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive value, positive (+ LR) and negative (- LR) likelihood ratio. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of torso injuries. One hundred and seventy patients received a torso-CECT scan because of positive ER tests. ER tests showed a global sensitivity for torso injuries of 86.96% (95% CI 80.17-92.08) specificity of 83.98%(95% CI 79.79-87.60), PPV of 67.42% (95% CI 61.83-72.54), NPV of 94.41% (95% CI 91.63-96.30) + LR of 5.43 (95% CI 4.25-6.93), - LR of 0.16 (95% CI 0.10-0.24). ER tests in an experienced center seem to be able to identify more severe blunt trauma patients needing CECT. Further studies are advisable to confirm these results.
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Averbeck D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C. Role of Mitochondria in Radiation Responses: Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Signaling Impacts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011047. [PMID: 34681703 PMCID: PMC8541263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, radiation effects have been considered to be mainly due to nuclear DNA damage and their management by repair mechanisms. However, molecular biology studies reveal that the outcomes of exposures to ionizing radiation (IR) highly depend on activation and regulation through other molecular components of organelles that determine cell survival and proliferation capacities. As typical epigenetic-regulated organelles and central power stations of cells, mitochondria play an important pivotal role in those responses. They direct cellular metabolism, energy supply and homeostasis as well as radiation-induced signaling, cell death, and immunological responses. This review is focused on how energy, dose and quality of IR affect mitochondria-dependent epigenetic and functional control at the cellular and tissue level. Low-dose radiation effects on mitochondria appear to be associated with epigenetic and non-targeted effects involved in genomic instability and adaptive responses, whereas high-dose radiation effects (>1 Gy) concern therapeutic effects of radiation and long-term outcomes involving mitochondria-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses. Both effects depend on radiation quality. For example, the increased efficacy of high linear energy transfer particle radiotherapy, e.g., C-ion radiotherapy, relies on the reduction of anastasis, enhanced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and immunogenic (antitumor) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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He CQ, Mao L, Yao J, Zhao WC, Huang B, Hu N, Long DX. The Threshold Effects of Low-Dose-Rate Radiation on miRNA-Mediated Neurodevelopment of Zebrafish. Radiat Res 2021; 196:633-646. [PMID: 34399425 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00265.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects and regulatory mechanisms of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation are still rather controversial. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of low-dose-rate radiation on zebrafish neurodevelopment and the role of miRNAs in radiation-induced neurodevelopment. Zebrafish embryos received prolonged gamma-ray irradiation (0 mGy/h, 0.1 mGy/h, 0.2 mGy/h, 0.4 mGy/h) during development. Neurodevelopmental indicators included mortality, malformation rate, swimming speed, as well as the morphology changes of the lateral line system and brain tissue. Additionally, spatiotemporal expression of development-related miRNAs (dre-miR-196a-5p, dre-miR-210-3p, dre-miR-338) and miRNA processing enzymes genes (Dicer and Drosha) were assessed by qRT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). The results revealed a decline in mortality, malformation and swimming speed, with normal histological and morphological appearance, in zebrafish that received 0.1 mGy/h; however, increased mortality, malformation and swimming speed were observed, with pathological changes, in zebrafish that received 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h. The expression of miRNA processing enzyme genes was altered after irradiation, and miRNAs expression was downregulated in the 0.1 mGy/h group, and upregulated in the 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h groups. Furthermore, ectopic expression of dre-miR-210-3p, Dicer and Drosha was also observed in the 0.4 mGy/h group. In conclusion, the effect of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation on neurodevelopment follows the threshold model, under the regulation of miRNAs, excitatory effects occurred at a dose rate of 0.1 mGy/h and toxic effects occurred at a dose rate of 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Qi He
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liang Mao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jin Yao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei-Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Radiation protection in radiotherapy is too conservative. Phys Eng Sci Med 2021; 44:607-611. [PMID: 34342857 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-021-01042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Hasaballah AI. Impact of paternal transmission of gamma radiation on reproduction, oogenesis, and spermatogenesis of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:376-385. [PMID: 33320767 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1864046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the impact of gamma radiation of Musca domestica males (resulted from irradiated pupae) crossed with unirradiated females on fecundity, egg hatchability, adult emergence, sex ratio, sterility, in addition to reproductive development at the level of oogenesis and spermatogenesis compared to unirradiated group. MATERIAL AND METHODS The housefly, M. domestica pupae were exposed to three sublethal doses of 5, 10, and 15 Gy. RESULTS Fecundity was severely reduced particularly in F2 (11.33 ± 1.528; 7.33 ± 1.115 eggs/♀) and F3 (9.0 ± 1.00; 4.67 ± 1.115 eggs/♀) for doses of 10 and 15 Gy, respectively, compared with (52.0 ± 1.4 eggs/♀) for the control. Data revealed latent dose- and generation-dependent reduction in egg hatchability. Hatchability percentages reduced from 93.59 for the control to 10.07 (F1), 8.09 (F2), and 8.34 (F3) when the highest radiation dose 15 Gy was applied. Irradiation induced paternal deleterious substerility effects. Irradiation with 15 Gy induced substerility that reached about 97.0% in F2 and F3 generations. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction of the mean numbers of adult emergence was remarkably detected in the F1, F2, and F3 generations. Applied gamma doses did not affect the male to female ratio in the Parental or F1 generations. However, the F2 and F3 generations did show changes to the sex ratio with males occurring more frequently than females. This trend became more pronounced as dose increased. Ultrastructural examinations exhibited unusual damage and malformation either for males or female reproductive organs. CONCLUSION The obtained results clearly show that gamma radiation of M. domestica irradiated as pupae induced considerably visible impact on tested biological aspects and reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Hasaballah
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
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Konkova M, Abramova M, Kalianov A, Ershova E, Dolgikh O, Umriukhin P, Izhevskaya V, Kutsev S, Veiko N, Kostyuk S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Early Response to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:584497. [PMID: 33381502 PMCID: PMC7767887 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are applied as the therapeutic agents, e.g., in the tumor radiation therapy. Purpose of the Study To evaluate the human adipose MSC early response to low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR). Materials and Methods We investigated different LDIR (3, 10, and 50 cGy) effects on reactive oxygen species production, DNA oxidation (marker 8-oxodG), and DNA breaks (marker ɣ H2AX) in the two lines of human adipose MSC. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and fluorescence microscopy, we determined expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress development (NOX4), antioxidative response (NRF2), antiapoptotic and proapoptotic response (BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, BIRC2, BIRC3, and BAX1), in the development of the nuclear DNA damage response (DDR) (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, and P53). Cell cycle changes were investigated by genes transcription changes (CCND1, CDKN2A, and CDKN1A) and using proliferation markers KI-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results Fifteen to 120 min after exposure to LDIR in MSCs, transient oxidative stress and apoptosis of the most damaged cells against the background of the cell cycle arrest were induced. Simultaneously, DDR and an antiapoptotic response were found in other cells of the population. The 10-cGy dose causes the strongest and fastest DDR following cell nuclei DNA damage. The 3-cGy dose induces a less noticeable and prolonged response. The maximal low range dose, 50 cGy, causes a damaging effect on the MSCs. Conclusion Transient oxidative stress and the death of a small fraction of the damaged cells are essential components of the MSC population response to LDIR along with the development of DDR and antiapoptotic response. A scheme describing the early MSC response to LDIR is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konkova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Abramova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Kalianov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Ershova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Dolgikh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Umriukhin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.,P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Izhevskaya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kutsev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Veiko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kostyuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
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Dutta B, Asami T, Imatomi T, Igarashi K, Nagata K, Watanabe-Asaka T, Yasuda T, Oda S, Shartl M, Mitani H. Strain difference in transgene-induced tumorigenesis and suppressive effect of ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:12-24. [PMID: 33231252 PMCID: PMC7779347 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic expression in medaka of the Xiphophorus oncogene xmrk, under a pigment cell specific mitf promoter, induces hyperpigmentation and pigment cell tumors. In this study, we crossed the Hd-rR and HNI inbred strains because complete genome information is readily available for molecular and genetic analysis. We prepared an Hd-rR (p53+/-, p53-/-) and Hd-rR HNI hybrid (p53+/-) fish-based xmrk model system to study the progression of pigment cells from hyperpigmentation to malignant tumors on different genetic backgrounds. In all strains examined, most of the initial hyperpigmentation occurred in the posterior region. On the Hd-rR background, mitf:xmrk-induced tumorigenesis was less frequent in p53+/- fish than in p53-/- fish. The incidence of hyperpigmentation was more frequent in Hd-rR/HNI hybrids than in Hd-rR homozygotes; however, the frequency of malignant tumors was low, which suggested the presence of a tumor suppressor in HNI genetic background fish. The effects on tumorigenesis in xmrk-transgenic immature medaka of a single 1.3 Gy irradiation was assessed by quantifying tumor progression over 4 consecutive months. The results demonstrate that irradiation has a different level of suppressive effect on the frequency of hyperpigmentation in purebred Hd-rR compared with hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Dutta
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Taichi Asami
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tohru Imatomi
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takako Yasuda
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Manfred Shartl
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany and the Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Genome Stability, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan. Tel: +81(4) 7136-3670; Fax:+81(4)7136-3669;
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Nead KT, Mitra N, Weathers B, Pyle L, Emechebe N, Pucci DA, Jacobs LA, Vaughn DJ, Nathanson KL, Kanetsky PA. Lower abdominal and pelvic radiation and testicular germ cell tumor risk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239321. [PMID: 33175879 PMCID: PMC7657535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) incidence has increased in recent decades along with the use and dose of diagnostic radiation. Here we examine the association between reported exposure to diagnostic radiation and TGCT risk. Methods We conducted a case-control study of men with and without TGCT recruited from hospital- and population-based settings. Participants reported on exposures to 1) x-ray or CT below the waist and 2) lower GI series or barium enema, which consists of a series of x-rays of the colon. We also derived a combined measure of exposure. We used logistic regression to determine the risk of developing TGCT according to categories of exposures (0, 1–2, or ≥3 exposures) and age at first exposure, adjusting for age, year of birth, race, county, body mass index at diagnosis, family history of TGCT, and personal history of cryptorchidism. Results There were 315 men with TGCT and 931 men without TGCT in our study. Compared to no exposures, risk of TGCT was significantly elevated among those reporting at least three exposures to x-ray or CT (OR≥3 exposures, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.15–2.76; p = 0.010), lower GI series or barium enema (OR≥3 exposures, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.39–8.76; p<0.001), and the combined exposure variable (OR≥3 exposures, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.05–2.42; p = 0.029). The risk of TGCT was elevated for those exposed to diagnostic radiation at age 0–10 years, compared to those first exposed at age 18 years or later, although this association did not reach statistical significance (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 0.91–4.42; p = 0.086). Conclusions Exposure to diagnostic radiation below the waist may increase TGCT risk. If these results are validated, efforts to reduce diagnostic radiation doses to the testes should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Nead
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benita Weathers
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Louisa Pyle
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nnadozie Emechebe
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Donna A. Pucci
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Jacobs
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Vaughn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Thaulow J, Song Y, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Lee Y, Xie L, Aleström P, Salbu B, Tollefsen KE. Epigenetic, transcriptional and phenotypic responses in Daphnia magna exposed to low-level ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109930. [PMID: 32738623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage as well as epigenetic effects in aquatic organisms. Epigenetic changes can be part of the adaptive responses to protect organisms from radiation-induced damage, or act as drivers of toxicity pathways leading to adverse effects. To investigate the potential roles of epigenetic mechanisms in low-dose ionizing radiation-induced stress responses, an ecologically relevant crustacean, adult Daphnia magna were chronically exposed to low and medium level external 60Co gamma radiation ranging from 0.4, 1, 4, 10, and 40 mGy/h for seven days. Biological effects at the molecular (global DNA methylation, histone modification, gene expression), cellular (reactive oxygen species formation), tissue/organ (ovary, gut and epidermal histology) and organismal (fecundity) levels were investigated using a suite of effect assessment tools. The results showed an increase in global DNA methylation associated with loci-specific alterations of histone H3K9 methylation and acetylation, and downregulation of genes involved in DNA methylation, one-carbon metabolism, antioxidant defense, DNA repair, apoptosis, calcium signaling and endocrine regulation of development and reproduction. Temporal changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were also observed with an apparent transition from ROS suppression to induction from 2 to 7 days after gamma exposure. The cumulative fecundity, however, was not significantly changed by the gamma exposure. On the basis of the new experimental evidence and existing knowledge, a hypothetical model was proposed to provide in-depth mechanistic understanding of the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in low dose ionizing radiation induced stress responses in D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Thaulow
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Leif C Lindeman
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80177, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Li Xie
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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15
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Effective Doses of Ionizing Radiation during Therapeutic Peat Mud Treatment from a Deposit in the Knyszyn Forest (Northeastern Poland). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186819. [PMID: 32962026 PMCID: PMC7559594 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radioactivity measurements of 61 therapeutic peat mud samples from the Podsokoldy deposits, near Suprasl, were performed using gamma spectrometry. The authors identified the presence of 13 isotopes with the arithmetic mean of activity (in Bq kg-1): 137Cs-7, 40K-24, 208Tl-1, 212Bi-3, 212Pb-2, 228Ac-2, 210Pb-33, 214Bi-11, 214Pb-11, 226Ra-53, 234Th-47. The effective dose obtained during treatment with 15 peat mud baths (lasting 30 min) was 0.078 μSv. Use of peat mud compresses in the same number and period of exposure to the entire body surface caused absorption of a dose of 0.153 μSv. The authors discuss the probability of tissue radiation from isotopes present in the peat mud. In light of radiobiological knowledge, the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation during peat mud therapy appears to be very unlikely.
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Oakley PA, Navid Ehsani N, Harrison DE. 5 Reasons Why Scoliosis X-Rays Are Not Harmful. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820957797. [PMID: 32963506 PMCID: PMC7488912 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820957797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiographic imaging for scoliosis screening, diagnosis, treatment, and management is the gold standard assessment tool. Scoliosis patients receive many repeat radiographs, typically 10-25 and as many as 40-50, equating to a maximum 50 mGy of cumulative exposure. It is argued this amount of radiation exposure is not carcinogenic to scoliosis patients for 5 main reasons: 1. Estimated theoretical cumulative effective doses remain below the carcinogenic dose threshold; 2. Scoliosis patient x-rays are delivered in serial exposures and therefore, mitigate any potential cumulative effect; 3. Linear no-threshold cancer risk estimates from scoliosis patient cohorts are flawed due to faulty science; 4. Standardized incidence/mortality ratios demonstrating increased cancers from aged scoliosis cohorts are confounded by the effects of the disease entity itself making it impossible to claim cause and effect resulting from low-dose radiation exposures from spinal imaging; 5. Children are not more susceptible to radiation damage than adults. Radiophobia concerns from patients, parents, and doctors over repeat imaging for scoliosis treatment and management is not justified; it adds unnecessary anxiety to the patient (and their parents) and interferes with optimal medical management. X-rays taken in the evidence-based management of scoliosis should be taken without hesitation or concern about negligible radiation exposures.
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17
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Silva-Júnior FMRD, Tavella RA, Fernandes CLF, Mortola AS, Peraza GG, Garcia EM. Genotoxic risk in health-care professionals occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:356-370. [PMID: 32539670 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720932081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of occupational ionizing radiation (IR) exposure on health professionals, assessing DNA damage using the comet and micronucleus (MN) assays and analyzing relative risks, correlations, and associated factors between outcomes and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Blood and buccal samples were collected from 36 workers, who actively participated in an imaging sector of a hospital, who were either exposed to IR directly or indirectly (9 internal control and 27 exposed), and 27 individuals living in the same city but with no occupational exposure (external control, unexposed/healthy). All radiation dosages performed on the 36 workers were less than 20 mSv/y, not exceeding the effective dose limit for occupational exposure. A questionnaire identified socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with the outcomes. The results of the MN assay showed a significant difference between both internal control and the exposed group when compared to the external control. For the comet assay, there were significant differences between the percent of tail DNA of the exposed group and external controls, but no difference was found between the exposed group and internal controls. Relative risk associations were found in time of exposure, hours worked per week, and perceived stress. Correlations were found between the outcomes and age, consumption of alcohol, and frequencies of X-rays during life. Variables that showed to be significant in the adjusted analysis were skin color and recent exposure to radiation. Albeit limited, the findings of this study suggest genotoxicity in both blood and buccal mucosa cells of workers exposed directly or indirectly to IR and that lifestyle and socioeconomic factors are associated and correlated with the risk of developing these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Adler Tavella
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande - RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gianni Goulart Peraza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande - RS, Brazil
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18
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Vanderstraeten J, Baselet B, Buset J, Ben Said N, de Ville de Goyet C, Many MC, Gérard AC, Derradji H. Modulation of VEGF Expression and Oxidative Stress Response by Iodine Deficiency in Irradiated Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Breast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113963. [PMID: 32486504 PMCID: PMC7312479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a major concern and its physiopathology is influenced by iodine deficiency (ID) and radiation exposure. Since radiation and ID can separately induce oxidative stress (OS) and microvascular responses in breast, their combination could additively increase these responses. Therefore, ID was induced in MCF7 and MCF12A breast cell lines by medium change. Cells were then X-irradiated with doses of 0.05, 0.1, or 3 Gy. In MCF12A cells, both ID and radiation (0.1 and 3 Gy) increased OS and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, with an additive effect when the highest dose was combined with ID. However, in MCF7 cells no additive effect was observed. VEGF mRNA up-regulation was reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent, involving radiation-induced mitochondrial ROS. Results on total VEGF mRNA hold true for the pro-angiogenic isoform VEGF165 mRNA, but the treatments did not modulate the anti-angiogenic isoform VEGF165b. Radiation-induced antioxidant response was differentially regulated upon ID in both cell lines. Thus, radiation response is modulated according to iodine status and cell type and can lead to additive effects on ROS and VEGF. As these are often involved in cancer initiation and progression, we believe that iodine status should be taken into account in radiation prevention policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vanderstraeten
- Pole of Morphology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (N.B.S.); (C.d.V.d.G.); (M.-C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (B.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.)
| | - Jasmine Buset
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (B.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.)
| | - Naziha Ben Said
- Pole of Morphology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (N.B.S.); (C.d.V.d.G.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Christine de Ville de Goyet
- Pole of Morphology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (N.B.S.); (C.d.V.d.G.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Marie-Christine Many
- Pole of Morphology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (N.B.S.); (C.d.V.d.G.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Anne-Catherine Gérard
- Service d’Endocrino-Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Mons-Hainaut, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Hanane Derradji
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (B.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.)
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19
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Silva-Júnior FMRD, Tavella RA, Fernandes CLF, Mortola AS, Peraza GG, Garcia EM. Genotoxic risk in health-care professionals occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation. Toxicol Ind Health 2020. [DOI: org/10.1177/0748233720932081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of occupational ionizing radiation (IR) exposure on health professionals, assessing DNA damage using the comet and micronucleus (MN) assays and analyzing relative risks, correlations, and associated factors between outcomes and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Blood and buccal samples were collected from 36 workers, who actively participated in an imaging sector of a hospital, who were either exposed to IR directly or indirectly (9 internal control and 27 exposed), and 27 individuals living in the same city but with no occupational exposure (external control, unexposed/healthy). All radiation dosages performed on the 36 workers were less than 20 mSv/y, not exceeding the effective dose limit for occupational exposure. A questionnaire identified socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with the outcomes. The results of the MN assay showed a significant difference between both internal control and the exposed group when compared to the external control. For the comet assay, there were significant differences between the percent of tail DNA of the exposed group and external controls, but no difference was found between the exposed group and internal controls. Relative risk associations were found in time of exposure, hours worked per week, and perceived stress. Correlations were found between the outcomes and age, consumption of alcohol, and frequencies of X-rays during life. Variables that showed to be significant in the adjusted analysis were skin color and recent exposure to radiation. Albeit limited, the findings of this study suggest genotoxicity in both blood and buccal mucosa cells of workers exposed directly or indirectly to IR and that lifestyle and socioeconomic factors are associated and correlated with the risk of developing these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Adler Tavella
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande – RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gianni Goulart Peraza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande – RS, Brazil
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20
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Kuciel-Lewandowska J, Kasperczak M, Pawlik-Sobecka L, Paprocka-Borowicz M, Gnus J. Assessment of Changes in Concentration of Total Antioxidant Status, Acute-Phase Protein, and Prolactin in Patients with Osteoarthritis Subjected to a Complex Spa Treatment with Radon Water: Preliminary Results. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:9459418. [PMID: 32373171 PMCID: PMC7195638 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9459418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spa treatment brings many clinical benefits such as improved physical activity, pain relief, and improved quality of life. In the literature, there are only few objective studies evaluating changes in metabolism possibly influencing clinical outcomes. The main purpose of our study was the assessment of the effect of spa treatment on changes in concentration of TAS, CRP, and PRL in patients with osteoarthritis. Patients receiving spa treatment were enrolled. TAS, CRP, and PRL levels were obtained using standard tests before the beginning of treatment as well as on days 5 and 18. The study group consisted of n = 35 patients with peripheral joint and spinal osteoarthritis. The control group consisted of 15 people selected from the resort staff, who also suffered from osteoarthritis and had no contact with radon. An increase in TAS concentration was found in the study group following therapy while the control group was characterized by a significant decrease in TAS. On day 5, an increase in TAS concentration was found in both groups, however, with much worse result in the control group. No changes in CRP concentration were statistically significant. PRL concentration was proven to decrease in a statistically significant way after treatment in the study group. This trial is registered with NCT03274128.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Kasperczak
- Department of Physiotherapy Medical, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan Gnus
- Department of Physiotherapy Medical, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Oakley PA, Harrison DE. Death of the ALARA Radiation Protection Principle as Used in the Medical Sector. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820921641. [PMID: 32425724 PMCID: PMC7218317 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820921641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ALARA is the acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable." It is a radiation protection concept borne from the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis. There are no valid data today supporting the use of LNT in the low-dose range, so dose as a surrogate for risk in radiological imaging is not appropriate, and therefore, the use of the ALARA concept is obsolete. Continued use of an outdated and erroneous principle unnecessarily constrains medical professionals attempting to deliver high-quality care to patients by leading to a reluctance by doctors to order images, a resistance from patients/parents to receive images, subquality images, repeated imaging, increased radiation exposures, the stifling of low-dose radiation research and treatment, and the propagation of radiophobia and continued endorsement of ALARA by regulatory bodies. All these factors result from the fear of radiogenic cancer, many years in the future, that will not occur. It has been established that the dose threshold for leukemia is higher than previously thought. A low-dose radiation exposure from medical imaging will likely upregulate the body's adaptive protection systems leading to the prevention of future cancers. The ALARA principle, as used as a radiation protection principle throughout medicine, is scientifically defunct and should be abandoned.
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22
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Saitanis CJ, Agathokleous E. Stress response and population dynamics: Is Allee effect hormesis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:623-628. [PMID: 31128374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is a fundamental notion in ecotoxicology while competition between organisms is an essential notion in population ecology and species adaptation and evolution. Both sub-disciplines of ecology deal with the response of organisms to abiotic and biotic stresses. In ecotoxicology, the Linear-non-Threshold (LNT), Threshold and Hormetic models are used to describe the dominant responses of a plethora of endpoints to abiotic stress. In population ecology, the logistic, theta-logistic and the Allee effect models are used to describe the growth of populations under different responses to (biotic) stress induced by population density. The per capita rate of population increase (r) measures species fitness. When it is used as endpoint, the responses to population density seem to perfectly correspond to LNT, Threshold and Hormetic responses to abiotic stress, respectively. Our analysis suggests the Allee effect is a hormetic-like response of r to population density, an ultimate biotic stress. This biphasic dose-response model appears across different systems and situations (from molecules to tumor growth to population dynamics), is highly supported by ecological and evolutionary theory, and has important implications in most sub-disciplines of biology as well as in environmental and earth sciences. Joined multi-disciplinary efforts would facilitate the development and application of advanced research approaches for better understanding potential planetary-scale implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, Votanikos, 11855, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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23
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Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Is a Factor of Stress Signaling in Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects in Different Types of Human Cells. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9467029. [PMID: 31531341 PMCID: PMC6721096 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9467029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathology or under damaging conditions, the properties of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) change. An example of such change is GC enrichment, which drastically alters the biological properties of cfDNA. GC-rich cfDNA is a factor of stress signaling, whereas genomic cfDNA is biologically inactive. GC-rich cfDNA stimulates TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling cascade, leading to an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels in the organism. In addition, GC-rich DNA is prone to oxidation and oxidized cfDNA can stimulate secondary oxidative stress. This article is a review of works dedicated to the investigation of a low-dose ionizing radiation effect, a bystander effect, and the role of cfDNA in both of these processes.
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Bugden M, Billing S, Mak KC, Norton F, Klokov D, Wang Y. Ionizing radiation affects miRNA composition in both young and old mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1404-1413. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1569771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bugden
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukhmani Billing
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kei Cheng Mak
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farrah Norton
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Tharmalingam S, Sreetharan S, Brooks AL, Boreham DR. Re-evaluation of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model using new paradigms and modern molecular studies. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 301:54-67. [PMID: 30763548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model is currently used to estimate low dose radiation (LDR) induced health risks. This model lacks safety thresholds and postulates that health risks caused by ionizing radiation is directly proportional to dose. Therefore even the smallest radiation dose has the potential to cause an increase in cancer risk. Advances in LDR biology and cell molecular techniques demonstrate that the LNT model does not appropriately reflect the biology or the health effects at the low dose range. The main pitfall of the LNT model is due to the extrapolation of mutation and DNA damage studies that were conducted at high radiation doses delivered at a high dose-rate. These studies formed the basis of several outdated paradigms that are either incorrect or do not hold for LDR doses. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the modern cellular and molecular literature in LDR biology and provide new paradigms that better represent the biological effects in the low dose range. We demonstrate that LDR activates a variety of cellular defense mechanisms including DNA repair systems, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell cycle arrest, senescence, adaptive memory, bystander effects, epigenetics, immune stimulation, and tumor suppression. The evidence presented in this review reveals that there are minimal health risks (cancer) with LDR exposure, and that a dose higher than some threshold value is necessary to achieve the harmful effects classically observed with high doses of radiation. Knowledge gained from this review can help the radiation protection community in making informed decisions regarding radiation policy and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Shayenthiran Sreetharan
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Antone L Brooks
- Environmental Science, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON(3), UK.
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Cho SJ, Kang H, Hong EH, Kim JY, Nam SY. Transcriptome analysis of low-dose ionizing radiation-impacted genes in CD4+ T-cells undergoing activation and regulation of their expression of select cytokines. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 15:137-146. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1521484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Cho
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hana Kang
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Hong
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon Young Nam
- Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Ulsh BA. A critical evaluation of the NCRP COMMENTARY 27 endorsement of the linear no-threshold model of radiation effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:472-487. [PMID: 30138826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory policy to protect the public and the environment from radiation is universally based on the linear, no-threshold model (LNT) of radiation effects. This model has been controversial since its inception over nine decades ago, and remains so to this day, but it has proved remarkably resistant to challenge from the scientific community. The LNT model has been repeatedly endorsed by expert advisory bodies, and regulatory agencies in turn adopt policies that reflect this advice. Unfortunately, these endorsements rest on a foundation of institutional inertia and numerous logical fallacies. These include most significantly setting the LNT as the null hypothesis, and shifting the burden of proof onto LNT skeptics. Other examples include arbitrary exclusion of alternative hypotheses, ignoring criticisms of the LNT, cherry-picking evidence, and making policy judgements without foundation. This paper presents an evaluation of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements' (NCRP) Commentary 27, which concluded that recent epidemiological studies are compatible with the continued use of the LNT model for radiation protection. While this report will likely provide political cover for regulators' continued reliance on the LNT, it is a missed opportunity to advance the scientific discussion of the effects of low dose, low dose-rate radiation exposure. Due to its Congressionally chartered mission, no organization is better positioned than the NCRP to move this debate forward, and recommendations for doing so in future reviews are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant A Ulsh
- M. H. Chew & Associates, 7633 Southfront Rd, Ste. 170, Livermore, CA 94551-8211, United States.
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Zhu Y, Ramasawmy R, Johnson SP, Taylor V, Gibb A, Pedley RB, Chattopadhyay N, Lythgoe MF, Golay X, Bradley D, Walker-Samuel S. Non-invasive imaging of disrupted protein homeostasis induced by proteasome inhibitor treatment using chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15068. [PMID: 30305717 PMCID: PMC6180115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are now standard of care for several cancers, and noninvasive biomarkers of treatment response are critically required for early patient stratification and treatment personalization. The present study evaluated whether chemical exchange (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide measurements that can be used as the noninvasive biomarkers of proteasome inhibition, alongside diffusion MRI and relaxometry. The sensitivity of human colorectal carcinoma cells to the PI Ixazomib was assessed via in vitro and in vivo dose-response experiments. Acute in vivo response to Ixazomib was assessed at three dosing concentrations, using CEST MRI (amide, amine, hydroxyl signals), diffusion MRI (ADC) and relaxometry (T1, T2). These responses were further evaluated with the known histological markers for Ixazomib and Bradford assay ex vivo. The CEST signal from amides and amines increased in proportion to Ixazomib dose in colorectal cancer xenografts. The cell lines differed in their sensitivity to Ixazomib, which was reflected in the MRI measurements. A mild stimulation in tumor growth was observed at low Ixazomib doses. Our results identify CEST MRI as a promising method for safely and noninvasively monitoring disrupted tumor protein homeostasis induced by proteasome inhibitor treatment, and for stratifying sensitivity between tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhu
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Peter Johnson
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Taylor
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Gibb
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - R Barbara Pedley
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nibedita Chattopadhyay
- Cancer Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Corporation, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Bradley
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Corporation, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom.
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Shephard AM, Aksenov V, Tran J, Nelson CJ, Boreham DR, Rollo CD. Hormetic Effects of Early Juvenile Radiation Exposure on Adult Reproduction and Offspring Performance in the Cricket ( Acheta domesticus). Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818797499. [PMID: 30210269 PMCID: PMC6130088 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818797499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation can have positive impacts on biological performance—a concept known as hormesis. Although radiation hormesis is well-documented, the predominant focus has been medical. In comparison, little research has examined potential effects of early life radiation stress on organismal investment in life history traits that closely influence evolutionary fitness (eg, patterns of growth, survival, and reproduction). Evaluating the fitness consequences of radiation stress is important, given that low-level radiation pollution from anthropogenic sources is considered a major threat to natural ecosystems. Using the cricket (Acheta domesticus), we tested a wide range of doses to assess whether a single juvenile exposure to radiation could induce hormetic benefits on lifetime fitness measures. Consistent with hormesis, we found that low-dose juvenile radiation positively impacted female fecundity, offspring size, and offspring performance. Remarkably, even a single low dose of radiation in early juvenile development can elicit a range of positive fitness effects emerging over the life span and even into the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Shephard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Vadim Aksenov
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tran
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connor J Nelson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - C David Rollo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Gaetani S, Monaco F, Bracci M, Ciarapica V, Impollonia G, Valentino M, Tomasetti M, Santarelli L, Amati M. DNA damage response in workers exposed to low-dose ionising radiation. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:724-729. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveMedical personnel using radiation for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes are potentially at risk of cancer development. In this study, the effect of ionising radiation (IR) exposure was evaluated as DNA damage response (DDR) in the circulating cells of occupationally exposed subjects.MethodsThe study population consisted of IR-exposed workers included both in group B (effective dose ranging between 0.04 and 6 mSv/year) and group A (probable effective dose exceeding 6 mSv/year), and the control group consisted of healthy individuals who had never been occupationally exposed to IR or other known carcinogenic agents. DNA damage (single-strand breaks, oxidised purine and pyrimidine bases) and DNA repair (t1/2, half time to repair DNA damage, amount of repaired DNA and DNA repair activity) were measured in lymphocytes using the comet assay. To evaluate the influence of IR doses and genetic predisposition to cancer, the enrolled population was stratified according to IR exposure level and family history of cancer.ResultsIncreased DNA repair activity was found in IR-exposed group, and only subjects highly exposed to IR doses accumulated DNA damage in their circulating cells, thus supporting the hypothesis of ‘radiation hormesis’. A significant increase in DNA damage accumulation and a reduced 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1-dependent DNA repair activity were found in IR-exposed subjects with cancer cases across their family.ConclusionOur results indicate that chronic exposure to a low dose of IR in occupational settings induces DDR in exposed subjects and may be mutagenic in workers with family history of cancer, suggesting that periodic surveillance might be advisable, along with exposure monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Merrill RM, Frutos A. Reduced Lung Cancer Mortality With Lower Atmospheric Pressure. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818769484. [PMID: 29706845 PMCID: PMC5912279 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818769484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that higher altitude is associated with lower risk of lung cancer and improved survival among patients. The current study assessed the influence of county-level atmospheric pressure (a measure reflecting both altitude and temperature) on age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates in the contiguous United States, with 2 forms of spatial regression. METHODS Ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression models were used to evaluate the impact of climate and other selected variables on lung cancer mortality, based on 2974 counties. RESULTS Atmospheric pressure was significantly positively associated with lung cancer mortality, after controlling for sunlight, precipitation, PM2.5 (µg/m3), current smoker, and other selected variables. Positive county-level β coefficient estimates (P < .05) for atmospheric pressure were observed throughout the United States, higher in the eastern half of the country. CONCLUSION The spatial regression models showed that atmospheric pressure is positively associated with age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates, after controlling for other selected variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray M. Merrill
- Department of Health Science, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Aaron Frutos
- Department of Health Science, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Boaventura P, Durães C, Mendes A, Costa NR, Chora I, Ferreira S, Araújo E, Lopes P, Rosa G, Marques P, Tavares S, Chaves V, Bettencourt P, Oliveira I, Costa F, Ramos I, Teles MJ, Guimarães JT, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P. Is Low-Dose Radiation Exposure a Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Disease? Radiat Res 2018; 189:418-424. [PMID: 29461943 DOI: 10.1667/rr14942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nontargeted late effects of radiation include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, although this is still debatable in the context of low-dose radiation. Tinea capitis patients treated in childhood with X rays to induce scalp epilation received a low dose of radiation to their carotids. To better clarify this issue, we evaluated carotid atherosclerosis in a cohort of such patients treated in 1950-1963 in Portugal. A group of 454 individuals randomly chosen from previously observed Portuguese tinea capitis patients and a control group mainly composed of their spouses (n = 280) were enrolled. Cardiovascular risk factors such as waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure and tobacco consumption, as well as biochemical measurements were obtained. Ultrasound imaging of carotid arteries for intima media thickness and stenosis evaluation were performed according to a standardized protocol. In comparison to the control group, the irradiated cohort members were significantly older, more frequently never smokers, hypertensive, and presented higher glycated hemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase levels. In addition, the irradiated cohort showed a higher frequency of carotid stenosis ≥30% than the nonirradiated group (13.9% vs. 10.7%), although this was not significant ( P = 0.20). Stenosis was ≥50% in 2.9% of the irradiated group and 0.4% of the nonirradiated group ( P = 0.02). Likewise, the frequency of intima media thickness ≥1 mm was significantly higher in the irradiated group (16.8% vs. 10.7%; P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis, including other cardiovascular risk factors, showed that exposure to low-dose radiation increased the risk of carotid stenosis by ≥50% [odds ratio (OR) = 8.85; P = 0.04] and intima media thickness by ≥1 mm (OR = 1.82; P = 0.02). These findings confirm that low-dose exposure is a risk factor of carotid atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Boaventura
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S)
| | - Cecília Durães
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S)
| | - Adélia Mendes
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S)
| | - Natália Rios Costa
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Bettencourt
- c S. João Hospital, Porto.,d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
| | | | | | - Isabel Ramos
- c S. João Hospital, Porto.,e Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
| | - Maria José Teles
- c S. João Hospital, Porto.,e Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
| | | | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S).,c S. João Hospital, Porto.,d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto.,e Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
| | - Paula Soares
- a Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP).,b Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S).,c S. João Hospital, Porto.,e Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
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The effect of well-characterized, very low-dose x-ray radiation on fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190330. [PMID: 29300773 PMCID: PMC5754078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of low-dose radiation on fibroblast cells irradiated by spectrally and dosimetrically well-characterized soft x-rays. To achieve this, a new cell culture x-ray irradiation system was designed. This system generates characteristic fluorescent x-rays to irradiate the cell culture with x-rays of well-defined energies and doses. 3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured in cups with Mylar® surfaces and were irradiated for one hour with characteristic iron (Fe) K x-ray radiation at a dose rate of approximately 550 μGy/hr. Cell proliferation, total protein analysis, flow cytometry, and cell staining were performed on fibroblast cells to determine the various effects caused by the radiation. Irradiated cells demonstrated increased proliferation and protein production compared to control samples. Flow cytometry revealed that a higher percentage of irradiated cells were in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle compared to control counterparts, which is consistent with other low-dose studies. Cell staining results suggest that irradiated cells maintained normal cell functions after radiation exposure, as there were no qualitative differences between the images of the control and irradiated samples. The result of this study suggest that low-dose soft x-ray radiation might cause an initial pause, followed by a significant increase, in proliferation. An initial “pause” in cell proliferation could be a protective mechanism of the cells to minimize DNA damage caused by radiation exposure. The new cell irradiation system developed here allows for unprecedented control over the properties of the x-rays given to the cell cultures. This will allow for further studies on various cell types with known spectral distribution and carefully measured doses of radiation, which may help to elucidate the mechanisms behind varied cell responses to low-dose x-rays reported in the literature.
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Varghese A, Devi A, George PV, Livingstone RS. Radiation dose and risk in children undergoing cardiac interventions performed using flat detector angiography systems. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2017; 37:927-937. [PMID: 28885191 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aa8b49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to measure radiation doses and estimate risk from various beam projections in children undergoing cardiac interventions. The dose area product (DAP) was measured for eleven patent ductus arteriosus device closures (PDA), four atrial septal defect device closures (ASD), and three balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) interventions performed using a flat detector system. The total mean DAPs for PDA, ASD and BPV were 1.9 Gycm2, 9.8 Gycm2 and 6.2 Gycm2 respectively. The fluoroscopic kerma dose rates increased by 10%, 33% and 92% when changing the projection from posterior-anterior to lateral projection for PDA interventions among infants, <5 yrs and >5 yrs respectively. The effective dose (ED) and organ doses were estimated from DAP using Monte Carlo software. Lungs received the highest organ dose of 7.4 mGy (PDA), 20.7 mGy (ASD) and 17.3 mGy (BPV) compared to other organs. The mean EDs from PDA, ASD and BPV were 2.5 mSv, 6.1 mSv and 4.9 mSv respectively. PDA intervention performed in infants had a radiation risk 66% higher than children aged between 3-10 years. Their lifetime attributable risk as per BEIR VII for cancer incidence was 1 in 907 males and 1 in 1047 females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Varghese
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore 632 004, Tamil Nadu, South India
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Jain V, Das B. Global transcriptome profile reveals abundance of DNA damage response and repair genes in individuals from high level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187274. [PMID: 29161272 PMCID: PMC5697823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level natural radiation areas (HLNRA) of Kerala coast in south west India is unique for its wide variation in the background radiation dose (<1.0mGy to 45mGy/year) and vast population size. Several biological studies conducted in this area did not reveal any adverse effects of chronic low dose and low dose rate radiation on human population. In the present study, global transcriptome analysis was carried out in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells of 36 individuals belonging to different background dose groups [NLNRA, (Group I, ≤1.50 mGy/year) and three groups of HLNRA; Group II, 1.51–5.0 mGy/year), Group III, 5.01-15mGy/year and Group IV, >15.0 mGy/year] to find out differentially expressed genes and their biological significance in response to chronic low dose radiation exposure. Our results revealed a dose dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes with respect to different background dose levels. Gene ontology analysis revealed majority of these differentially expressed genes are involved in DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, histone/chromatin modification and immune response. In the present study, 64 background dose responsive genes have been identified as possible chronic low dose radiation signatures. Validation of 30 differentially expressed genes was carried out using fluorescent based universal probe library. Abundance of DDR and DNA repair genes along with pathways such as MAPK, p53 and JNK in higher background dose groups (> 5.0mGy/year) indicated a possible threshold dose for DDR signaling and are plausible reason of observing in vivo radio-adaptive response and non-carcinogenesis in HLNRA population. To our knowledge, this is the first study on molecular effect of chronic low dose radiation exposure on human population from high background radiation areas at transcriptome level using high throughput approach. These findings have tremendous implications in understanding low dose radiation biology especially, the effect of low dose radiation exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Jain
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Birajalaxmi Das
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Bláha P, Koshlan NA, Koshlan IV, Petrova DV, Bogdanova YV, Govorun RD, Múčka V, Krasavin EA. Delayed effects of accelerated heavy ions on the induction of HPRT mutations in V79 hamster cells. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:35-41. [PMID: 28910671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental research on the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living cells continues to be of great interest. Recently, priority has been given to the study of high-charge and high-energy (HZE) ions that comprise a substantial part of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectra that would be encountered during long-term space flights. Moreover, predictions of the delayed genetic effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) exposure is becoming more important as heavy ion therapy use is increasing. This work focuses mainly on the basic research on the delayed effects of HZE ions on V79 Chinese hamster cells, with emphasis on the induction of HPRT mutations after prolonged expression times (ET). The research was conducted under various irradiation conditions with accelerated ions 18O (E=35.2MeV/n), 20Ne (E=47.7MeV/n and 51.8MeV/n), and 11B (E=32.4MeV/n), with LET in the range from 49 to 149 keV/μm and with 60Co γ-rays. The HPRT mutant fractions (MF) were detected in irradiated cells in regular intervals during every cell culture recultivation (every 3days) up to approximately 40days (70-80 generations) after irradiation. The MF maximum was reached at different ET depending on ionizing radiation characteristics. The position of the maximum was shifting towards longer ET with increasing LET. We speculate that the delayed mutations are created de novo and that they are the manifestation of genomic instability. Although the exact mechanisms involved in genomic instability initiation are yet to be identified, we hypothesize that differences in induction of delayed mutations by radiations with various LET values are related to variations in energy deposition along the particle track. A dose dependence of mutation yield is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bláha
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia; Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Nataliya A Koshlan
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Igor V Koshlan
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia; Dubna State University, Universitetskaya 19, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Daria V Petrova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia. edv-@mail.ru
| | - Yulia V Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Raisa D Govorun
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Viliam Múčka
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Evgeny A Krasavin
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot--Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Lemon JA, Phan N, Boreham DR. Single CT Scan Prolongs Survival by Extending Cancer Latency inTrp53Heterozygous Mice. Radiat Res 2017; 188:505-511. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14576.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Lemon
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Canada, P3E 2C6
| | - Nghi Phan
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Canada, P3E 2C6
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Yim JH, Yun JM, Kim JY, Nam SY, Kim CS. Estimation of low-dose radiation-responsive proteins in the absence of genomic instability in normal human fibroblast cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1197-1206. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1350302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yim
- Department of Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Mi Yun
- Department of Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Young Nam
- Department of Low-Dose Radiation Research Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cha Soon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology Radiation Epidemiology Team, KHNP Radiation Health Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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40
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Kojima S, Tsukimoto M, Shimura N, Koga H, Murata A, Takara T. Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation With Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Three Case Reports. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817697531. [PMID: 28539853 PMCID: PMC5433552 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817697531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence from experimental studies in animals, as well as from clinical reports, that low-dose radiation hormesis is effective for the treatment of cancer and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we present 3 case reports that support the clinical efficacy of low-dose radiation hormesis in patients with these diseases. First, a patient with prostate cancer who had undergone surgical resection showed a subsequent increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). His PSA value started decreasing immediately after the start of repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation treatment and remained low thereafter. Second, a patient with prostate cancer with bone metastasis was treated with repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation. His PSA level decreased to nearly normal within 3 months after starting the treatment and remained at the low level after the end of hormesis treatment. His bone metastasis almost completely disappeared. Third, a patient with ulcerative colitis showed a slow initial response to repeated low-dose irradiation treatment using various modalities, including drinking radon-containing water, but within 8 months, his swelling and bleeding had completely disappeared. After 1 year, the number of bowel movements had become normal. Interest in the use of radiation hormesis in clinical practice is increasing, and we hope that these case reports will encourage further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Noda-Shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Noda-Shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Japan
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41
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Zanzonico P, Dauer L, Strauss HW. Radiobiology in Cardiovascular Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:1446-1461. [PMID: 27931527 PMCID: PMC5877470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of ionizing radiation in medicine revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of disease and dramatically improved and continues to improve the quality of health care. Cardiovascular imaging and medical imaging in general, however, are associated with a range of radiobiologic effects, including, in rare instances, moderate to severe skin damage resulting from cardiac fluoroscopy. For the dose range associated with diagnostic imaging (corresponding to effective doses on the order of 10 mSv [1 rem]), the possible effects are stochastic in nature and largely theoretical. The most notable of these effects, of course, is the possible increase in cancer risk. The current review addresses radiobiology relevant to cardiovascular imaging, with particular emphasis on radiation induction of cancer, including consideration of the linear nonthreshold dose-response model and of alternative models such as radiation hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Zanzonico
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Lawrence Dauer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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42
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Sthijns MMJPE, Weseler AR, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101649. [PMID: 27690013 PMCID: PMC5085682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has to adapt to the ever changing environment. For example, due to introduction of oxygen in the atmosphere, an antioxidant network evolved to cope with the exposure to oxygen. The adaptive mechanisms of the antioxidant network, specifically the glutathione (GSH) system, are reviewed with a special focus on the time. The quickest adaptive response to oxidative stress is direct enzyme modification, increasing the GSH levels or activating the GSH-dependent protective enzymes. After several hours, a hormetic response is seen at the transcriptional level by up-regulating Nrf2-mediated expression of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis. In the long run, adaptations occur at the epigenetic and genomic level; for example, the ability to synthesize GSH by phototrophic bacteria. Apparently, in an adaptive hormetic response not only the dose or the compound, but also time, should be considered. This is essential for targeted interventions aimed to prevent diseases by successfully coping with changes in the environment e.g., oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille M J P E Sthijns
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Antje R Weseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido R M M Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Bujarrabal
- a Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), and Systems Biology of Aging Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- a Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), and Systems Biology of Aging Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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44
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Duncan JR, Swensen SJ. DNA Repair after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Is Not Error-Free. Radiology 2016; 280:322-3. [PMID: 27322978 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R Duncan
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 *
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45
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Cho SJ, Kang H, Kim MY, Lee JE, Kim SJ, Nam SY, Kim JY, Kim HS, Pyo S, Yang KH. Site-Specific Phosphorylation of Ikaros Induced by Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Regulates Cell Cycle Progression of B Lymphoblast Through CK2 and AKT Activation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 94:1207-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Seong KM, Seo S, Lee D, Kim MJ, Lee SS, Park S, Jin YW. Is the Linear No-Threshold Dose-Response Paradigm Still Necessary for the Assessment of Health Effects of Low Dose Radiation? J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31 Suppl 1:S10-23. [PMID: 26908982 PMCID: PMC4756336 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.s1.s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inevitable human exposure to ionizing radiation from man-made sources has been increased with the proceeding of human civilization and consequently public concerns focus on the possible risk to human health. Moreover, Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents after the 2011 East-Japan earthquake and tsunami has brought the great fear and anxiety for the exposure of radiation at low levels, even much lower levels similar to natural background. Health effects of low dose radiation less than 100 mSv have been debated whether they are beneficial or detrimental because sample sizes were not large enough to allow epidemiological detection of excess effects and there was lack of consistency among the available experimental data. We have reviewed an extensive literature on the low dose radiation effects in both radiation biology and epidemiology, and highlighted some of the controversies therein. This article could provide a reasonable view of utilizing radiation for human life and responding to the public questions about radiation risk. In addition, it suggests the necessity of integrated studies of radiobiology and epidemiology at the national level in order to collect more systematic and profound information about health effects of low dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songwon Seo
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dalnim Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Sook Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Harvey HB, Brink JA, Frush DP. Informed Consent for Radiation Risk from CT Is Unjustified Based on the Current Scientific Evidence. Radiology 2015; 275:321-5. [PMID: 25906299 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Benjamin Harvey
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 175 Cambridge St, Suite 200, Boston, MA 02114 (H.B.H., J.A.B.); and Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (D.P.F.)
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Yu HS, Liu ZM, Yu XY, Song AQ, Liu N, Wang H. Low-dose radiation induces antitumor effects and erythrocyte system hormesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4121-6. [PMID: 23991963 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low dose radiation may stimulate the growth and development of animals, increase life span, enhance fertility, and downgrade the incidence of tumor occurrence.The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effect and hormesis in an erythrocyte system induced by low-dose radiation. METHODS Kunming strain male mice were subcutaneously implanted with S180 sarcoma cells in the right inguen as an experimental in situ animal model. Six hours before implantation, the mice were given 75mGy whole body X-ray radiation. Tumor growth was observed 5 days later, and the tumor volume was calculated every other day. Fifteen days later, all mice were killed to measure the tumor weight, and to observe necrotic areas and tumor-infiltration-lymphoreticular cells (TILs). At the same time, erythrocyte immune function and the level of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3- DPG) were determined. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EPO and VEGFR of tumor tissues. RESULTS The mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation had a lower tumor formation rate than those without low dose radiation (P < 0.05). The tumor growth slowed down significantly in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation; the average tumor weight in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation was lighter too (P < 0.05). The tumor necrosis areas were larger and TILs were more in the radiation group than those of the group without radiation. The erythrocyte immune function, the level of 2,3-DPG in the low dose radiation group were higher than those of the group without radiation (P < 0.05). After irradiation the expression of EPO of tumor tissues in LDR group decreased with time. LDR-24h, LDR-48h and LDR-72h groups were all statistically significantly different from sham-irradiation group. The expression of VEGFR also decreased, and LDR-24h group was the lowest (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Low dose radiation could markedly increase the anti-tumor ability of the organism and improve the erythrocyte immune function and the ability of carrying O2. Low-dose total body irradiation, within a certain period of time, can decrease the expression of hypoxia factor EPO and VEGFR, which may improve the situation of tumor hypoxia and radiosensitivity of tumor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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49
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Low-dose radiation exposure induces a HIF-1-mediated adaptive and protective metabolic response. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:836-44. [PMID: 24583639 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of insufficient understanding of the molecular effects of low levels of radiation exposure, there is a great uncertainty regarding its health risks. We report here that treatment of normal human cells with low-dose radiation induces a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis resulting in increased radiation resistance. This metabolic change is highlighted by upregulation of genes encoding glucose transporters and enzymes of glycolysis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, concomitant with downregulation of mitochondrial genes, with corresponding changes in metabolic flux through these pathways. Mechanistically, the metabolic reprogramming depends on HIF1α, which is induced specifically by low-dose irradiation linking the metabolic pathway with cellular radiation dose response. Increased glucose flux and radiation resistance from low-dose irradiation are also observed systemically in mice. This highly sensitive metabolic response to low-dose radiation has important implications in understanding and assessing the health risks of radiation exposure.
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50
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Heidari MH, Porghasem M, Mirzaei N, Mohseni JH, Heidari M, Azargashb E, Movafagh A, Heidari R, Molouki A, Larijani L. The effect of high level natural ionizing radiation on expression of PSA, CA19-9 and CEA tumor markers in blood serum of inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 128:64-67. [PMID: 24292395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since several high level natural radiation areas (HLNRAs) exist on our planet, considerable attention has been drawn to health issues that may develop as the result of visiting or living in such places. City of Ramsar in Iran is an HNLRA, and is a tourist attraction mainly due to its hot spas. However, the growing awareness over its natural radiation sources has prompted widespread scientific investigation at national level. In this study, using an ELISA method, the level of expression of three tumor markers known as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and carcino antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) in blood serum of 40 local men of Ramsar (subject group) was investigated and compared to 40 men from the city of Noshahr (control group). Noshahr was previously identified as a normal level natural radiation area (NLNRA) that is some 85 km far from Ramsar. According to statistical analysis, there was a significant difference in the levels of PSA and CA19-9 markers between the two groups (p < 0.001) with those of Ramsar being considerably higher. CEA level did not show any difference. Although some of the volunteers tested positive to the markers, they were in good health as confirmed by the physician. Moreover, the high number of positive markers in Noshahr was considerable. Therefore, future study is needed to further validate this result and to determine the level of positivity to tumor markers in both cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Heidari
- Department of Anatomy and Biology, Proteomics Laboatory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Porghasem
- Department of Anatomical Science, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | | | - Matine Heidari
- Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eznollah Azargashb
- Department of Health and Social Medical Researches, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihane Heidari
- Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Anatomy and Biology, Proteomics Laboatory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
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